柑橘全爪螨热激蛋白基因PcHsp90的克隆及表达模式分析

【目的】研究热激蛋白基因Hsp90在柑橘全爪螨Panonychus citri生长发育及响应高温和低温胁迫方面的作用。【方法】采用RT-PCR和RACE技术克隆柑橘全爪螨Hsp90基因cDNA全长序列;利用生物信息学软件分析该基因的序列特性;运用荧光Real-time PCR技术,分析Hsp90基因mRNA在该螨各发育阶段、高温及低温胁迫条件下的表达模式。【结果】克隆鉴定出柑橘全爪螨一条Hsp90基因的c DNA全长序列,命名为PcHsp90(Gen Bank登录号:GQ495086),全长为2 763 bp,包含2 193 bp的开放阅读框,编码730个氨基酸,编码蛋白质的理论分子量和等电点分别为83.85kDa和4.99,氨基酸序列包括Hsp90家族的5个特征基序及细胞质型Hsp90的特征序列"MEEVD"。系统进化分析表明,PcHsp90与朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus的Hsp90首先聚为一支,然后再与肩突硬蜱Ixodes scapularis的Hsp90聚合,说明它们较近的亲缘关系。PcHsp90在柑橘全爪螨的各发育阶段均有所表达,其中在幼螨期表达量较低,且显著低于若螨和成螨期的表达水平(P=0.015)。0~10℃低温胁迫下,Pc Hsp90的mRNA相对表达量无显著变化(P=0.492);但在35~41℃高温胁迫下,Pc Hsp90的mRNA相对表达量随胁迫温度的升高而上调,尤其是当温度升高到41℃时,mRNA相对表达量达到对照(25℃)的6.75倍,且差异达显著水平(P=0.007)。【结论】柑橘全爪螨PcHsp90不仅对该螨的生长发育具有重要作用,而且是其响应高温胁迫的重要机制之一。     

温度胁迫下棉花粉蚧热激蛋白基因的表达分析

【目的】为了研究热激蛋白 Hsp70, Hsp70-4和Hsp90在棉花粉蚧Phenacoccus solenopsis抵抗逆温中的作用。【方法】在测序棉花粉蚧转录组的基础上,分析了该虫热激蛋白Hsp70基因家族的2个序列［Pshsp70（GenBank登录号为KJ909505）和Pshsp70-4（GenBank登录号为KJ909506）］和Hsp90基因家族的1个序列,［Pshsp90(GenBank登录号为KJ909507)］,采用实时荧光定量 PCR（RT-qPCR）检测了在不同温度（18和32℃恒温, 37, 39, 41, 43和45℃热激1 h 后26℃恢复1 h)下棉花粉蚧不同发育阶段（2龄若虫、3龄若虫、雌成虫）3种热激蛋白基因的表达量。【结果】Pshsp70 cDNA序列包含1 923 bp的开放阅读框,编码641个氨基酸,理论分子量和等电点分别为70.9 kDa和5.65; Pshsp70-4 cDNA序列包含1 962 bp的开放阅读框,编码654个氨基酸,理论分子量和等电点分别为71.8 kDa和5.38;Pshsp90 cDNA序列包含2 172 bp的开放阅读框,编码724个氨基酸,理论分子量和等电点分别为83.5 kDa和4.93。Pshsp70 和Pshsp70-4均含有Hsp70基因家族高度保守的基序,Pshsp70编码的氨基酸序列与烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci和家蚕Bombyx mori等昆虫的Hsp70 的氨基酸序列一致性为 85%;Pshsp70-4编码的氨基酸序列与白蜡蚧Ericerus pela和点蜂缘蝽Riptortus pedestris等昆虫的Hsp70的氨基酸序列一致性高达95%;Pshsp90也含有Hsp90基因家族高度保守的基序,Pshsp90编码的氨基酸序列与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum和东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri等昆虫的Hsp90 的氨基酸序列一致性为 87%。热激蛋白基因表达量分析结果表明,在18℃恒温条件下,粉蚧2龄若虫的3个PsHsps基因的mRNA相对表达量均比对照(26℃)低,在32℃恒温条件下,各龄期的Hsp70基因的相对表达量均显著高于对照。在37~45℃下热激1 h并在26℃下恢复1 h,棉花粉蚧3个龄期的3个热激蛋白PsHsps基因的相对表达量随温度的升高总体呈增加趋势,相关性分析表明,除Pshsp70-4在雌成虫中的表达量与热胁迫温度的相关系数为0.225外,各龄期中3个基因的表达量与温度的相关系数均大于0.6,显著相关;43℃和45℃胁迫下,各龄期的3个热激蛋白基因相对表达量均显著高于对照组（P<0.05）。【结论】棉花粉蚧热激蛋白基因的表达与温度呈正相关,在该虫应对高温中起着重要作用。     

