黄土高原归一化植被指数与自然环境因子的空间关联性——基于地理探测器

植被对改善黄土高原脆弱的生态环境有着关键作用,系统研究黄土高原归一化植被指数(NDVI)空间分布和环境因子的空间关联性,可为新时代黄土高原植被高质量建设提供科学依据。以黄土高原2000-2017年年均植被NDVI为研究对象,选取气候要素、地形因素、土壤类型和植被类型等自然环境因子,运用GIS和地理探测器技术手段,在剔除土地利用类型发生变化栅格的基础上,研究黄土高原年均NDVI与环境因子的空间关联性,结果表明:2000-2017年黄土高原年均NDVI值在0.016-0.72之间,呈地带性分布,由西北部向东南部逐渐升高,大于0.3的区域占50.23%;2000-2017年黄土高原年均植被NDVI分布具有空间异质性,且在不同植被区、地貌区、土壤区和气候区中,NDVI空间分布的主要环境驱动因子具有差异性。年均降雨量对NDVI空间分布具有强解释力,是黄土高原85.20%的区域植被生长的主要制约因子;约12.01%的区域主要受土壤类型影响,为中等解释力,其余区域的植被生长主要受年均气温,日照时数或海拔影响。建议综合考虑不同环境条件下植被NDVI的空间分布与环境影响因子的空间关联性,明确不同区域中植被NDVI的环境制约因子,以制约因子定植,在防止土壤干燥化、贫瘠化的前提下,提高植被覆盖率和生物多样性,以期促进黄土高原植被建设高质量发展。     

黄土高原与安塞县植被变化及其气候响应特征

利用1982～2003年黄土高原和安塞县归一化植被指数(NDVI)及安塞县气候资料,分析了黄土高原不同尺度范围植被的时间变异特征及其对安塞县气候变化的可能影响.结果表明:(1)22年间黄土高原植被NDVI以年均7.0×10-4增加,且春秋植被NDVI增加显著,表明黄土高原植被覆盖状况明显改善.(2)安塞县植被NDVI并未呈现显著增加趋势,且植被NDVI比黄土高原整体水平低22.93%,使得安塞县气候对黄土高原植被变化有显著的响应变化.(3)当黄土高原年际和春季植被NDVI每增加0.01,安塞县最高和最低气温分别增加0.42℃和0.26℃;生长季植被决定了黄土高原整体植被的分布,当其植被NDVI每增加0.01时,安塞县年均相对湿度增加1.14%,蒸发量和风速分别下降49.70 mm和0.06 m*s-1.可见黄土高原植被恢复对其所含县域尺度区域的气候有明显影响.     

黄土高原植被覆盖与水热时空通径分析

探究黄土高原地区气象因子对植被覆盖的影响作用以丰富生态修复理论。基于黄土高原2001—2017年归一化植被指数(Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI)与气象数据,采用通径分析方法分别从时间和空间尺度上,分析黄土高原气温和降水对植被覆盖变化的直接及间接影响作用,为该地区生态建设提供科学依据。结果如下：黄土高原地区年际间植被明显波动增长,降水变化大体上与植被变化相似;降水整体较气温对植被覆盖变化的作用大。黄土高原植被与水热空间关系的最优分析尺度为80km,在80km空间尺度上,植被与气温有最大相关性,植被、降水由东南到西北递减,而气温分布规律不显著;降水整体呈现促进作用,气温的抑制作用较强,且空间差异明显。在时间与空间尺度上,植被主要受水热促进尤其是降水促进影响,且降水对植被生长的直接作用远大于通过气温的间接作用;不论生态区还是植被类型,气候因子作用均以促进类型为主,但存在明显差异。水热作用在时空尺度上具有明显空间差异性,不同地区影响植被变化的主控因子不同。     

