临汾—运城盆地以水为线索的传统地域景观特征和发展启示

临汾—运城盆地是中国最早的农、盐业生产区之一,形成了具有代表性的传统地域景观。研究利用地方志、相关水利、农业等历史信息和现代考证成果,结合历史舆图和1968年卫星航拍图,以水为线索归纳其地域景观特征和营建智慧,为传承地域景观、缓解区域城镇化问题和指导未来相关规划编制提供启示。临汾—运城盆地的传统地域景观主要包括引泉、引河灌溉等引水工程主导的区域景观格局和与自然相适应的聚落防洪排涝景观体系,未来规划设计可以重点从4个方面开展：1）利用传统引水工程骨架构建区域景观格局,发挥新的城镇复合生态系统服务功能;2）开展水生态关键区域的精明保护、修复和关键资源的人文复兴;3）延续传统聚落防洪工程智慧,结合现代工程技术构建与自然相适应的城镇防洪系统;4）传承城镇水利系统、公共环境和人文空间相复合的传统,实现城镇环境品质提升。     

翳然林水与平冈小陂：豫园与寄畅园掇山比较研究

豫园与寄畅园是两座始建于明代的古典园林。两园造园各具特色,是明清两代交替时江南园林的代表,其中对两园园林格局产生深远影响的,是两座园林中的假山。本文通过对两园的掇山格局尺度、堆掇技法、造景逻辑3方面进行比较,探讨我国古典园林假山堆掇在晚明清初园林营造中的若干艺术发展趋向与问题。     

基于空间句法的扬州何园空间组织特征分析

何园是最具代表性的扬州园林之一,以复道回廊、宅园互渗等空间布局特色最负盛名。基于空间句法理论的视域分析法,选取整合度、连接度、平均深度等参数从可行与可视层面量化描述与分析何园的空间组织特色与发展变化。研究表明：1）宅园互渗的何园在其私园及公园时期主要住宅空间和主要园林空间在可达性与可视性上均符合不同功能要求,何园公园化后各出入口位置与功能的调整相对合理;2）定量分析方法有助于进一步把握古典园林的造园思想与布局特色和在现代园林的功能要求、空间配置中的融合与应用。     

Final Opportunity to Rehabilitate an Urban River as a Water Source for Mexico City

The aim of this study was to evaluate the amount and quality of water in the Magdalena-Eslava river system and to propose alternatives for sustainable water use. The system is the last urban river in the vicinity of Mexico City that supplies surface water to the urban area. Historical flow data were analyzed (1973–2010), along with the physicochemical and bacteriological attributes, documenting the evolution of these variables over the course of five years (2008–2012) in both dry and rainy seasons. The analyses show that the flow regime has been significantly altered. The physicochemical variables show significant differences between the natural area, where the river originates, and the urban area, where the river receives untreated wastewater. Nutrient and conductivity concentrations in the river were equivalent to domestic wastewater. Fecal pollution indicators and various pathogens were present in elevated densities, demonstrating a threat to the population living near the river. Estimates of the value of the water lost as a result of mixing clean and contaminated water are presented. This urban river should be rehabilitated as a sustainability practice, and if possible, these efforts should be replicated in other areas. Because of the public health issues and in view of the population exposure where the river flows through the city, the river should be improved aesthetically and should be treated to allow its ecosystem services to recover. This river represents an iconic case for Mexico City because it connects the natural and urban areas in a socio-ecological system that can potentially provide clean water for human consumption. Contaminated water could be treated and reused for irrigation in one of the green areas of the city. Wastewater treatment plants and the operation of the existing purification plants are urgent priorities that could lead to better, more sustainable water use practices in Mexico City.     

清初苏州园林涧上草堂钩沉

涧上草堂是明末清初苏州地区由明代遗民徐枋所构建的古典园林。明清易代之际,很多明朝文人士大夫不愿出仕新朝并自愿成为明遗民,成为清初一大特殊社会现象,对这一特殊群体所构建的园林进行研究,可以在一定程度上丰富中国的古典园林史。通过分析画作与历史文献,对涧上草堂的原址、各园林要素以及园林后期的发展3个方面进行研究,得出草堂的平面想象图并概括涧上草堂的历史价值,力图推进在明末清初这一过渡时间段古典园林研究与发展的深度。     

公众对园林绿地功能的认知及其对环境教育的启示——以广州市为例

以网络问卷和现场问卷、访谈的形式,分析公众对广州市园林绿地功能的认知情况,以期为环境教育场地的建设提供参考。结果显示,公众对于物种多样性和景观多样性的各项具体描述的认知情况都趋于一致,绝大多数公众认为绿地植被能发挥重要的生态功能,且公众的学历越高,其认知园林植物的欲望越强烈。在休息时,大多数公众会选择植物比较茂密的半开敞空间;在园林设计中通过增强科普信息获取的便利性和趣味性,能更好地发挥绿地的环境教育功能。     