番茄热激蛋白90的全基因组鉴定及分析

热激蛋白90(Heat shock protein 90,Hsp90)是植物应对不良环境胁迫产生的一类特定的抗逆蛋白。文章以番茄(Solanum lycopersicum L.)基因组数据为平台,借助生物信息学方法对Hsp90基因家族进行鉴定与分析。结果表明,番茄至少含有7个Hsp90基因,不均匀分布在6条染色体上,氨基酸序列长度为267~794aa,内含子数目为2~19;共线性分析发现两对基因(Hsp90-1和Hsp90-3,Hsp90-5和Hsp90-7)以片段重复形式存在。MEME(Multiple Em for Motif Elicitation)分析显示,番茄Hsp90基因编码的氨基酸序列具有多个保守基序;聚类分析揭示番茄、水稻(Oryza sativa L.)和拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana L.)Hsp90基因可以分为5组,存在3对直系同源基因和4对旁系同源基因;基于RNA-seq数据库表达分析发现,3个基因(Hsp90-5、Hsp90-6和Hsp90-7)在营养器官和生殖器官中表达量较高,4个基因(Hsp90-1、Hsp90-2、Hsp90-3和Hsp90-4)除在番茄转色后10 d的果实中表达量较高外,其余组织中表达量均较低;对Hsp90基因启动子序列进行分析,发现了多个参与植物对逆境胁迫的顺式作用元件,如HSE、CCAAT-box。此外,qRT-PCR检测结果表明,在叶片热胁迫条件下,番茄Hsp90基因的表达量均存在增强趋势,表明这些基因参与了番茄叶片应对高温胁迫的反应。研究结果为鉴定番茄Hsp90基因的功能和进化起源奠定了基础。     

灰飞虱热激蛋白Hsp90基因的克隆、序列分析与表达模式

【目的】灰飞虱Laodelphax striatellus (Fallén)是水稻上的重要害虫,它严重影响了水稻的产量和品质,特别由其传播的水稻条纹叶枯病毒对水稻的危害甚至更为严重。灰飞虱分布广,对环境有很强的适应性。本研究旨在探讨灰飞虱对温度胁迫适应的分子机制进行了初步的探讨。【方法】本研究采用RT-PCR与RACE技术克隆了热激蛋白Hsp90基因的全长,利用各种生物信息方法分析了该热激蛋白的特征,实时荧光定量PCR技术用于研究Hsp90基因在不同生长发育阶段和不同温度条件下表达变化规律。【结果】我们获得一条Hsp90 基因的cDNA全长序列,命名为LsHsp90（GenBank登录号为KF660250）。 LsHsp90全长为2 740 bp,编码729个氨基酸,等电点为5.0,分子量为83.7 kDa。氨基酸序列中含有 Hsp90蛋白家族的5个签名序列及胞质特征序列 MEEVD。结构预测表明LsHsp90具有Hsp90蛋白家族典型的结构特征。系统进化关系分析表明它与多种昆虫的Hsp90序列有较高的同源性。不同发育阶段的灰飞虱体内LsHsp90表达水平处于动态的变化过程中,并在4龄若虫期达到最大值,最低表达量在其雌成虫阶段。不同性别的灰飞虱成虫体内LsHsp90表达量有显著差异（P =0.008）。高温和低温胁迫都可以诱导灰飞虱体内LsHsp90的表达,最大的表达量分别在 40℃和-9℃。在40℃下处理不同时间后发现,LsHsp90的表达水平在处理后0.5 h时最高,但随着时间的延长,LsHsp90的表达水平逐渐降低。而在-4℃下,LsHsp90的表达水平在处理后1 h时达到最大值。【结论】灰飞虱体内的LsHsp90可以响应温度的诱导,它可能在灰飞虱温度胁迫适应过程中起到重要的作用。     

