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1.
纳米颗粒已得到广泛的应用,同时其潜在的毒性及生物学效应也引起了广泛的关注。许多文献证实纳米颗粒对生物体具有毒性作用,但在分子水平上对其毒性机制的研究较少。本文对近年来纳米颗粒与生物大分子相互作用的最新研究进行了综述,包括纳米颗粒与蛋白质、脂类、核酸等生物分子间的相互作用。  相似文献   

2.
细菌生物膜导致的细菌耐药性增加受到了广泛关注。抗生物膜肽是一类具有抑制和杀灭细菌生物膜独特优势的抗微生物肽,有望成为理想的抗细菌生物膜的新型抗菌药物。就抗生物膜肽与生物膜各组分间的相互作用、抗生物膜肽对生物膜形成的干预作用及其调控、抗生物膜肽目前存在的问题及其解决思路以及抗生物膜肽未来的应用领域等展开综述。  相似文献   

3.
人工碳纳米材料在环境中的降解与转化研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
随着人工碳纳米材料的大量生产和使用,其潜在的生态风险已引起学术界的广泛关注.碳纳米材料在环境中的转化和降解直接影响它们在环境中的归趋及生态毒性,对该过程的研究是确定其环境可容纳量及进行生命周期评价的重要环节.本文概述了主要人工碳纳米材料(碳纳米管、富勒烯)在环境中的化学转化、微生物降解及光降解过程,总结了影响人工碳纳米材料降解的环境与结构因素及降解的机理,指出了现有研究的不足和未来研究的方向.  相似文献   

4.
生物膜是指微生物聚集在一起,并被自身分泌的多糖物质包绕的微生态。是相对于其悬浮状态而言。目前真菌的耐药性逐渐增加,多项研究表明与其生物膜的形成有关。该文文介绍了真菌生物膜的形成、特点以及影响因素,为其耐药性的研究,菌的毒力研究及临床治疗提供进一步的依据。  相似文献   

5.
生物膜形成是微生物耐药的重要原因之一,也是许多慢性感染性疾病反复发作和难以治疗的主要原因,微生物生物膜可以通过渗透限制,改变生物膜内外微环境,形成特殊的基因型等多种方式导致耐药。生物膜耐药机制的研究已成为医学、药学、微生物学等众多领域关注的课题。就生物膜耐药机制的最新进展进行综述。  相似文献   

6.
细菌生物膜的结构及形成机制研究进展   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
细菌生物膜是细菌在特定条件下形成的一种特殊细菌群体结构,菌体被包裹在其自身分泌的多聚物中。近年来,有关生物膜组成结构、形成机制、抗逆性机制及其应用防治等诸方面的研究工作进展迅速,本文主要针对细菌生物膜的结构及形成机制方面的研究进展进行了介绍。  相似文献   

7.
随着纳米材料在食品、药物、生物医学等多领域的应用,其在生产使用过程中对人类健康的影响引起了广泛关注.内质网是蛋白质折叠与加工修饰、脂质合成以及Ca~(2+)储存的主要场所,是维护细胞内稳态的重要细胞器.内质网作为纳米材料的主要靶细胞器之一,在纳米材料引起的毒性效应中起重要作用.本文结合近年来国内外相关研究进展,阐述了纳米银(Ag-NPs)、纳米金(Au-NPs)、纳米二氧化钛(TiO_2-NPs)、纳米氧化锌(ZnO-NPs)、纳米二氧化硅(SiO_2-NPs)、富勒烯(C_(60))、单壁与多壁碳纳米管(SWCNTs/MWCNTs)以及石墨烯与氧化石墨烯(GO)等典型纳米材料对内质网结构与功能的影响,并归纳总结了内质网在不同纳米材料诱导的毒性效应中的作用及其异同点.纳米材料可通过引起内质网应激诱导细胞凋亡、炎症反应以及细胞自噬,还可通过激活IP_3信号通路诱导内质网Ca~(2+)释放激活钙依赖的细胞凋亡.纳米材料可在内质网中积累造成结构损伤及功能障碍,还可诱导内质网自噬.  相似文献   

8.
李晓然  赵今 《中国微生态学杂志》2011,23(10):956-957,960
龋病的发生发展过程中,致龋微生物生物膜(biofilm)形成是龋病发生的首要因素。变形链球菌(Streptococcus mutans)等在口腔生物膜内进行产酸代谢活动是产生龋病的直接原因。因此,控制S.mutans生物膜的形成可以减少龋病的发生、发展。本文就影响变形链球菌生物膜形成的因素研究进展做一综述。  相似文献   

9.
工程纳米材料因其独特的物理化学性质被广泛应用于生产和生活中,但其潜在的风险正逐渐引起越来越多研究者的关注。目前国内外的研究主要探讨了工程纳米材料对模式微生物的毒性效应,但是对污水处理微生物的潜在影响尚缺乏系统和完整的报道。因此,本文综述了常见纳米材料对污水生物处理的影响,如碳、氮、磷的去除、甲烷化以及功能微生物种群结构演变等;同时还探讨了两种削减纳米银颗粒毒性的途径。综述内容为深入研究纳米材料对污水生物处理的潜在影响奠定了重要的理论基础。  相似文献   

10.
随着抗真菌药物的广泛使用,真菌的耐药性明显增强,这使科学家将目光转向了基本不产生耐药性、安全性更高的纳米材料.目前,应用比较广泛的主要有金属型纳米抗真菌材料、光催化型抗真菌材料及复合型抗真菌材料.本文综合近几年的研究报道,简要叙述不同纳米材料的抗真菌活性及其机制.  相似文献   

11.
    
