高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的初步研究

比较异种生物同工酶(Isoenzyme)能从分子水平阐明物种的多样性。近年来,不少学者对许多动物的同工酶进行广泛而深入的研究(Masters 1975,Markert,1975)。其中对乳酸脱氢酶(以下简称LDH)的研究最为详尽(Everse等,1973,Moss,1982)。乳酸脱氢酶同工酶是由H(或B),M(或A)2种亚基组成的一组四聚体分子。H,M亚基分别受不同基因位点控制,并按不同比例组成5种不同的同工酶。     

不同季节高原鼢鼠乳酸脱氢酶活力和同工酶谱

目的:探讨高原鼢鼠对洞道低氧高二氧化碳环境的代谢适应机制。方法:用酶活力分析法,分析春季、夏季和秋季高原鼢鼠血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)活力、乳酸含量和组织LDH活力,用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析血清和组织LDH同工酶谱。结果:高原鼢鼠血清LDH活力在春夏秋三季具有明显的差异,春季高于夏季,夏季高于秋季,血清乳酸含量表现出同样的变化趋势;春季血清中五种同工酶条带都清晰可见,夏季血清中LDH5和LDH4清晰可见,秋季血清中只能看见LDH5带。骨骼肌、心肌和脑组织LDH活力较高,而且从春季到秋季显著降低;肝、肾和肺组织LDH活力较低,肝组织LDH活力春季显著高于夏季和秋季,夏秋两季之间没有明显差异;肾和肺组织LDH活力在春季与夏季之间没有明显差异,但秋季明显降低。心、肝、肺、肾、脑和肌肉组织LDH同工酶谱,在春夏秋三季都显示出五条带,并表现出明显的组织差异;各组织同工酶含量也有不同程度的季节差异。结论:高原鼢鼠体内糖酵解过程具有明显的季节性变化,从春季到秋季依次降低,这与它们的季节性活动特点和洞道中氧气和二氧化碳的季节性波动有关。     

高原鼠兔乳酸脱氢酶同工酶对低氧环境的应答

用聚丙酰胺凝胶薄层电泳和紫外光谱法,研究与分析高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)在天然及模拟低氧条件下,心脏、肝脏、肾脏及骨骼肌4种组织的乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)同工酶的酶谱和其酶活力的变化。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔骨骼肌糖酵解和肝脏乳酸代谢的差异(英文)北大核心CSCD

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniac)和高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)是青藏高原地区特有的土著动物。本文旨在探讨高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠骨骼肌糖酵解和肝脏乳酸代谢的不同生理机制。我们克隆出两种动物肝脏中的丙酮酸羧化酶(pytuvate carboxy-lase,PC)基因的部分序列;应用real-timePCR法测定两种动物肝脏和骨骼肌中PC、LDH-A和LDH-BmRNA的表达水平;使用苹果酸偶联法测定肝脏中PC酶活力,并测定两种动物骨骼肌和肝脏中乳酸含量、乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)活力;用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳观察肝脏和骨骼肌LDH同工酶谱。结果显示:(1)高原鼢鼠骨骼肌LDH-BmRNA的表达量极显著高于高原鼠兔(P<0.01),而LDH-AmRNA的表达量没有差异(P>0.05);(2)高原鼠兔肝脏中PC、LDH-A和LDH-BmRNA的表达量都极显著高于高原鼢鼠(P<0.01);(3)高原鼠兔肝脏和骨骼肌中LDH和乳酸含量以及肝脏中PC活力均极显著高于高原鼢鼠(P<0.01);(4)LDH同工酶谱显示,高原鼠兔骨骼肌以LDH-A4、LDH-A3B、LDH-A2B2为主,而高原鼢鼠骨骼肌以LDH-AB3、LDH-B4为主;在高原鼠兔肝脏中LDH以LDH-A3B,LDH-A2B2,LDH-AB3和LDH-B4为主,而高原鼢鼠肝脏只有LDH-A4。以上结果表明,高原鼠兔通过提高骨骼肌无氧糖酵解的水平为其快速奔跑提供能量,通过提高肝脏中糖异生水平快速将骨骼肌运动所产生的乳酸转化为葡萄糖和糖原,所以减少了在低氧环境中对氧的依赖,而高原鼢鼠尽管生活在低氧的地下洞道,它通过提高骨骼肌有氧糖酵解的水平,为其持续的挖掘活动提供能量。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应

