湖北神农架自然保护区昆虫的数量变化与环境关系的初步研究

昆虫物种多样性在生物多样性保护研究中有重要地位。湖北神农架自然保护区生物多样性极其丰富,保存状态相对良好,是我国生物多样性研究的关键地区之一。然而该地区的昆虫多样性研究极为薄弱,就是一般的物种调查也为数不多,所以调查主要昆虫类群的组成与数量变化,能为本区的生物多样性研究积累资料,并为长期监测打下基础。我们选择暖温带针叶林、落叶阔叶林、针阔叶混交林、亚高山草甸、箭竹林及溪边灌丛6种不同环境,以23块样地为代表,以巴氏罐诱法为主,结合网筛、扫网等方法,进行全面的标本采集与数据收集。经初步整理鉴定和数据分析,得到如下结果：（1）共获得标本58 368号,昆虫标本46 213号,其中膜翅目和鞘翅目数量较多,其次为半翅目、同翅目、双翅目、直翅目及脉翅目等。此外,环节动物、软体动物、多足纲及蛛形纲动物也有相当数量。在膜翅目中,个体数量最多的是蚂蚁（蚁科）;在鞘翅目中个体数量较多的类群依次是隐翅虫科、步甲科和叶甲科。（2）昆虫分布与环境的关系非常密切：仅从较高分类阶元来看,如昆虫纲的鞘翅目、双翅目、直翅目、膜翅目等,不同环境对昆虫数量分布的影响并不显著;而从相对低的分类阶元来看,如统计鞘翅目中步甲科、隐翅虫科等,则可以显示不同环境对昆虫数量分布的显著影响。（3）在一些特殊地点,发现若干比较特殊的昆虫物种,这表明神农架地区在昆虫物种保护上具有特殊地位。     

我国的珍稀昆虫——拉步甲

拉步甲(Carabus lafossei)隶属昆虫纲鞘翅目步甲科大步甲属,是我国较珍稀的昆虫物种,已被列为国家Ⅱ级保护动物,国内主要分布于江苏、浙江、福建等地。拉步甲成虫(封面、图1)体长3～4cm,体色变异大,有多种色型,通常全身金属绿色,前胸背板及鞘翅     

石家庄市菜用大豆田节肢动物群落结构及多样性

为明确河北省石家庄市菜用大豆田节肢动物群落结构特点及其多样性,应用马来氏网,对该地区菜用大豆田的节肢动物进行采集及种类鉴定,并对其群落结构组成、主要类群发生动态进行研究。结果表明：石家庄市菜用大豆田中共诱集到各类节肢动物3纲11目94科255种6927头,其中唇足纲45头,弹尾纲31头,昆虫纲6851头。在昆虫纲中,数量从大到小顺序为：半翅目＞双翅目＞鞘翅目＞缨翅目＞鳞翅目＞膜翅目＞脉翅目＞直翅目＞蜻蜓目。主要类群包括叶蝉科、蚜科、蓟马科、夜蛾科、薪甲科、瓢甲科、蚜蝇科。叶蝉、蚜虫、蓟马、夜蛾和叶甲为优势害虫种群。蚜蝇、瓢虫为主要天敌。该地区菜用大豆田的节肢动物种类和个体数量均远多于其他地区大豆地块。多样性分析表明,石家庄市菜用大豆田的节肢动物群落结构多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数均较高,说明该地区节肢动物群落具有较高稳定性。     

八角金盘传粉昆虫及其访花行为

八角金盘(Fatsia japonica(Thunb.)Dccne.et Planch.)为冬季开花植物,探讨其访花昆虫种类及访花行为对研究冬季开花植物的传粉生物学规律具有重要意义。对八角金盘访花昆虫种类、访花频率、访花时间、访花行为进行了初步研究。结果发现:八角金盘的传粉昆虫有2目、3科、3种,主要为膜翅目胡蜂科金环胡蜂Vespa mandarinia Smith、双翅目食蚜蝇科斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇Scaeva pyrastri(L.)及丽蝇科大头金蝇Chrysomya(Compsomyia)megacephala(Fabricius);八角金盘提供的酬物主要为花粉与花蜜,食蚜蝇舔食其花粉与花蜜,而金环胡蜂与大头金蝇主要吮吸花蜜;金环胡蜂、大头金蝇及斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇的访花高峰均在10:30—14:30;斜斑鼓额食蚜蝇访花时间较长,5～10min,金环胡蜂访花时间较短,8～30s,大头金蝇访花时间最短只有3～5s。八角金盘具有较低的自花授粉能力,但主要为异花授粉植物。     