佛山市三水区现代农业生态园区发展规划与建设对策

全面论述了佛山市三水区现代农业生态园总体规划的指导思想、规划原则、总体目标、功能布局与实施对策。提出了重点发展水产、畜牧、蔬菜3大农业主导产业和"一轴五园一带一心"的总体功能布局,即以北江干流为农业发展轴,将迳口农业园区、大塘综合农业园区、芦苞-乐平基塘系统示范性农业生态园区、青岐基塘系统养殖区以及白坭农业园区五大园区串联起来,构建芦苞涌两岸生态隔离带和绿色生态走廊,并在乐平镇规划建设一个农产品加工、贸易、物流与信息服务中心。同时,提出了政策保障、资金保障、科技保障、设施保障、组织保障5项实施对策。     

The heat is on: Genetic adaptation to urbanization mediated by thermal tolerance and body size

Worldwide, urbanization leads to tremendous anthropogenic environmental alterations, causing strong selection pressures on populations of animals and plants. Although a key feature of urban areas is their higher temperature (“urban heat islands”), adaptive thermal evolution in organisms inhabiting urban areas has rarely been studied. We tested for evolution of a higher heat tolerance (CT_MAX) in urban populations of the water flea Daphnia magna, a keystone grazer in freshwater ecosystems, by carrying out a common garden experiment at two temperatures (20°C and 24°C) with genotypes of 13 natural populations ordered along a well‐defined urbanization gradient. We also assessed body size and haemoglobin concentration to identify underlying physiological drivers of responses in CT_MAX. We found a higher CT_MAX in animals isolated from urban compared to rural habitats and in animals reared at higher temperatures. We also observed substantial genetic variation in thermal tolerance within populations. Overall, smaller animals were more heat tolerant. While urban animals mature at smaller size, the effect of urbanization on thermal tolerance is only in part caused by reductions in body size. Although urban Daphnia contained higher concentrations of haemoglobin, this did not contribute to their higher CT_MAX. Our results provide evidence of adaptive thermal evolution to urbanization in the water flea Daphnia. In addition, our results show both evolutionary potential and adaptive plasticity in rural as well as urban Daphnia populations, facilitating responses to warming. Given the important ecological role of Daphnia in ponds and lakes, these adaptive responses likely impact food web dynamics, top‐down control of algae, water quality, and the socio‐economic value of urban ponds.     

城镇化进程中洞庭湖区“三生空间”格局演变与驱动机制

城镇化快速发展背景下，城市自然资源国土空间格局转型引发了流域水生态环境的恶化。基于洞庭湖区岳阳、常德、益阳、荆州4个典型城市及其32个县域数据样本，借助遥感影像交互解译、GIS叠加融合、驱动指标分类提取等数据处理技术，通过土地利用动态度及转移矩阵计算分析城镇化进程中洞庭湖区"三生空间"格局演变的典型特征，并运用灰色关联度模型揭示国土空间格局演变的潜在驱动机制。研究表明：(1)1980-2020年洞庭湖区"三生空间"格局总体分布具有明显的水平地域分异和垂直梯度差异特征，生态空间主要集中在区域中部洞庭湖水域部分及东部、南部、西部的外围林地丘陵区，生产空间主要位于河网冲刷形成的湖滨平原区，生活空间呈点状零散穿插分布于生产、生态空间之中。(2)洞庭湖区各城市"三生空间"时空格局演变随城镇化发展逐渐剧烈，结构变化以城镇建设用地的增加和农业生产用地的缩减最为突出，功能转型体现为城镇生活空间侵蚀农业生产空间，农业生产空间挤占水域生态空间，以及农业生产空间向水域生态空间的回归；各类用地结构与功能转型在县域层面上的阶段差异性与地理协同性亦较为显著。(3)城镇化、工业化及农业现代化作为洞庭湖区"三生空间"格局演变的三大关键驱动力，加速了域内各城市的国土空间格局变化进程，是未来区域战略性生态环境治理及国土空间规划应重视的关键要素。研究内容可为洞庭湖区水网土地资源合理规划提供参考，引导大湖流域生态治理目标下的城镇化高质量发展。     

宋代苏轼兴造苏堤与苏堤风景园林化考析

苏堤于北宋时期由苏轼兴造,风景形成的历史已长达900余年。自南宋发展为西湖十景之一以来,苏堤奠定了杭州西湖的基本山水结构,堤桥线性划分水面的特征影响了中日等地的造园理水格局。关于苏轼兴造苏堤始末以及苏堤在南宋如何风景园林化值得仔细研究。在梳理宋代文献的基础上,初步分析北宋苏轼兴造苏堤始末、宋代苏堤的基本风景园林特征,丰富苏堤建造前后的历史进程,以及提出宋代苏堤的交通性、纪念性等特征。苏堤自宋代以后风景园林化的发展,乃至在整个园林史发展中的独特价值,仍有进一步深入研究的价值。