为了探讨高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心脏对低氧环境的适应机制,以Sprague-Dawley (SD)大鼠为对照,测量三者的心脏/体重比(HW/BW)、右心室/(左心室 室间隔)重量比[RV/(LV S)];应用免疫组织化学方法测定心肌微血管密度(microvessel density, MVD);通过显微体视学技术比较线粒体的面数密度(NA,单位面积中线粒体数目)、体密度(Vv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体的体积密度)、面密度(Sv,单位体积心肌纤维中线粒体外膜的面积密度)、比表面(δ,线粒体外膜面积与其自身体积的比);用分光光度法测定心肌中的肌红蛋白(myoglobin, Mb)含量、乳酸(lactic acid, LD)含量和乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase, LDH)活力;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳观察LDH同工酶谱.结果显示:高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔HB/WB显著大于SD大鼠(P<0.05), RV/(LV S)显著小于SD大鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠心肌MVD和线粒体NA依次递减(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠线粒体Vv显著低于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05),高原鼠兔与SD大鼠之间没有明显差异;高原鼢鼠线粒体Sv显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05),与高原鼠兔相比无明显差异;高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的线粒体δ无显著差异,但均明显低于高原鼢鼠(P<0.05).高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔心肌Mb含量显著高于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠心肌LD含量显著高于高原鼠兔和SD大鼠(P<0.05);两种高原动物心肌LDH活力显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05).同工酶谱显示,高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和SD大鼠的LDH中H亚基所占比例依次递减.以上结果提示,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔通过增加心肌线粒体Sv、MVD以及Mb含量提高其在低氧环境获取氧的能力;同时,由于生境和习性上的不同,两者线粒体指标又表现出差异性.     

高原鼢鼠、高原鼠兔和大鼠肺表面活性物质组成和含量的比较

本研究通过分析肺表面活性物质(pulmonary surfactant,PS)组成和含量探讨高原鼢鼠(Myospalax baileyi)和高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)的低氧适应机制.高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔各36只,捕捉于海拔3 600 m左右的青海省海南州贵德县拉脊山地区,36只Sprague-Daw...     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔骨骼无机化学成分的研究I.常量元素

本文以高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔骨骼中的无机常量元素Ｋ、Ｎａ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｐ和Ａ进行了比较分析。研究结果表明,高原鼢鼠骨骼中心Ｃａ、Ｐ、Ａｌ的含量极显著地高于高原鼠兔（Ｐ〈０．０１）,Ｋ含量高原鼢鼠极显著地低于高原鼠兔（Ｐ〈０．００１）,Ｎａ和Ｍｇ的含理两者间无显著差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）;骨骼各部位元素总量的分布顺序为：高原鼢鼠下肢骨〉头骨〉脊柱;高原鼠兔头骨〉下肢骨〉脊柱。１５个元素对中,大部分元素之间线     

溴敌隆防治高原鼠兔和高原鼢鼠的研究

溴敌隆(Bromadiolone)是近年来新出现的第二代抗凝血杀鼠剂中的一个新品种,最近已在欧洲各国、加拿大、美国市场上出售。青海省化工科研设计所在国内首先合成。     