基于ICEEMDAN方法的黄土高原植被覆盖变化及其对气候变化的响应

地理数据和遥感数据的长期序列中包含噪声和周期性波动信息。本研究基于ICEEMDAN方法对黄土高原1982—2015年归一化植被指数(NDVI)、降雨和温度进行逐像元分解,分解后得到的残差项减少了原始数据中的噪声和周期性波动,并利用残差项研究NDVI的变化趋势以及NDVI与气候因子之间的关系。结果表明: 1982—2015年,黄土高原NDVI以上升为主,残差项NDVI变化趋势的显著性(95.9%)大于原始NDVI变化趋势的显著性(72.3%),并且存在一定的空间差异性。温度和降雨的变化可以在很大程度上解释植被覆盖的变化。其中,温度与黄土高原NDVI之间呈极显著正相关的区域占83.7%,极显著负相关区域占13.9%;降雨与黄土高原NDVI之间呈极显著正相关的区域占54.4%,极显著负相关区域占37.2%。黄土高原植被对气候变化的响应存在明显的空间差异性,不同气候因子对不同植被覆盖类型的影响程度不同。总体上,黄土高原生长季不同植被与温度之间的相关性强于降水,温度是影响黄土高原植被覆盖变化的主要因素。     

基于地理探测的黄土高原植被生长对气候的响应

为探讨黄土高原不同植被类型对气候变化的响应机制,以2002-2019年黄土高原归一化植被指数(NDVI)数据为基础,利用趋势分析、Hurst指数、地理探测器等方法分析不同植被类型NDVI变化趋势及其与气象因子的关系.结果 表明:2002-2019年,黄土高原不同植被类型NDVI以增长趋势和同向中持续性为主,仅栽培植被在...     

基于地理探测器的河南省植被NDVI时空变化及驱动力分析

植被作为陆地生态系统的主体,能够有效反映全球或区域尺度下的生态环境变化状况。分析植被覆盖时空动态变化特征及驱动力因素,对区域生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义。本文利用归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为指标,研究2000—2019年河南省植被时空动态变化特征,基于地理探测器模型分析河南省植被的空间异质性及其驱动力,并通过Hurst指数分析植被的未来趋势。结果表明：2000—2019年河南省NDVI整体呈现波动上升趋势,增长速度为0.016 10 a^-1,其中2009—2019年增长速度减缓并出现减小趋势;土壤类型、土地利用类型、GDP和人口密度4类因子对NDVI空间分布的影响程度最大;单一因子影响力均低于任两个因子的交互解释力,其中,自然和人为因子的交互作用对NDVI空间分布有明显的影响;由Hurst指数分析发现,河南省未来NDVI变化呈现反可持续性特征,Hurst指数<0.5区域占整个研究区域的植被覆盖度百分比为58.3%,整个研究区未来主要呈现下降趋势。     

2001—2018年长白山自然保护区生长季NDVI变化特征及其对气候变化的响应

为了解全球变化背景下东北亚温带森林的动态变化及其对气候变化的响应,基于MODIS 250 m分辨率遥感数据、1 km分辨率地表温度数据以及研究区内及周边气象站点数据,分析2001—2018年生长季长白山自然保护区的归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化情况及其与温度、降水的相关性。结果表明: 2001—2018年生长季,研究区NDVI均值为0.711,植被覆盖度较高,且呈逐年增加趋势(0.0025·a^-1);气温极显著增加(0.032 ℃·a^-1),增速高于全球平均;降水显著增加(5.54 mm·a^-1),但年际间变异加大。空间上,NDVI呈现西北部略高且随着海拔升高而降低的格局;研究期间,NDVI增加的区域占46.2%,主要集中在北部以及中南部高海拔地区,53.8%的区域基本无变化或微弱减少。研究区NDVI主要受温度影响;在年尺度上,NDVI与地表温度主要表现为正相关,正相关区域占90.2%,且有43.6%的区域相关性显著;在月尺度上,气温对NDVI的影响在生长季初和末期更为显著。     