草地贪夜蛾热激蛋白基因SfHsp90的克隆及在高低温和UV-A胁迫下的表达分析

【目的】本研究旨在探索草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda响应高低温和UV-A胁迫的分子机制。【方法】通过RT-PCR技术克隆草地贪夜蛾热激蛋白基因Hsp90,利用生物信息学方法分析其序列特征;采用RT-qPCR技术检测草地贪夜蛾Hsp90基因在不同发育阶段(卵、1-6龄幼虫、蛹和成虫)、成虫不同组织(去除触角和复眼的头、胸、腹、触角、复眼、足、翅、中肠、精巢和卵巢)及在不同时长(0, 30, 60, 90, 120和150 min)高温(36℃)、低温(4℃)和UV-A胁迫下成虫中的相对表达量。【结果】克隆获得草地贪夜蛾Hsp90基因,命名为SfHsp90(GenBank登录号:MN832694),该基因开放阅读框(ORF)长2 154 bp,编码717个氨基酸,编码蛋白质相对分子量为82.52 kD,等电点(pI)为5.01,C末端序列含保守基序EEVD,说明该蛋白为胞质型热激蛋白。系统进化分析结果表明,昆虫Hsp90高度保守。发育表达模式显示SfHsp90在草地贪夜蛾1龄幼虫中表达量最高;组织表达模式显示,SfHsp90在草地贪夜蛾雌雄成虫的触角、复眼和去除触角和复眼的头中的表达量显著高于在其他组织中的。高低温胁迫对草地贪夜蛾SfHsp90表达具有明显的诱导作用,36℃胁迫下,SfHsp90表达量显著高于对照,且随着处理时间的延长,在雄成虫中表达量先上升后下降,在60 min时达到最高值,在雌成虫中表达量随处理时间延长逐渐升高;4℃胁迫下,在雄成虫中表达量随着处理时间的延长先上升后下降,在30 min时表达量达到峰值,在雌成虫中表达量随着处理时间延长逐渐上升;随着UV-A照射时间的延长,在雌雄成虫中表达量先上升后下降,90 min时在雄成虫中表达量达到最高值,60 min时在雌成虫中表达量达到最高值。【结论】草地贪夜蛾SfHsp90基因在高低温和UV-A胁迫下的差异表达说明该基因在草地贪夜蛾响应环境胁迫的分子机制中发挥重要作用。     

环链棒束孢hsp90基因的克隆及冷热胁迫下的表达特征分析

通过本地Blast筛选转录组数据库方法,首次克隆了环链棒束孢热休克蛋白90基因全长cDNA序列,命名为Ichsp90（GenBank登录号KT944289）。克隆结果表明,该序列含有2 284个碱基,包括一个含2 097个碱基的开放阅读框,编码699个氨基酸,推测蛋白的分子量为79.23kDa,等电点（pI）为4.86,且含有5个Hsp90家族特征基序和胞质特征序列MEEVD,推导的氨基酸序列与其他丝状真菌相似性在92%-96%之间。用qRT-PCR方法分析了冷热胁迫下,该基因在环链棒束孢中的相对表达情况,结果表明：在4℃冷胁迫下15min检测到Ichsp90表达量下降到最低点,为对照的-1.8倍;随后表达量开始上升,至120min表达量是对照的1.07倍。在39℃高温胁迫下,60min Ichsp90表达量达到最高峰,为对照样品的5.02倍;随后表达量开始下降,至110min为对照样品的2.46倍。因此推测,Ichsp90基因在环链棒束孢抵抗外界温度胁迫中发挥重要的作用。     

韭菜迟眼蕈蚊热休克蛋白BoHsp70的克隆及热胁迫下的表达分析

[目的]本研究旨在克隆韭菜眼蕈蚊Bradysia odoriphaga热休克蛋白Hsp70基因,并对其进行序列和表达模式分析,以及探讨该基因在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊生长发育及响应温度胁迫方面的作用.[方法]选择韭菜迟眼蕈蚊温度转录组中高温下表达上调的Hsp70序列,设计其基因引物扩增序列,构建qRT-PCR检测体系分析该虫在短时高温热激(30、32、34和36℃;1、2、4、6、8、10和12 h)和高温热激后不同恢复时间(25℃;1 h、2 h)下的Hsp70表达谱.[结果]获得韭菜迟眼蕈蚊Hsp70基因cDNA全长序列并命名为BoHp70(GeneBank登录号:MW250640),包含1 971 bp的开放阅读框,编码656个氨基酸,具有真核生物Hsp70基因家族的3个保守序列,同时在C-末端具有KDEL序列,推测其属于内质网型热休克蛋白.BLAST分析和氨基酸序列系统发育分析结果显示,韭菜迟眼蕈蚊与双翅目蝇类昆虫Hsp70聚类为一个分支.BoHsp70在韭菜迟眼蕈蚊体内不同发育阶段中都有表达,雄成虫体内的表达量高于雌成虫,且在雌雄成虫头部表达量的差异显著.高温胁迫可诱导BoHsp70表达,并在诱导1-2 h内达到最高水平.在30、32和34℃热激条件下随热激时间的增加,BoHsp70表达量呈下降趋势,而在36℃热激下, BoHsp70表达水平不变.韭菜迟眼蕈蚊在解除高温热激后,BoHsp70表达水平随着恢复时间的增长而下降.[结论]韭菜迟眼蕈蚊可以通过调节体内Hsp70的表达来应对不良的环境温度.     