The dynamic behavior of a completely mixed, three‐phase, fluidized bed biofilm reactor treating simulated domestic wastewater was studied with step changes in inlet concentration. It was found that the response curves showed second order characteristics, i.e., as the inlet concentration was increased, the outlet concentration also increased, reached a peak value and then decreased until it leveled to a new steady‐state value corresponding to the new inlet concentration level. Nonlinear regression analysis was performed using Monod‐type rate equations with and without an adsorption term. As a result, the theoretical curve of the kinetic model that incorporates the adsorption term has best fit to the actual response in most cases. Thus, it was concluded that the adsorption of a substrate onto the biofilm and carrier particles has a significant effect on the dynamic response in biofilm processes.  相似文献   

12.
    
Although developed as an empirical model to describe microbial growth on soluble substrates, the Contois equation has been widely accepted for kinetic modeling of insoluble substrate degradation. Yet, the mechanistic basis underlining these successful applications remains unanswered. Unlike soluble substrates that mainly cultivate suspended cultures, microbes cultivated on insoluble substrates have the populations that attach to the substrate surface or remain suspended in the bulk solution, while those attached usually grow faster than those suspended due to their proximity to food resources. This imbalanced growth provides a plausible explanation to the inverse relationship between microbial concentration and their specific growth rate as conveyed in the Contois equation. Based on a theoretical derivation, this study revealed that the Contois equation holds true only when attached microbes substantially obstruct the access of food to their suspended counterparts. On the other hand, when plentiful insoluble substrate surfaces are exposed for cell attachment, the Contois equation will be reduced back to the classic Monod equation.  相似文献   

13.
A biochar (BC) generated from straw as a cost-effective substitute for activated carbon (AC) was tested for its adsorptive ability toward reactive brilliant blue (KNR) and rhodamine B (RB). BC and AC had similar surface areas but differed in porosity, surface acidity and point of zero surface charge. The two carbons were highly effective adsorbents for both dyes at pH 3.0 and 6.5. BC was slightly more effective than AC to adsorb RB due to the RB–BC electrostatic interactions and RB protonation at low pH. The two carbons reversed in their effectiveness to adsorb KNR for similar reasons. The π–π interactions between dye molecules and graphene layers of BC, the direct dye-BC electrostatic attraction/repulsion and the intermolecular hydrogen bonding are proposed to be the combined mechanisms for dye adsorption. Rich phenolic hydroxyls on the surface of BC are expected to enhance the π–π interactions.  相似文献   

14.
微生物在矿物表面吸附的研究进展   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
微生物在矿物表面的吸附是微生物与矿物表面深度作用的前提, 也是生物药剂在选矿中的应用的基础研究。本文综述了影响微生物在矿物表面吸附的环境因素, 微生物细胞与矿物表面之间的相互作用, 微生物细胞表面基团、表面成分及其胞外聚合物对吸附过程的影响, 并提出了今后的研究方向。  相似文献   

15.
不同栖居地和越冬时期长耳鸮的食物组成   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
通过分析2003—2006年连续3个冬季北京城区和城郊越冬长耳鸮的食团,研究了长耳鸮食物组成的时间与空间变化特征。每月收集1次长耳鸮食团,通过其内容物分析长耳鸮食物中的猎物种类和数量构成。结果表明:城区和城郊两地长耳鸮3种主要猎物中蝙蝠的被捕食率分别为41.6%和43.0%,鼠类为27.5%和39.4%,鸟类为30.7%和18.9%;城区和城郊长耳鸮的食物构成在2004—2005年与2005—2006年的冬季存在显著差异,初冬和冬末的食物构成差异也呈显著水平;同区域的长耳鸮食物构成在年度间和不同越冬时期皆存在显著差异;两地越冬长耳鸮捕食猎物比例的差异与生存环境中猎物资源的可获得性有关。  相似文献   

16.
多溴二苯醚的环境暴露与生态毒理研究进展   总被引:22,自引:0,他引:22  
多溴二苯醚(PBDEs)是一类具有生态风险的新型环境有机污染物.作为阻燃剂,PBDEs已经被愈来愈广泛地添加到工业产品中,并因此对大气、水体、沉积物和土壤等环境介质及相关生态系统产生日益广泛的污染.鉴于这一环境新问题的产生,本文基于有限的资料,初步探讨了PBDEs的人为来源和环境暴露途径,大致给出了PBDEs在不同生物和人体不同组织器官中可能的存在及含量水平;在扼要介绍其基本性质的基础上,从甲状腺、神经系统和生殖发育毒性等三个方面分析了PBDEs对动物和人体可能产生的毒性效应与生态影响,以及PBDEs在生态系统中可能具有的生物积累和生物放大风险;并对今后研究PBDEs的环境暴露与生态效应以及人体健康影响等方面的工作重点进行了展望.  相似文献   

17.
    
