基于叶绿体基因组数据的芸香科属间系统发育初步分析

为探究花椒属种水平系统进化关系以及为新品种培育研究奠定理论基础，该研究以芸香科物种的叶片为材料，采用改良CTAB法提取叶绿体DNA,利用BGISEQ-500平台进行叶绿体基因组测序，并对叶绿体基因组进行组装、注释，联合NCBI数据库数据，共获得芸香科19属49个物种的全叶绿体基因组序列。构建了芸香科属间系统进化关系。结果表明，(1)基于叶绿体基因组序列矩阵(总长196 641 bp),ML和BI 2种方法得到的系统发育树的拓扑结够基本一致，系统发育树各分支具有较强的支持率，叶绿体基因组数据可以解决芸香科属间的系统发育关系。(2)芸香科为单系类群，并进一步形成两大分支，其中柑橘亚科为单系，与芸香亚科内的芸香属聚为分支I,分支Ⅱ由芸香亚科和飞龙掌血亚科组成，两亚科均不是单系，其中飞龙掌血亚科的香肉果属，茵芋属与芸香亚科的白鲜属，臭常山属是最早分化出来的类群，其次是蜜茱萸属和山油柑属；黄檗属和吴茱萸属与花椒属类群形成姊妹群，飞龙掌血属的物种飞龙掌血嵌套于花椒属分支中，支持飞龙掌血物种并入花椒属的处理。     

基于线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分序列的角蟾亚科部分属种的系统发育关系

测定了角蟾亚科2属8种(亚种)和外群3种的线粒体12S和16S rRNA基因部分DNA序列,比对后序列长共949bp,其中变异位点数320,简约位点数206。邻接法和最大简约法分析的系统关系树一致表明内群为一单系群,其中腺角蟾首先与其他物种分开;沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾聚为一支;余下的5种(亚种)角蟾组成一支,其中小角蟾短肢亚种的广西种群和香港种群聚为一亚支,另一亚支包括峨眉角蟾、小角蟾指名亚种、尾凸角蟾和重庆武隆的角蟾种,后两种角蟾进化关系最近。本结果支持短肢角蟾为有效种,同时提示腺角蟾、沙坪角蟾与宽头短腿蟾可能隶属3个不同的亚属或属。     

鹿属(Cervus)染色体组型的进化

鹿属共9个种,除去已绝灭的熊氏鹿(Cervus shomburgki)外,现存者8个种。作者对其中的6个种的染色体组型用外周血培养方法进行了研究。加上文献中已报道的材料,对鹿属中染色体组型已进行分析的共有7个种、13个亚种。对这些材料所进行的分析表明,鹿属动物在进化过程中,X染色体是很保守的,而常染色体的变化,无论是种间还是种内,全是2n数每增加1条,中部或亚中部着丝点染色体数就减少1条,而端着丝点染色体数就增加2条,反之亦然。结合对鹿属古生物学资料和现代各个种的地理分布的分析,作者认为,鹿属染色体进化的主要机制是罗伯逊断裂,即一条中部(亚中部)着丝点染色体在着丝点部位断裂成为两条端着丝点染色体。     

鹿科动物线粒体控制区序列分析与系统进化

通过测定鹿科麂亚科中的小麂、赤麂和黑麂的线粒体全基因组,从而定位它们的控制区,并从GenBank获得鹿科另外3个亚科9种动物的线粒体控制区全序列。利用MEGA软件计算了各物种控制区序列的碱基组成、遗传距离和遗传相似度,通过比较序列同源性,以羊线粒体控制区序列为外群,构建NJ分子系统树,探讨了鹿科4个亚科12种动物的系统进化关系。序列分析表明,鹿科12种动物控制区序列的碱基长度在909～1049bp之间,A T含量约占62．06％,其中363个核苷酸位点存在变异(约占34％)。系统进化关系结果表明：(1)以线粒体控制区构建的鹿科12种动物分子系统树基本与NCBI分类一致;(2)美洲鹿亚科驼鹿属驼鹿在鹿科这12种动物中处于最为原始的地位;(3)小麂比赤麂和黑麂更为原始;(4)獐亚科獐属的獐与美洲鹿亚科狍鹿属的狍鹿和美洲狍鹿聚为一支。     