黄土高原植被覆盖时空变化及其对气候因子的响应

为研究黄土高原地区退耕还林(草)后,植被覆盖变化及其对水热条件的响应,利用1999—2013年SPOT VGT NDVI 1km/10d分辨率数据,采用最大合成法、一元线性回归法和偏相关分析法,系统分析了黄土高原地区NDVI(归一化植被指数)的时空分布及变化趋势,及其与气候因子的关系。结果表明:黄土高原1999—2013年年最大NDVI的平均值为0.31,NDVI较高的区域位于黄土高原南部,而西北部植被覆盖度较低;自1999年开始,黄土高原地区NDVI呈极显著(P0.01)增加趋势,年最大NDVI的变化斜率为0.0099;不同季节(春、夏、秋、冬)和生长季的植被状况均呈现良性发展趋势;1998—2013年间,黄土高原地区气候呈现不显著的"冷湿化"特征;NDVI年际(及生长季和季节)变化与降雨和温度的相关性不显著,而在月时间尺度上,呈显著的相关性,并且月NDVI与当月降雨量的相关性要强于与当月温度的相关性;植被生长对温度的响应存在一个月的滞后期,而对降雨的响应无滞后效应。     

近30年中国陆地生态系统NDVI时空变化特征

气候变化已明显影响到陆地植被的活动,但在不同生态系统间存在差异,研究不同陆地生态系统归一化植被指数(NDVI)的时空变化特征,不仅可揭示各生态系统植被活动对气候变化的响应规律,而且可为我国不同生态区制定应对气候变化的策略和生态文明建设提供科学依据。基于1982—2012年GIMMS NDVI3g和中国陆地生态系统类型数据,利用一元线性回归、集合经验模态分解和相关分析等方法,研究了近30年中国各陆地生态系统NDVI的时空变化特征,分析了其与气候事件的关系。结果表明,近30年中国植被活动显著上升,年平均归一化植被指数(ANDVI)的上升幅度为0.0029/10a(P0.05),年最大归一化植被指数(MNDVI)的上升幅度为0.0076/10a(P0.01);植被活动显著增强的区域主要是分布在东部季风区的农田和森林生态系统,显著下降的区域主要是分布于西北的荒漠生态系统和东北的森林生态系统;尽管ANDVI和MNDVI线性趋势的显著性有所差异,但农田、森林、草地和水体与湿地生态系统的NDVI总体呈非稳定的上升趋势,上升过程中伴随着较大波动,荒漠生态系统的NDVI呈下降趋势,植被退化显著;与线性趋势不同,各生态系统植被活动的残差趋势包含"上升—下降"两个阶段,并相继于20世纪90年代到21世纪初发生转折;上述5类生态系统的植被活动存在不同尺度的周期特征,年际周期波动特征(1.9—7.6a)比较显著,而年代际周期(10.7a和22.2a)的显著性相对较差;各生态系统的空间异质性在趋强过程中存在2.1—7.1a的年际周期节律;海洋与大气环流的短周期脉动与各生态系统植被活动的周期性节律有着明显关联,ENSO事件和太阳活动是推动植被活动周期性振荡的重要因素。     

基于小波变换的武夷山自然保护区NDVI与地形因子多尺度空间相关分析

以武夷山自然保护区为研究区域,用海拔、坡度、坡向和NDVI作为地形和植被景观变量,研究了地形-植被关系的尺度依赖性问题;利用小波分析工具,分别构建地形、植被因子在不同尺度上的小波方差图,然后利用小波系数计算NDVI和地形因子相关性.结果表明:武夷山自然保护区内NDVI及其地形因子均存在至少2个清晰的尺度结构,并且均是较大尺度上的小波方差更大,地形-植被二者存在的较小尺度区间比较一致,而较大的尺度区间略有差异;地形因子在中高尺度上与NDVI的相关性更强,反映了地形因子作为大的宏观制约因素对NDVI起作用;坡度和坡向与NDVI的相关性随尺度变化规律复杂并且波动性非常大.本研究有助于揭示自然保护区境内地形.植被多尺度复杂相关关系,同时也表明小波分析为揭示自然要素的多尺度空间结构提供了强有力的工具.     

Dissolved organic matter quantity and quality from freshwater and saltwater lakes in east-central Alberta

Concentrations of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters of sub-humid to semi-arid lakes in east-central Alberta increase with increasing salinity and water residence time from about 20 to 330 mg L^–1 as dissolved organic carbon (DOC). This pattern is opposite to that observed among freshwater lakes spanning a gradient in water residence times, and is probably caused by evaporative concentration of refractory DOM. The proportion of total DOC, operationally defined as humic substances using XAD-8 resin, was high, though similar to surface waters typically referred to as "humic", and independent of salinity. Very long water residence times (hundreds of years) in saline lakes favors evapoconcentration of low-color, low molecular weight DOM, with N-content characteristic of allochthonous DOM.     