高原鼠兔组织中精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶的作用机理

高原鼠兔Ochotona curzoniae具有很强的高原低氧适应能力。前期研究发现,精子特异性乳酸脱氢酶(LDH-C4)在高原鼠兔体细胞中表达。为阐明LDH-C4在高原鼠兔组织中的作用机理,应用RNA干扰技术沉默高原鼠兔心肌、肝脏和脑组织中的Ldh-c基因;应用荧光定量PCR和Western Blot方法,测定Ldh-c基因在心肌、肝脏和脑组织中的表达水平;应用生物化学方法测定沉默Ldh-c基因后,心肌、肝脏和脑组织中LDH比活力、乳酸和ATP的含量。结果表明,腹腔注射腺病毒p MultiRNAi-Ldhc能极显著降低高原鼠兔组织中Ldh-c基因的表达水平,在mRNA和蛋白水平,心肌中Ldh-c基因的表达分别下降48.11%和19.27%;肝脏中Ldh-c基因的表达分别下降70.16%和25.82%;脑中Ldh-c基因的表达分别下降49.08%和25.36%。沉默Ldh-c基因表达后,高原鼠兔心肌、肝脏和脑组织中LDH比活力、乳酸和ATP的含量也显著降低,分别下降25.58%、41.94%和21.23%,28.16%、15.90%和24.66%以及16.65%、12.78%和18.50%。这些结果说明,高原鼠兔在低氧环境中,其心肌、肝脏和脑组织通过LDH-C4催化无氧糖酵解获得部分ATP,增强对低氧环境的适应能力。     

高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔红细胞低氧适应特征

为探讨高原鼢鼠对低氧高二氧化碳洞道生境及高原鼠兔对高海拔低氧生境的适应机制,用Sysmex SF-3000血细胞分析仪及聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳对两种高原动物的血常规及血红蛋白类型进行分析,后者采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法。结果表明,高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数(RBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)及平均红细胞容积(MCV)组间无显著差异(P>0.05),但高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔的红细胞数显著高于SD大鼠,红细胞压积及平均红细胞容积均显著低于SD大鼠(P<0.05);高原鼢鼠的血红蛋白浓度(HBC)与SD大鼠无显著差异(P>0.05),但显著高于高原鼠兔的HBC(P<0.05)。高原鼢鼠血红蛋白主要有2种类型,高原鼠兔血红蛋白主要有3种类型,而SD大鼠血红蛋白主要有5种类型。从血红蛋白电泳迁移来看,2种高原动物血红蛋白类型有明显的趋同特征并与SD大鼠具有明显的差异。上述结果提示,长期适应高海拔低氧环境的高原动物的红细胞和血红蛋白表现出趋同进化,同时因生境和习性的差异又表现出各自的特异性。     

Effects of N-Terminal Deletion Mutation on Rabbit Muscle Lactate Dehydrogenase

Deletion mutants of rabbit muscle lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were constructed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to study the roles of N-terminal residues. The coding sequences of the first 5 (LD5) and 10 (LD10) amino acids of the N-terminus were deleted and the gene was inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector pET21b. The mutant enzymes were expressed in E. coli BL21/DE3 and were purified. Then their characteristics and stabilities were studied. The results showed LDH was completely inactivated when the first 10 N-terminal amino acid residues were removed, but the mutant (LD10) could have partially restored activity in the presence of structure-making ions. The removal of the first 5 and 10 N-terminal amino acid residues did not affect the aggregation state of the enzyme, that is, LD5 and LD10 were still tetramers. The stabilities of recombinant wild-type LDH (RW-LD), LD5, and LD10 were compared by incubating them at low pH, elevated temperature, and high GuHCl. The results showed that the N-terminal deletion mutants were more sensitive to denaturing environments; they were easily inactivated and unfolded. Their instability increased and their ability to refold decreased with the increased number of amino acid residues removed from the N-terminus of LDH. These results confirm that the N-terminus of LDH plays a crucial role in stabilizing the structure and in maintaining the function of the enzyme.     