胜山阔叶红松林蚂蚁巢穴对其他地表节肢动物多样性的影响

为了阐明蚂蚁巢穴对其他地表节肢动物群落组成和多样性的影响,于2019年在胜山自然保护区的原始阔叶红松林内开展实验,并采用陷阱法收集地表节肢动物.共捕获地表节肢动物92266只,分别为蜈蚣目、盲蛛目、马陆目、蜘蛛目,大头蚁属和步甲科、隐翅虫科、葬甲科这8个类群;蚂蚁巢穴存在及到蚂蚁巢穴的不同距离对其他地表节肢动物个体数量...     

微红梢斑螟蛀道节肢动物种群结构及生态位

选择我国江苏、安徽和广东7个不同林型的松树林地,对微红梢斑螟(Dioryctria rubella)蛀道节肢动物种群结构及生态位进行调查研究。结果表明:微红梢斑螟蛀道节肢动物种群隶属2纲9目13科,分别为蛛形纲蜘蛛目、蜱螨目,昆虫纲弹尾目、革翅目、啮虫目、半翅目、缨翅目、鞘翅目、膜翅目;利用相对优势指标判别微红梢斑螟蛀道节肢动物优势种有螨科和隐翅虫科,丰盛种有跳虫科,常见种有啮虫科、蠼螋科、蚁科、锯谷盗科、象甲科、蓟马科和茧蜂科,偶见种有小蠹科、蝽科和微蛛科;利用Levins生态位宽度和Pianka生态位重叠对各种群生态位计算表明,隐翅虫科与微红梢斑螟的时间和空间生态位重叠值最大,说明在各种群中隐翅虫科与微红梢斑螟的跟随关系最为紧密;利用聚集度指标法判别优势种群隐翅虫的空间分布属于聚集型分布,用零频率方法计算隐翅虫种群的空间格局为聚集型,种群类型为聚集度逆零频率制约型。     

吉林省中西部平原不同农林用地土壤昆虫幼虫的群落特征

对吉林省中西部平原典型农林用地进行土壤昆虫幼虫调查。结果表明,中部平原土壤昆虫幼虫类群数和个体数量显著高于西部平原,中部平原与西部平原土壤昆虫幼虫个体数量差别主要表现在步甲科、拟球甲科和大蚊科3个类群,农田和居民点园地土壤昆虫幼虫类群数量和个体数量明显低于防护林,耕作活动使土壤昆虫幼虫个体数量土壤剖面分布更均匀,鞘翅目幼虫、双翅目幼虫和鳞翅目幼虫对农林用地方式变化的反应存在差异。     

中国鞘翅目2020年新分类单元

鞘翅目是世界昆虫种类最丰富的类群, 具有重要的经济和生态意义。为及时掌握我国鞘翅目新分类单元和名称变动情况, 本文系统检索和整理了2020年发表的分类学文献。2020年共发表421个中国鞘翅目新分类单元, 包括新属21个、新亚属2个、新种387个、新亚种11个; 发表国家级新记录种51个; 提出了56个新组合、70个异名、7个物种异名名称变动、3个降级。重点研究类群包括步甲科、隐翅虫科、拟步甲科、天牛科、象甲科等。在地域分布方面, 新分类单元和新记录涉及33个省级行政区, 大多数新物种集中发现于云南和四川。建议今后及时地进行阶段性总结, 同时进行数字化, 以推动中国鞘翅目分类学研究成果的科学传播。     