氮素添加和CO2浓度升高对白羊草根际和非根际土壤水溶性有机碳、氮的影响

采用盆栽控制试验对黄土丘陵区白羊草在不同CO₂浓度(400和800 μmol·mol^-1)和施氮水平(0、2.5、5.0 g N·m^-2·a^-1)条件下根际和非根际土壤水溶性有机碳(DOC)和水溶性有机氮(DON)的变化特征进行研究.结果表明: CO₂浓度升高对白羊草根际和非根际土壤DOC、水溶性总氮(DTN)、DON、水溶性铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、水溶性硝态氮(NO₃^--N)含量均无显著影响.施氮显著提高了根际和非根际土壤DTN、NO₃^--N含量和根际土壤DON含量,显著降低了根际土壤DOC/DON.在各处理条件下,根际土壤DTN、NO₃^--N和DON含量均显著低于非根际土壤,根际土壤DOC/DON显著高于非根际土壤.短期CO₂浓度升高对黄土丘陵区土壤水溶性有机碳、氮含量无显著影响,而氮沉降的增加在一定程度上改善了土壤中水溶性氮素缺乏的状况,但并不足以满足植被对水溶性氮素的需求.     

Fluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen – a synthesis for temperate forests

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON)represent an important part of the C and N cycles inforest ecosystems. Little is known about the controlson fluxes and concentrations of these compounds insoils under field conditions. Here we compiledpublished data on concentrations and fluxes of DOC andDON from 42 case studies in forest ecosystems of thetemperate zone in order to evaluate controls on alarger temporal and spatial scale. The focus was onannual fluxes and concentrations in throughfall,forest floor leachates and soil solutions. In allcompartments considered, concentrations and fluxesdiffered widely between the sites. Highestconcentrations of DOC and DON were generally observedin forest floor leachates and in A horizons. Highestfluxes occurred in forest floor leachates. The fluxesof DOC and DON in forest floor leachates increasedwith increasing annual precipitation and were alsopositively related to DOC and DON fluxes withthroughfall. Variation in throughfall fluxes couldexplain 46% and 65% of the variation in DOC and DONfluxes from the forest floor, respectively. No generaldifference in DOC and DON concentrations and fluxes inforest floor leachates was found when comparingconiferous and hardwood sites. Concentrations of DOCin forest floor leachates were positively correlatedto the pH of the forest floor. Furthermore, there wasno relationship between organic C and N stocks, soilC/N, litterfall or mineral N inputs and concentrationsand fluxes of DOC and DON in forest floor leachates.Including all compartments, fluxes of DOC and DON werehighly correlated. Ratios of DOC to DON calculatedfrom fluxes from the forest floor were independent ofthe amount of annual precipitation, pointing to asimilar response of DOC and DON to precipitationconditions. A decrease in the ratio of DOC to DON withsoil depth as observed on a plot-scale, was notconfirmed by data analysis on a large scale. Thecontrols observed on annual fluxes and concentrationsof DON and DOC at regional scale differed from thosereported for smaller time and space scales.     

落叶松林土壤溶液吸光度与土壤碳、氮含量的相关性

通过4个土壤深度100个样品14个波长(250、254、260、265、272、280、285、300、340、350、365、400、436和465 nm)土壤溶液吸光度值和土壤碳(可溶性碳DOC、全碳SOC)、土壤氮(可溶性氮DON、全氮SON)的测定,旨在探讨土壤溶液吸光度指示土壤碳氮指标的可行性及土壤深度对其可能影响。结论如下:(1)表层土壤和深层土壤吸光度值均随波长增加而指数下降,但表层土壤吸光度值较高,下降速度较快,较低波长更有利于区分表层和深层土壤溶液吸光度差异;和深层土壤相比,表层0～20 cm土壤SOC、DON和SON与不同波长吸光度有更好的相关性,但DOC与不同波长吸光度的相关性表层和深层差异较小;(2)250～300 nm的8个吸光度值具有高度相关性,它们在分析土壤溶液吸光度变化时具有等效性;基于所有数据的拟合分析发现,低波长(如254 nm)吸光度与土壤SOC、DON和SON相关性最高(R2=0.53～0.59),而更高波长(340 nm及以上)相关性明显降低。但DOC与254、340、365和400 nm吸光度相关性相差不大(R2=0.25～0.33)。这些发现说明,土壤溶液吸光度值,特别是低波长(250～300 nm)可以表征落叶松林土壤碳、氮相关指标的变化,但是需要考虑不同碳氮指标以及不同土层之间的差异。     

