对污染物有独特降解作用的白腐真菌

简述了白腐真菌对木质素的特殊降解过程,进而讨论了该真菌在降解污染物及造纸制浆方面可能的潜在用途。     

白腐真菌在碳素循环中的地位和作用

白腐真菌在碳素循环中的地位和作用李慧蓉（江苏石油化工学院,常州２１３０１６）白腐真菌是一类丝状真菌,因腐生在树木或木材上,引起木质的白色腐烂而得此名。这类真菌因能对木质素进行彻底的生物降解而在自然界的碳素循环中占有重要地位,它独特的降解能力和机制引起...     

白腐真菌的木质素降解酶

简述了白腐真菌木质素降解酶的概念、催化反应机理及在纸浆的生物漂白和染料脱色中的应用。     

白腐真菌漆酶的纯化及性质

液体发酵培养白腐真菌F9,粗酶液经盐析、透析浓缩、葡聚糖G-100柱层析、DEAE-纤维素离子交换层析四步分离纯化,得电泳纯漆酶。经SDS-PAGE法测定酶的相对分子质量约为6×104,酶活回收率达46.47%,纯度提高了18.86倍。F9漆酶最适反应温度为40℃,最适反应pH为4.8,在35℃以下、pH 4.8～5.4的范围内稳定性较强。其催化愈创木酚的Km为4.61 mmol/L,vm为6.27 mmol/(L.min)。K+对其有激活作用,而Fe2+、Fe3+对其有明显抑制作用。     

白腐菌菌体对染料的生物吸附脱色及机理研究

目的：研究了白腐菌菌体吸附染料特性、影响因素及吸附机理。方法：采用分光光度法、吸附热特性、傅立叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）分析等系统地对菌体吸附特性及机理进行研究。结果：白腐菌BP对不同类型的染料有不同的吸附效果,240min内染料RBBR脱色率能达82.35%。菌体对RBBR的合适吸附条件为：温度28℃、转速100r/min、菌体粒径小于60目。吸附符合Freun-dlich模式,为多分子层吸附。菌体吸附染料主要通过菌体表面的羟基、羧基、胺基及磷酸基团与染料分子以共价键、离子交换或氢键结合来进行。结论：利用白腐菌菌体能有效的对部分染料进行吸附脱色。     

白腐真菌对染料废水脱色及降解的研究

染料废水是最难处理的工业废水之一,近年来许多学者就白腐真菌对染料废水的脱色进行了广泛的研究,系统介绍了白腐真菌对染料脱色和降解作用的研究进展,脱色机理及其影响因素,旨在为以后真菌对染料废水的脱色及降解提供参考和依据。     

固定化白腐真菌对多种染料脱色的研究

白腐真菌F17 Schizophyllum sp．对不同结构的多种染料具有较强的脱色能力。聚酯无纺布是该菌固定化的最佳载体。利用正交实验,确定了该菌株固定化细胞制备的最优操作条件。与游离菌相比,固定化菌不仅提高其脱色能力,而且在pH值和染料浓度的变化情况下,仍保持稳定的脱色率。固定化菌对染料脱色后的紫外可见光谱分析表明,可见光区吸收峰消失,紫外区的光吸收峰有所增加,染料结构发生了变化。     

白腐真菌及其技术的潜在工业应用

本文概述了白腐真菌对木质素和各种结构不同的化学物的独特降解能力及其在降解机制,以及白腐真菌技术在石油化学工业,煤炭工业,纸浆造纸工业,纺织印染工业,酶制品生产和环境工程等方面潜在的工业应用前景。     

白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件的研究

对影响白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体制备和再生的条件：包括菌龄、水解酶液的种类及浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间、再生培养基的稳渗剂的选择进行了研究。通过单因素比较分析和正交实验得到最适合的白腐真菌原生质体制备和再生条件。结果表明：当菌龄为58h,采用1%纤维素酶和1%蜗牛酶(2：1)混合液,酶解温度30℃,酶解时间180min,用0．7mol/L氯化钠作渗透压稳压剂,白腐真菌(5．776)原生质体的形成数和再生率均比优化前大为提高,原生质体形成量为8．36×10~5个/mL,原生质体再生率为9．12%。     

白腐真菌生物技术降解氯酚污染物

生物降解是降解氯酚污染物的一条重要的转化途径,白腐真菌是一种高效的生物降解菌种,应用白腐真菌生物技术降解具有毒性和抗降解性的氯酚具有重要意义。本文阐述了白腐菌降解氯酚类污染物的途径,阐述了白腐真菌技术,主要包括酶技术、固定化技术、真菌强化技术、堆肥化和生物反应器等在氯酚污染环境治理中的应用,并概述了近几年白腐菌降解氯酚的研究热点和白腐真菌生物技术的应用趋势。     

Recombinant expression, characterization, and pulp prebleaching property of a Phanerochaete chrysosporium endo-β-1,4-mannanase

A Phanerochaete chrysosporium cDNA predicted to encode endo-1,4-β-d-mannanase, man5D, was cloned and expressed in Aspergillus niger. The coding region of the gene man5D was predicted to contain, in order from the N-terminal: a secretory signal peptide, cellulose-binding domain, linker region, and glycosyl hydrolase family 5 catalytic site. The enzyme was purified from culture filtrate of A. niger transformants that carried the recombinant man5D. Recombinant Man5D had an apparent molecular size of about 65 kDa by SDS-PAGE, and optimal activity at pH 4.0–6.0 and 60 °C. It was stable from pH 4.0 to 8.0 and up to 60 °C. The enzyme showed affinity for Avicel cellulose, suggesting that the predicted cellulose-binding domain is biologically functional. The specific activities of Man5D on mannan, galactomannan, and glucomannan at pH 5 and 60 °C ranged from 160 to 460 μmol/(min mg), with apparent K_m values from 0.54 to 2.3 mg/mL. Product analysis results indicated that Man5D catalyzes endo-cleavage, and appears to have substantial transglycosylase activity. When used to treat softwood kraft pulp, Man5D hydrolyzed mainly glucomannan and exhibited a positive effect as a prebleaching agent. Compared to a commercial prebleaching with xylanase, the prebleaching effect of Man5D was weaker but with reduced loss of fibre yield as determined by the release of solubilized sugars.     