福建省毛竹主要害虫天敌名录

本文报道了福建省毛竹主要害虫天敌资源调查结果,共查明天敌9目32科102种。其中昆虫纲螳螂目1科3种,半翅目1科5种,双翅目2科2种,脉翅目1科2种,蛇蛉目1科1种,鞘翅目4科9种,膜翅目14科37种;蛛形纲蜱螨目5科40种,蜘蛛目3科3种。     

棉露尾甲——一种有利用前景的传粉昆虫

传粉昆虫(pollinatiors)的种类很多,国内外研究较多的主要集中在膜翅目和双翅目,如传统的传粉昆虫蜜蜂、壁蜂、熊蜂、切叶蜂、大头金蝇和食蚜蝇等[1],而关于鞘翅目昆虫作为传粉昆虫的报道很少.棉露尾甲Haptoncus luteolus(Erichson)属鞘翅目露尾甲科,国内将其记载为仓储害虫[2]和棉花害虫[3],未见其作为传粉昆虫的报道.传粉昆虫来到花上是要获取食物,同时也起到了传授花粉的作用[4].作者还观察到棉露尾甲有较特殊的携带花粉的构造和携带花粉的能力(另文发表).本文通过对棉露尾甲在棉花不同类型花上的分布、扩散以及寄主范围等的调查以证明其传粉作用和利用前景.     

mtDNA中COⅠ分子标记在常见食尸性蝇类鉴定中的应用

死后不同时间,在尸体上出现不同种类食尸性蝇类的演替规律,可用于准确推断死亡时间。传统上仅依据蝇类形态学特征来判断种属,但由于蝇类的形态结构复杂和种间形态差异微小等特点,对蝇类尤其是对蝇类幼虫的种属鉴别很难。因此应用分子生物学方法对食尸性蝇类及其幼虫进行种属鉴定非常重要。本研究主要是利用此方法对我国西部部分地区常见双翅目食尸性蝇类包括：开普黑蝇、大头金蝇、丝光绿蝇及部分卵,铜绿蝇、棕尾别麻蝇及部分幼虫和蛹的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上细胞色素氧化酶辅酶Ⅰ(COⅠ)中278 bp的基因序列进行鉴别。除个别蝇类如丝光绿蝇与铜绿蝇外,该方法均能有效地将上述食尸性蝇类鉴定到种属水平。在我国,它将成为法医鉴别食尸性蝇类种属的可靠依据。     

西安地区家兔尸体上尸食性昆虫的初步观察

置家兔尸体于室外空地进行观察,研究春季西安地区家兔尸体上昆虫群落的组成及演替规律。结果表明西安地区春季常见的尸食性的昆虫包括3目11科16种,其中双翅目的巨尾阿丽蝇Aldrichina grahami、鞘翅目一种阎甲Margarinotus sp.为优势种。尸体上昆虫群落的演替有明显的时间规律可循,昆虫类群的出现时间与尸体的腐败阶段有明确的对应关系,可以为法医科学中推测死亡时间提供依据。     

成都地区四种食尸性蝇类 mtDNA中 COⅠ基因序列检测

通过检测食尸性苍蝇线粒体DNA(mtDNA)上细胞色素氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)中278bp 基因序列,鉴定食尸性苍蝇的种类,解决依据形态学方法不能鉴定苍蝇卵的种类、很难鉴定幼虫种类的难题 ,作为法医鉴别食尸性苍蝇及其幼虫、卵种类依据。随机采集放置在成都地区室外草地兔尸体 上的4 种15个食尸性苍蝇。利用改进的小型昆虫DNA匀浆方法提取上述苍蝇mtDNA;通过Perkin Elmer 9600扩增仪进行PCR扩增;聚丙烯酰胺非变性凝胶连续缓冲体系垂直电泳和银染显色技 术进行扩增结果检测;PCR胶回收试剂盒纯化;ABI 377测序仪测序;MEGA2.1软件包进行序列 分析和构建系统发育树。在双翅目食尸性苍蝇的种内进化分歧均数小于1%,种间进化分歧均数 大于7%。mtDNA上COⅠ序列分析能有效地对主要的食尸性苍蝇进行种类鉴定。该检测方法快速、 简便和精确,能作为法医鉴别食尸性苍蝇种类的可靠依据。     