Yield of nitrogen from minimally disturbed watersheds of the United States

Watersheds of the US Geological Survey's Hydrologic Benchmark Network program were used in estimating annual yield of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions (ammonium, nitrate, dissolved organic N, particulate N) in relation to amount of runoff, elevation, and watershed area. Only watersheds minimally disturbed with respect to the nitrogen cycle were used in the analysis (mostly natural vegetation cover, no point sources of N, atmospheric deposition of inorganic N < 10 kg ha^–1 y^–1). Statistical analysis of the yields of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions showed that elevation and watershed area bear no significant relationship to nitrogen yield for these watersheds. The yields of total nitrogen and nitrogen fractions are, however, strongly related to runoff (r ² = 0.91 for total N). Annual yield increases as runoff increases, but at a rate lower than runoff; annual discharge-weighted mean concentrations decline as annual runoff increases. Yields of total nitrogen and most nitrogen fractions bear a relationship to runoff that is nearly indistinguishable from a relationship that was documented previously for minimally disturbed watersheds of the American tropics. Overall, the results suggest strong interlatitudinal convergence of yields and percent fractionation for nitrogen in relation to runoff.     

Dissolved organic nitrogen budgets for upland, forested ecosystems in New England

Relatively high deposition ofnitrogen (N) in the northeastern United States hascaused concern because sites could become N saturated.In the past, mass-balance studies have been used tomonitor the N status of sites and to investigate theimpact of increased N deposition. Typically, theseefforts have focused on dissolved inorganic forms ofN (DIN = NH₄-N + NO₃-N) and have largelyignored dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) due todifficulties in its analysis. Recent advances in themeasurement of total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) havefacilitated measurement of DON as the residual of TDN– DIN. We calculated DON and DIN budgets using data onprecipitation and streamwater chemistry collected from9 forested watersheds at 4 sites in New England. TDNin precipitation was composed primarily of DIN. Netretention of TDN ranged from 62 to 89% (4.7 to 10 kgha^{minus 1} yr^{minus 1}) of annual inputs. DON made up themajority of TDN in stream exports, suggesting thatinclusion of DON is critical to assessing N dynamicseven in areas with large anthropogenic inputs of DIN.Despite the dominance of DON in streamwater,precipitation inputs of DON were approximately equalto outputs. DON concentrations in streamwater did notappear significantly influenced by seasonal biologicalcontrols, but did increase with discharge on somewatersheds. Streamwater NO₃-N was the onlyfraction of N that exhibited a seasonal pattern, withconcentrations increasing during the winter months andpeaking during snowmelt runoff. Concentrations ofNO₃-N varied considerably among watersheds andare related to DOC:DON ratios in streamwater. AnnualDIN exports were negatively correlated withstreamwater DOC:DON ratios, indicating that theseratios might be a useful index of N status of uplandforests.     