中国库蚊属四十个种(亚种)的分子系统发育关系研究(双翅目:蚊科)

【目的】对在中国有分布的库蚊属Culex种(亚种)的COⅠ序列和ITS2序列进行测序,构建和讨论这些种(亚种)的分子系统发育关系。【方法】测定了库蚊属20个种(亚种)的COⅠ和ITS2序列,并从NCBI数据库中下载了库蚊属另外20个种(亚种)的COⅠ和3个种(亚种)的ITS2序列。对库蚊属40个种(亚种)的COⅠ序列和其中23个种(亚种)的ITS2序列进行碱基构成、种间遗传距离和饱和度分析,并对COⅠ+ITS2序列进行ILD(incongruence length difference)检验。分别使用2种分子数据集(COⅠ和ITS2)的核苷酸序列,用最大似然法(ML)、贝叶斯法(BI)、邻接法(NJ)和最大简约法(MP)推断这些种的系统发育关系。通过Kishino-Hasegawa(KH)和ShimodairaHasegawa(SH)检验评估这4种系统树间的差异,确定最为合理的系统发育树。【结果】本研究新测序获得20种(亚种)的COⅠ和ITS2序列的长度范围分别为625~685 bp和300~559 bp。COⅠ和ITS2序列在库蚊属成对蚊种间的遗传距离分别是0.002~0.198和0.006~1.807。库蚊属23个种(亚种)的COⅠ+ITS2序列的ILD检验结果显示,数据集具有不相容性,因此COⅠ+ITS2序列不适用于这些种(亚种)的系统发育研究。经KH和SH检验显示,4种系统发育树中,基于COⅠ序列构建的BI树最为合理,而基于ITS2序列构建的MP树最为合理。基于COⅠ核苷酸序列所构建的BI树显示,除幼小库蚊Cx.infantulus和短须库蚊Cx.brevipalpis外,各亚属间成员聚类结果与传统的形态学归类结果吻合;路蚊亚属Lutiza和包蚊亚属Barraudius都归入库蚊亚属Culex内;梅蚊亚属Maillotia和新库蚊亚属Nexoculex聚为一支;库状蚊亚属Culiciomyia、真黑蚊亚属Eumelanomyia和簇角蚊亚属Lophoceramyia均显示为单系。基于ITS2序列所构建的MP树显示,各亚属间和种(亚种)间关系混乱。【结论】重建的分子系统发育树表明库蚊亚属不是一个单系群。在重建库蚊属系统发育关系时,相较于ITS2和COⅠ+ITS2,COⅠ是更为理想的分子标记。本研究构建的分子系统发育关系为中国库蚊属中各亚属和各种(亚种)之间的亲缘关系的研究奠定了基础。     

蝗科高级阶元的分子系统发育(英文）

迄今,蝗科内各分类阶元之间的系统发生关系大部分是未知的。本文用来自中国24种蝗科昆虫的12SrDNA和16SrDNA2个基因的联合序列(共795bp)数据,以锥头蝗科的锥头蝗(Pyrgomorpha conica)为外群,重建了分子系统树。研究结果表明,在12SrDNA与16SrDNA组成的联合数据中,转换的替代速率明显比颠换的替代速率高得多,核酸的替代已经发生了饱和。分子系统树表明:斑翅蝗亚科是一单系群,该亚科是一个合法的亚科,但斑腿蝗亚科和蝗亚科都不是单系群;斑翅蝗亚科在蝗科内是一个相对原始的类群,而稻蝗亚科比斑翅蝗亚科相对进化,比蝗科的其他亚科的种类相对原始。     