Occurrence of oriental flies associated with indoor and outdoor human remains in the tropical climate of north Malaysia

Flies attracted to human remains during death investigations were surveyed in north Peninsular Malaysia. Six families, eight genera, and 16 species were identified from human remains, with the greatest fly diversity occurring on remains recovered indoors. The total relative frequency of species was led by Chrysomya megacephala (Fabricius, 1794) (46%), followed by Chrysomya rufifacies (Macquart, 1842) (22%), Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1974) (5%), Sarcophaga spp. (4%), Synthesiomyia nudiseta Wulp, 1883 (6%), Megaselia spp. (3%), Megaselia scalaris (Loew, 1866), (2%), Megaselia spiracularis Schmitz, 1938 (2%), and Chrysomya villeneuvi Patton, 1922 (2%). Hemipyrellia tagaliana (Bigot, 1877), Desmometopa sp., Megaselia curtineura (Brues, 1909), Hemipyrellia ligurriens Wiedemann 1830, Ophyra sp., Sarcophaga princeps Wiedemann 1830, Piophila casei (Linnaeus, 1758), and unidentified pupae each represented 1%, respectively.     

A checklist of arthropods associated with pig carrion and human corpses in southeastern brazil

Necrophagous insects, mainly Diptera and Coleoptera, are attracted to specific stages of carcass decomposition, in a process of faunistic succession. They are very important in estimating the postmortem interval, the time interval between the death and the discovery of the body. In studies done with pig carcasses exposed to natural conditions in an urban forest (Santa Genebra Reservation), located in Campinas, State of S?o Paulo, southeastern Brazil, 4 out of 36 families of insects collected - Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae (Diptera) and Dermestidae (Coleoptera) - were considered of forensic importance, because several species were collected in large numbers both visiting and breeding in pig carcasses. Several species were also observed and collected on human corpses at the Institute of Legal Medicine. The species belonged to 17 different families, 6 being of forensic importance because they were reared from human corpses or pig carcasses: Calliphoridae, Sarcophagidae, Muscidae, Piophilidae (Diptera), Dermestidae, Silphidae and Cleridae (Coleoptera). The most important species were: Diptera - Chrysomya albiceps, Chrysomya putoria, Hemilucilia segmentaria, Hemilucilia semidiaphana (Calliphoridae), Pattonella intermutans (Sarcophagidae), Ophyra chalcogaster (Muscidae), Piophila casei (Piophilidae); Coleoptera - Dermestes maculatus (Dermestidae), Oxyletrum disciolle (Silphidae) and Necrobia rufipes (Cleridae).     

Identification of forensically important blow fly species (Diptera: Calliphoridae) in China by mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene differentiation

Abstract Unambiguous and rapid sarcosaphagous insect species identification is an essential requirement for forensic investigations. Although some insect species are difficult to classify morphologically, they can be effectively identified using molecular methods based on similarity with abundant authenticated reference DNA sequences in local databases. However, local databases are still relatively incomplete in China because of the large land area with distinct regional conditions. In this study, 75 forensically important blow flies were collected from 23 locations in 16 Chinese provinces, and a 278‐bp segment of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of all specimens was successfully sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis of the sequenced segments showed that all Calliphorid specimens were properly assigned into nine species with relatively strong supporting values, thus indicating that the 278‐bp cytochrome oxidase subunit one region is suitable for identification of Calliphorid species. The clear difference between intraspecific threshold and interspecific divergence confirmed the potential of this region for Calliphorid species identification, especially for distinguishing between morphologically similar species. Intraspecific geographic variations were observed in Lucilia sericata (Meigen, 1826) and Lucilia caesar (Linnaeus, 1758).     