牛蛙乳酸脱氢酶同工酶的分离纯化及其性质研究

牛蛙心脏中乳酸脱氢酶在聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳上显示3种同工酶区带,分别命名为LDH1、LDH2、LDH3,其中LDH1的活力占绝对优势.采用HiTrap^TM Blue HP 亲和层析和DEAE-Sephadex A离子交换层析对牛蛙骨骼肌中的LDH3进行了分离纯化.纯化的LDH3比活力为295 U/mg,Km NADH=0.028,Km丙酮酸=1.242,在SDS-PAGE上显示两条带,提示该同工酶是由两种亚基组成的,亚基的分子量分别为35.3 kD和37.6 kD.     

Age-Related Changes in Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Activity of Rat Brain, Liver, and Heart

Abstract: Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) activity was measured in brains, livers, and hearts of 23–26-month-old and 3-month-old rats. A significant increase of ALDH activity was found in whole brain of old rats with both acetaldehyde (39%) and propionylaldehyde (15%) used as substrates. In different brain areas of old rats, with acetaldehyde used as substrate, a significant increase of ALDH activity was found in striatum (30–50%) and cerebral cortex (37%). However, no significant difference in ALDH activity was found in livers and hearts of young and old rats. Preliminary experiments showed a significant increase of aldehyde reductase activity (52%) with p -nitrobenzaldehyde used as substrate in whole brain of old rats compared with young rats. The present work indicates that an increase of ALDH activity in brain of old rats may be an adaptive phenomenon.     

Glycerol Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, and Lactate Dehydrogenase: Activities in Oligodendrocytes, Neurons, Astrocytes, and Myelin Isolated from Developing Rat Brains

Abstract: Glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities were determined in Oligodendrocytes, neurons, and astrocytes isolated from the brains of developing rats. The activity of each enzyme was significantly lower in both neurons and astrocytes than in Oligodendrocytes. The GPDH activity in Oligodendrocytes increased more than 4-fold during development, and at 120 days cells of this type had 1.4-fold the specific activity of forebrain homogenates. The G6PDH activities in Oligodendrocytes from 10-day-old rats were 1.4-fold the activities in the forebrain homogenates. The activities of this enzyme in Oligodendrocytes were progressively lower at later ages, such that at 120 days the cells had 0.8 times the specific activities of homogenates. The Oligodendrocytes had 0.6 times the homogenate activities of LDH at 10 days, and this ratio had decreased to 0.2 by 120 days. These enzymes were also measured in myelin isolated from 20-, 60-, and 120-day-old rats. By 120 days the specific activities of G6PDH and LDH in myelin were <8% of the respective activities in homogenates. The GPDH activity in myelin was, however, at least 20% the specific activity in the homogenates, even in the oldest animals. It is proposed that LDH could be used as a marker for oligodendroglial cytoplasm in subfractions of myelin and in myelin-related membrane vesicles.     

Functional Properties of Lactate Dehydrogenase from Dunaliella salina and Its Role in Glycerol Synthesis

The dependence of the catalytic properties of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC 1.1.1.27) from a halophilic alga Dunaliella salina, a glycophilic alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, and from porcine muscle on glycerol concentration, medium pH, and temperature was investigated. Several chemical properties of the enzyme from D. salina differentiated it from the LDH preparation obtained from C. reinhardtii and any homologous enzymes of plant, animal, and bacterial origin. (1) V_max of pyruvate reduction manifested low sensitivity to the major intracellular osmolyte, glycerol. (2) The affinity of LDH for its coenzyme NADH dropped in the physiological pH region of 6–8. Above pH 8, NADH virtually did not bind to LDH, while the enzyme affinity for pyruvate did not change considerably. (3) The enzyme thermostability was extremely low: LDH was completely inactivated at room temperature within 30 min. The optimum temperature for pyruvate reduction (32°C) was considerably lower than with the enzyme preparations from C. reinhardtii (52°C) and porcine muscle (61°C). (4) NADH greatly stabilized LDH: the ratio of LDH inactivation constants in the absence of the coenzyme and after NADH addition at the optimum temperature in the preparation from D. salina exceeded the corresponding indices of LDH preparations from C. reinhardtii twelve times and from porcine muscle eight times. The authors believe that these LDH properties match the specific metabolism of D. salina which is set at rapid glycerol synthesis under hyperosmotic stress conditions. The increase of cytoplasmic pH value produced in D. salina by the hyperosmotic shock can switch off the terminal reaction of the glycolytic pathway and thus provide for the most efficient utilization of NADH in the cycle of glycerol synthesis. As LDH is destabilized in the absence of NADH, this reaction is also switched off. In the course of alga adaptation to the hyperosmotic shock, glycerol accumulation and the neutralization of intracellular pH stabilize LDH, thus creating the conditions for restoring the complete glycolytic cycle.     