中国鲤科鱼类染色体组型的研究Ⅺ．裂腹鱼亚科二种鱼和鳅鮀亚科三种鱼的染色体组型

裂腹鱼亚科(Schizothoracinae)鱼类主要分布于亚洲高原地区的江河上游,在我国分布有10属,54种和亚种。鳅鮀亚科(Gobiobotitaae)仅有1属3亚属,已知有16种和亚种,在我国分布构就有13种。我们考察的3种鳅鮀亚科鱼类即分属3个不同的亚属。     

基于线粒体16S rRNA基因探讨鹿科动物系统发生关系

鹿类动物的系统演化关系一直存在争议,特别是獐亚科的设立与否.通过测定獐的线粒体16S rRNA基因,并从GenBank获得鹿类另外14种动物的线粒体16S rRNA基因全序列,以水牛和绵羊作双外群,构建系统进化树,探讨鹿类动物系统发生关系及獐亚科的有效性.结果分析表明:(1)支持鹿科分为鹿亚科、麂亚科、獐亚科和美洲鹿亚科,麝科成立;(2)獐亚科有效,支持獐与原属美洲鹿亚科狍共同组成獐亚科;(3)毛冠鹿的分类地位还有待进一步确定.     

中国北方网蝽亚科的支序分析(半翅目：异翅亚目：网蝽科)

用支序分类的方法分析了我国北方网蝽亚科内１６个属间的系统演化关系,在比较形态研究的基础上选取该亚科的３３个特征、８８个特征状态,通过内群和外群比较的方法对特征状态进行极化,形成特征状态矩阵,,分别使用计算机编码程序ＰＡＵＰ（version3.1.1)和Ｈennin86(version1.5)进行运算分析,得到完全一致的最简约树及Ｎelson合意树（树长Ｌ＝１１８步,一致性指数ＣＩ＝０．４５４,保留指数ＲＩ＝０．５２９）。用以分析亚科内属级分类单元之间分类单元可归为６个群,分别为Ａ－gramman群、Ｌeptoyha群、Ｄictyla群、Catophatus群、Ｐhysatoheila群和Ｄerephysia群,Ａgramma群在所分析的类群中是为原始的一群,最早由基部分出,与由Ｌeptoypha群、Ｄictyla群、Ｃatoplatus群、P hysatocheila群和Ｄerephysia群构成的单系形成姐妹群。Ｌeptoypha群也是较早分出的一群,与由Ｄictyla群、Ｃatoplatus群、Ｐhysatochila群和为一单系,是最为进化的一群,与另一较进化的Ｐhysatocheila群单系构成１对姐妹群。此两群所构成的单系群又与Ｃatoplatus群构成姐妹群,形成一个单系群,继而与Ｄictyla群单系构成姐妹群。用ＡutoDecay(version3.0)对各分支点进行了分支支持分析。这些群在更多的属级单元参加分析之前暂不划为高一级的分类单元。     

基于线粒体COⅠ基因序列分析宝贝科主要类群的系统发生关系

新测了分布于我国海南沿海的11种宝贝科软体动物的线粒体COⅠ基因序列,结合GenBank中17种该科动物的同源性序列片段,基于不同的数学模型,以邻接法、最大简约法和贝叶斯法构建了宝贝科分子系统树.结果表明:卵宝贝亚科Cypraeovulinae是一个单系群;宝贝亚科Cypraeinae和鼻贝亚科Nariinae并非姊妹群,其中,宝贝亚科明显为多系发生,而鼻贝亚科中除疹贝属而外的其他类群可能为单系发生;所有系统树均支持形态学上焦掌贝、绶贝、眼球贝、葡萄贝以及疹贝的单系性及属级分类阶元的界定.鉴于疹贝属在系统树中的特殊位置,建议将其归于宝贝亚科;而龟甲贝和林希那贝间的系统发生关系及其分类地位还有待于进一步探讨.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.