Our review focused on nanomaterials-based toxicity evaluation and its exposure to the human and aquatic animals when it was leached and contaminated in the environment. Ecotoxicological assessment and its mechanism mainly affect the skin covering layers and its preventive barriers that protect the foreign particles' skin. Nanoscale materials are essential in the medical field, especially in biomedical and commercial applications such as nanomedicine and drug delivery, mainly in therapeutic treatments. However, various commercial formulations of pharmaceutical drugs are manufactured through a series of clinical trials. The role of such drugs and their metabolites has not met the requirement of an individual's need at the early stage of the treatments except few drugs and medicines with minimal or no side effects. Therefore, biology and medicines are taken up the advantages of nano scaled drugs and formulations for the treatment of various diseases. The present study identifies and analyses the different nanoparticles and their chemical components on the skin and their effects due to penetration. There are advantageous factors available to facilitate positive and negative contact between dermal layers. It creates a new agenda for an established application that is mainly based on skin diseases.  相似文献   

18.
The two-period crossover trial is considered the most powerful means of determining the efficacy of new drugs. However, this study design is frequently invalidated by treatment-by-period interaction. If, for example, the effect of the first treatment period carries on into the next one, then it influences the response to the latter period (carryover effect). A second problem is, that the standard approach (Hills-Armitage analysis) for interaction bias has a low statistical sensitivity. The author recently described an alternative method entitled the clinical approach because it looks at the clinical performance of the separate treatment groups and not, as the standard approach, at the means of the groups. It may be hypothesized that this alternative approach is statistically more sensitive than the standard in situations where there is interaction in just one of the treatment groups. The present study uses two examples and a mathematical model. It shows that in case of single-group interaction the clinical approach can, indeed, detect carryover effect at a 30% lower level than the standard. On the other hand, however, the standard approach does so even at a 40% lower level than the clinical in case of two-group interaction. I conclude that one approach supplements the other and that they be used in future studies simultaneously.  相似文献   

19.
噬菌体及其裂解酶对细菌生物被膜作用的研究进展   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2       下载免费PDF全文
细菌形成的生物被膜,可保护细菌不易被抗生素杀死,这给临床上相应疾病的治疗及医疗器械的消毒带来极大困难。研究表明,噬菌体及其裂解酶对生物被膜有降解作用。噬菌体能清除细菌在有生物活性或无生物活性的介质表面形成的生物被膜。此外,噬菌体裂解酶比如LySMP、肽酶CHAPk、细胞壁溶解酶CWHs等能清除特定的生物被膜,这可能与裂解酶直接溶菌和裂解细菌细胞外基质有关。同时,与抗生素、钴离子、氯等物质联合使用时,噬菌体对生物被膜的清除作用会更强。本文从噬菌体、噬菌体编码的裂解酶、以及它们联合其他物质对细菌生物被膜的作用进行综述,并对其实际应用做了展望。  相似文献   

20.
Ladd B  Facelli JM 《Oecologia》2008,157(4):687-696
Litter may indirectly affect competitive interactions. It is not clear whether these changes are additive or non-additive indirect effects. Non-additivity could result from: (1) changes in biomass allocation patterns by competitors towards organs not directly involved in resource acquisition (e.g., longer hypocotyls); (2) changes in the proportion of different functional groups (e.g., grasses and forbs) that possess different competitive abilities; or (3) through priority effects caused by subtle changes in timing of emergence. We used a combination of field and glasshouse experiments in which Eucalyptus obliqua seedlings were grown either with or without leaf litter (grass litter/eucalypt litter), and with or without competitors. Eucalypt species growing in the field and in pots attained more biomass with litter than without when competitors were absent. Competition substantially decreased the biomass of eucalypt seedlings. Competitive intensity was heavily influenced by litter type and was most intense in the presence of grass litter. Litter produced a small change in patterns of biomass allocation in the competing herbaceous vegetation, and there was a slight (marginally non-significant) indication of a change in the proportion of grasses relative to forbs when litter was present. However, when the integral of competitor biomass over time was used to calculate competitive intensity, the combined effects of the experimental factors (litter and competition) became additive, suggesting that the effect of leaf litter on the timing of germination and establishment in the grasses and forbs, relative to that of Eucalyptus seedlings, was the principal mechanism by which leaf litter altered the interaction strength of the species studied.  相似文献   

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