北京地区7种常见嗜尸性蝇类的COI基因序列分析及DNA条形码的建立

嗜尸性蝇类在命案死亡时间和现场推断方面有着十分重要的应用, 而DNA 条形编码技术能摆脱对虫卵和幼虫的饲养以及后续物种鉴定方面专业知识的依赖, 有助于实现现场采集蝇类样本的快速鉴定。本研究采集了北京地区7个嗜尸性蝇类优势种共77个个体的样本, 测定了所有个体线粒体DNA 上细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ（COI）基因1 120 bp的序列。基于序列的系统发生分析显示, 同一物种不同个体的序列均以高达99%的支持值聚集在一起。序列间的分歧统计表明这些蝇类在物种内的个体分歧不超过1%, 而不同物种间的净分歧均超过7.74%, 最高可达14.85%。滑动窗口分析表明, 在整个序列区段种间差异位点存在较平均的分布。通过测定COI基因的序列, 建立了北京地区7个嗜尸性蝇类优势种的DNA条形码, 据此实现了对这些物种准确、快速、简单的区分和鉴定, 同时也为后续应用于物种鉴定的种属特异性位点之筛选提供了基础数据。     

Decomposition and dipteran succession in pig carrion in central Argentina: ecological aspects and their importance in forensic science

Data on the insect species associated with corpse decomposition are particularly important for estimation of the post-mortem interval (PMI) in forensic science because the PMI is based on the lifecycle and behaviour of necrophagous insects, among other measures. To determine the dipteran succession on pig carrion, four experiments, one in each season, were carried out during 2004 in a rural area of Córdoba, central Argentina. Two pigs ( Sus scrofa L.) were used in each of the four experiments. At each time-point one pig was placed in the shade and the other under direct sunlight. Insects were collected daily during the first 4 weeks and thereafter every 2 or 3 days. Five stages of decomposition were observed and a total of 24 710 adult specimens were collected, belonging to the following eight families of Diptera: Calliphoridae; Muscidae; Sarcophagidae; Phoridae; Piophilidae; Fanniidae; Sphaeroceridae, and Anthomyiidae. All Calliphoridae collected in this study were considered to be of potential forensic importance because of their necrophagous behaviour and because their immature stages use carrion as a food source. Other species, such as Musca domestica L. and Ophyra aenescens (Wiedemann), were also considered to represent potential forensic indicators.     

Diptera Brachycera horse parasites in a stable/manège in northern Italy

The presence of tabanids and muscoid fly (Diptera Brachycera) parasites of horses in a stable/manège near Verona (Northern Italy) is reported. Tabanus quatuornotatus, T. glaucopis, T. exclusus, Hybomitra muehlfeldi, Haematopota pandazisi, Stomoxys calcitrans and Haematobia irritans were the blood-sucking species directly found on horses. Musca domestica, Ophyra sp. and Fannia canicularis were the flies most frequently collected by sticky traps in the stable.     

Phoretic association betweenMacrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acari: Macrochelidae) and flies inhabiting poultry manure in Peninsular Malaysia

The phoretic association betweenMacrocheles muscaedomesticae and flies that inhabited poultry manure in a poultry farm in Sungai Buloh, Selangor, Malaysia was studied. The effects of temperature, relative humidity and fly abundance on phoretic rates also were in vestigated.The most abundant fly species found wasMusca domestica; Musca sorbens, Chrysomyia megacephala andOphyra chalcogaster were present in relatively large numbers.Representatives of ten families of mites were found on collectedMu. domestica. The most common mite wasMa. muscaedomesticae (Macrochelidae), found on all four species of flies mentioned above. The highest infestation (2.0%) occurred onO. chalcogaster butMu. domestica had the highest average number infested (5.7).The ventral part of the housefly's abdomen was the most common site of mite attachment. Usually only one mite was found attached per fly.The highest phoretic rate recorded was 64.4Ma. muscaedomesticae per 1000Mu. domestica. There was no correlation between phoretic rates andMa. muscaedomesticae abundance, nor was relative humidity a factor. However, a positive correlation was recorded in this host species between phoretic rates and temperature.This paper forms part of the Ph. D. thesis of the author submitted to the Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia, in March 1988.