陆地生态系统可溶性有机氮研究进展

可溶性有机氮(dissolved organic nitrogen DON)的流动是陆地生态系统氮循环的重要组成部分。本文就陆地生态系统DON的来源、组成、性质;森林生态系统DON的流动、季节动态以及DON在氮循环中的地位等方面作了概括和探讨。今后的陆地生态系统DON的研究应该集中在以下几个方面：确定陆地生态系统中DON的各分室DON的浓度、流量;DON的源与汇问题;量化不同生态系统中DON库的大小和组成;研究DON在氮的矿化、微生物的固持、以及植物吸收等氮循环过程中的地位;对比研究DON与DOC(dissolved organic carbon)的动态差别;探讨DON与植物营养和碳积累的关系等。     

The effect of land use on dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen uptake in streams

1. Agricultural and urban land use may increase dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) concentrations in streams and saturate biotic nutrient demand, but less is known about their impacts on the cycling of organic nutrients. To assess these impacts we compared the uptake of DIN (as ammonium, NH₄⁺), dissolved organic carbon (DOC, as acetate), and dissolved organic nitrogen (DON, as glycine) in 18 low‐gradient headwater streams in southwest Michigan draining forested, agricultural, or urban land‐use types. Over 3 years, we quantified uptake in two streams in each of the three land‐use types during three seasons (spring, summer and autumn). 2. We found significantly higher NH₄⁺ demand (expressed as uptake velocity, V_f) in urban compared to forested streams and NH₄⁺V_f was greater in spring compared to summer and autumn. Acetate V_f was significantly higher than NH₄⁺ and glycine V_f, but neither acetate nor glycine V_f were influenced by land‐use type or season. 3. We examined the interaction between NH₄⁺ and acetate demand by comparing simultaneous short‐term releases of both solutes to releases of each solute individually. Acetate V_f did not change during the simultaneous release with NH₄⁺, but NH₄⁺V_f was significantly higher with increased acetate. Thus, labile DOC V_f was not limited by the availability of NH₄⁺, but NH₄⁺V_f was limited by the availability of labile DOC. In contrast, neither glycine nor NH₄⁺V_f changed when released simultaneously indicating either that overall N‐uptake was saturated or that glycine and NH₄⁺ uptake were controlled by different factors. 4. Our results suggest that labile DOC and DON uptake can be equivalent to, or even higher than NH₄⁺ uptake, a solute known to be highly bioreactive, but unlike NH₄⁺ uptake, may not differ among land‐use types and seasons. Moreover, downstream export of nitrogen may be exacerbated by limitation of NH₄⁺ uptake by the availability of labile DOC in headwater streams from the agricultural Midwestern United States. Further research is needed to identify the factors that influence cycling of DOC and DON in streams.     

土壤溶解性有机物对CO_2和N_2O排放的影响

农田土壤是温室气体的重要排放源,溶解性有机物作为土壤微生物容易利用的基质,其含量变化与温室气体的产生和排放密切相关。基于室内培养试验,对溶解性有机物影响土壤CO2、N2O的排放过程进行了分析。设置空白(CK)、单施秸秆(S)、单施氮肥(N)、秸秆和氮肥(S+N)4个不同的处理,对添加不同物质条件下土壤溶解性有机碳(DOC)、溶解性有机氮(DON)和CO2、N2O的排放动态进行了研究,对DOC和DON影响CO2、N2O的排放过程进行了探讨。结果表明:不同处理的温室气体排放通量和土壤DOC、DON含量差异显著;各处理的CO2排放通量和DOC动态随培养时间的延长呈现逐渐减小的趋势,S和S+N处理的N2O排放和DON动态呈现先增大后减小的趋势;S+N处理的CO2排放量最高,DON含量也显著高于其他处理,单施秸秆(S)处理的N2O排放量和DOC含量显著高于其它处理,单施氮肥(N)对土壤CO2的排放量和DOC含量的影响较小;土壤CO2和N2O的排放通量与土壤DOC和DON含量呈显著的相关性,相关系数(R2)达0.6以上,说明溶解性有机物的含量和动态对CO2、N2O的排放过程产生显著影响。     

Enrichissement expérimental d'eaux printanières de claires à huîtres en baie de Bourgneuf (Vendée,France): augmentation de la biomasse et utilisation des éléments nutritifs par les algues unicellulaires

Oyster-pond sea-waters with natural populations were experimentally enriched to determine the nutrient limiting algal growth and the resulting effect on species composition. Results show that nitrogen is the limiting factor of growth-potential. N-NO₃ alone is exhausted, while other ion concentrations remain always measurable. Addition of N-NO₃ is needed to increase algal biomass. Favoured species differ when nitrogen is added alone or added with phosphorus.