The Effects of Nano-anatase TiO2 on the Activation of Lactate Dehydrogenase from Rat Heart

Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH, EC1.1.1.27), widely expressed in the heart, liver, and other tissues, plays an important role in glycolysis and glyconeogenesis. The activity of LDH is often altered upon inflammatory responses in animals. Nano-TiO₂ was shown to provoke various inflammatory responses both in rats and mice; however, the molecular mechanism by which TiO₂ exerts its toxicity has not been completely understood. In this report, we investigated the mechanisms of nano-anatase TiO₂ (5 nm) on LDH activity in vitro. Our results showed that LDH activity was greatly increased by low concentration of nano-anatase TiO₂, while it was decreased by high concentration of nano-anatase TiO₂. The spectroscopic assays revealed that the nano-anatase TiO₂ particles were directly bound to LDH with mole ratio of [nano-anatase TiO₂] to [LDH] was 0.12, indicating that each Ti atom was coordinated with five oxygen/nitrogen atoms and a sulfur atoms of amino acid residues with the Ti–O(N) and Ti–S bond lengths of 1.79 and 2.41 Å. We postulated that the bound nano-anatase TiO₂ altered the secondary structure of LDH, created a new metal ion-active site for LDH, and thereby enhanced LDH activity.     

Subcellular Distribution of Aspartate Transaminase,Alanine Amino Transferase,Glutamate Dehydrogenases,and Lactate Dehydrogenase in Tetrahymena*

SYNOPSIS. Mitochondria and peroxisomes were isolated from homogenates of Tetrahymena pyriformis by sedimentation through a sucrose gradient. Succinate dehydrogenase was used as a mitochondrial marker; catalase and isocitrate lyase were used to mark the peroxisomal fraction. Lactate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and alanine aminotransferase were found only in the mitochondrial fraction. Aspartate transaminase was found in both mitochondrial and peroxisomal fractions.     

恶性疟原虫乳酸脱氢酶基因的克隆表达及表达产物免疫原性的鉴定

目的：克隆表达恶性疟原虫（Hasmodium falciparum,p．f）海南株（FCC1／HN）乳酸脱氢酶（LDH）,并对其免疫原性进行鉴定．为制备抗LDH抗体用于胶体金法快速检测疟原虫奠定基础。方法：应用PCR技术对恶性疟原虫乳酸脱氢酶（LDHpf）基因进行特异性扩增,将扩增产物克隆入表达载体pET-32a（＋）,重组表达载体经鉴定后诱导表达;重组LDHpf（rLDHpf）经纯化后,免疫家兔制备兔抗rLDHpf免疫血清,间接免疫荧光和Western印迹鉴定表达产物的免疫原性。结果：构建了pET-32a／LDHpf重组表达载体,测序后同源性分析显示p．f不同株间LDH氨基酸序列同源性大于98％,不同种间同源性也在90％以上;间接免疫荧光和Western印迹分析显示rLDHpf具有较好的免疫原性。结论：LDHpf基因高度保守;rLDHpf得到高效表达并具有良好的免疫原性。