黄孢原毛平革菌对松木、稻草和芦苇去木质化作用的研究

为确定黄孢原毛平革菌对不同植物材料的去木质化作用,以pH、干物质重、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素为主要技术指标,比较黄孢原毛平革菌对松木、稻草和芦苇降解能力的差异。松木、芦苇在发酵过程中pH呈下降趋势,稻草呈上升趋势。在干物质重、半纤维素、纤维素降解率三个指标上皆为松木〈芦苇〈稻草,在木质素降解率上则为松木〈稻草〈芦苇,且差异显著。表明黄孢原毛平革菌对不同植物材料去木质化能力有较大差异,其中芦苇的木质素降解率为13％,是三种材料中最易于被去木质化的。     

Toward a control of lignin and manganese peroxidases hypersecretion by Phanerochaete chrysosporium in agitated vessels: Evidence of the superiority of pneumatic bioreactors on mechanically agitated bioreactors

Phanerochaete chrysosporium and cultivated both mechanically agitated and pneumatic bioreactors. In the pneumatic devices, the yields of lignin and manganese peroxidases as well as extracellular protein, were considerably increased as compared with mechanically agitated bioreactors. Lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase activities as high as 4500 U . L(-1) and 1812 U . L(-1) respectively, were produced in an airlift bioreactor. By using enzyme markers, the secretion pathway and the respiration were shown to be dramatically activated in pneumatic bioreactors. The general metabolism of the fungus, when cultivated in the conventional fermentors, is oriented toward the synthesis of biomass at the expense of the synthesis of peroxidases. The use of pneumatic devices for the production of extracellular peroxidases by P. chrysosporium, avoids shear effects due to turbine agitator in the conventional fermentors, and provides a good example for the production of shear-sensitive metabolites. (c) 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Chlorophenol degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium

Degradation of chlorophenols by P. chrysosporium in static cultures has been studied. The influences of mycelium acclimation, co-substrate concentration and nitrogen source on phenol degradation were analyzed. With non-acclimated mycelium the maximal concentrations degraded were 150 ppm of o-chorophenol and 100 ppm of the isomers m- and p-chlorophenol. The substituted ortho-position on the aromatic ring was the preferred attack position. Meta- and para-positions were less reactive and resulted in a slower degradation rate than the ortho position. Nevertheless, with acclimated mycelium, an increase in the ability to degrade chlorophenol and a higher reactivity in meta- and para-positions were observed (degraded chlorophenol increased by up to 70% for the o-isomer and 50% for the m- and p-isomers with respect to non-acclimated mycelium). A decrease in glucose concentration caused a decrease in chlorophenol degradation rate. Twelve days were needed for complete degradation of o-chlorophenol with 10 g/l of glucose and 22 days when glucose concentration was decreased to 2.5 g/l. The reduction of ammonium tartrate caused a greater lag time, but not a decrease in chlorophenol degradation rate. Replacement of ammonium tartrate by ammonium chloride caused a decrease in chlorophenol degradation rate.     

锰过氧化物酶的结构与功能

综述了木素降解的关键酶之一锰过氧化物酶的三维分子结构和催化反应性能,综合概述了通过定点诱变等方法对锰过氧化物酶的结构和功能的研究进展。     

黄孢原毛平革菌生产锰过氧化物酶的发酵条件研究

目的 :研究黄孢原毛平革菌产锰过氧化物酶的发酵条件。方法 :对培养条件进行优化 ,采用正交设计法对培养基组分进行优化。结果与结论 :优化培养条件为 :接种量 1 6× 10 6 个孢子 L ,pH 4 4～ 4 8,温度 36℃～ 4 0℃ ,转数 12 0r/min。优化培养基参数为 :葡萄糖 5g L ,酒石酸铵 1 3mmol L ,吐温 - 80 1 2g L ,Mn2 + 0 9mmol L。     

Enhanced biodecolorization of synthetic textile dye effluent by Phanerochaete chrysosporium under improved culture conditions

Biodecolorization of a synthetic commercial textile dye effluent (0.1 gl^–1) by Phanerochaete chrysosporium was enhanced by improving the original Kirk's medium with respect to buffer, C:N ratio, Mg²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions, inoculum, temperature shifts, agitation and sunflower oil additon. An increase of 6.7-fold in lignin peroxidase (LIP) level, 4-fold in biomass and 45.5% enhanced decolorization of effluent was achieved. Degradation was both enzymatic (47.2%) and by biosorption (61.67%).     

Diuron degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM- F-1767 in synthetic and natural media

When incubated in synthetic (N-limited) medium and on ashwood chips, Phanerochaete chrysosporium BKM-F-1767 degraded 14 and 10 mg/l diuron, respectively. The wood chips were used as support and sole nutrient source for the fungus. A higher degradation efficiency was found in ashwood culture as compared to the liquid culture, probably as a result of the synergetic effect of attached fungal growth, presence of limiting-substrate conditions and the microenvironment provided by ashwood, all favorable for production of high extracellular enzyme titres. Diuron degradation occured during the idiophasic growth, in the presence of manganese peroxidase, detected as dominant enzyme in both cultures.