低温对麦红吸浆虫滞育解除及蜕皮激素受体基因EcR和热激蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90表达水平的影响

【目的】本研究旨在明确破茧率和破茧所需时间作为典型的专性幼虫期滞育昆虫麦红吸浆虫Sitodiplosis mosellana滞育解除指标的可行性,探讨蜕皮激素受体基因EcR和热激蛋白基因Hsp70和Hsp90在低温解除滞育中的作用。【方法】9月上旬采自田间的麦红吸浆虫滞育幼虫在低温(4℃)和自然变温处理不同时间(0~90 d)后转移至24℃化蛹,调查幼虫的破茧率、化蛹率及破茧和化蛹所需时间;采用qPCR技术分析4℃低温终止滞育并在24℃下恢复发育的幼虫EcR, Hsp70和Hsp90的mRNA水平。【结果】不同时间低温(4℃)和自然变温处理的麦红吸浆虫滞育幼虫破茧率和化蛹率以及破茧和化蛹所需时间均存在显著差异。未经低温(4℃)处理的幼虫在水分满足的条件下破茧率为71.3%,但均不能化蛹;低温(4℃)处理60 d内,随着处理时间的延长破茧率和化蛹率逐渐升高,破茧和化蛹所需时间逐渐缩短;与4℃低温处理30~60 d相比,自然变温处理30~60 d的幼虫化蛹率显著较低;4℃低温处理60 d和自然变温处理90 d后幼虫的化蛹率均超过91%。低温(4℃)处理显著提高了麦红吸浆虫幼虫EcR, Hsp70和Hsp90的表达量,其中处理30 d时其表达量最高,随着低温(4℃)处理时间的延长,表达量逐渐降低,大部分幼虫滞育解除后表达量趋于恒定。【结论】低温能显著促进麦红吸浆虫的滞育解除,效果优于9-10月自然变温;破茧率及破茧所需时间可作为评判麦红吸浆虫幼虫滞育强度的参考,但不能独立作为滞育解除的指标;EcR,Hsp70和Hsp90的表达水平与滞育强度密切相关,在麦红吸浆虫滞育解除中发挥潜在作用。     

甜菜夜蛾HSP90基因克隆及高温胁迫下其表达量的变化

为阐明热激蛋白90（heat shock protein 90, HSP90）在甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua (Hübner)幼虫抵抗高温过程中的作用, 克隆了其HSP90基因cDNA全长序列, 并检测了在系列高温胁迫下不同龄期幼虫体内其相对表达量。根据已报道的热激蛋白90基因序列同源性设计简并引物, 利用反转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）结合cDNA末端快速扩增（RACE）技术成功克隆了甜菜夜蛾HSP90基因全长cDNA（GenBank登录号FJ862050）。该cDNA序列开放阅读框长2 154 bp, 编码717个氨基酸, 预测的相对分子量和等电点分别为82.6 kD和5.0。该序列具有HSP90家族的典型特征和特殊的功能结构域, 并且与多种生物的HSP90基因序列有较高的同源性。为了研究HSP90抵抗高温的作用, 构建荧光定量RT-PCR体系, 检测了37, 39, 41, 43和45℃胁迫下甜菜夜蛾不同龄期幼虫体内HSP90表达量的变化。结果表明, 高温胁迫对甜菜夜蛾幼虫体内的HSP90表达具有明显的诱导作用。幼虫体内HSP90表达量随着温度升高呈增加的趋势。43℃和45℃胁迫下, 各龄幼虫体内HSP90的表达量均显著高于常温（P< 0.05）, 但不同龄期之间没有显著差异。这说明HSP90在甜菜夜蛾幼虫抗高温中起到重要作用。     

拟南芥热激转录因子耐高温功能分析

从拟南芥基因组中克隆了热激转录因子(At Hsf A6a),构建了过量表达(over-expression,OE)和反义(anti-sense,AS)植物表达载体并转化拟南芥,获得了拟南芥纯合转基因株系。对其进行耐高温处理,结果显示:43℃处理2 h,过量表达转基因植株存活率(86%)远高于野生型(59%);而反义转基因植株存活率则只有43%,显著低于野生型。43℃处理0.5 h,过量表达转基因植株的离子渗漏水平显著低于野生型,而反义转基因植株则大幅度升高。基因表达分析证明,AtHsfA6a的表达受热胁迫诱导,并且Hsp70是受AtHsfA6a调控的下游靶基因。上述结果表明,拟南芥AtHsfA6a可能通过调节Hsp70表达,提高植物耐受高温胁迫的能力。     

寄主植物信息化合物对苹果蠹蛾行为的影响及其在防控中的应用

苹果蠹蛾（Cydia pomonella)是仁果类水果的重要世界性害虫,也是我国的重要检疫性对象,在我国的发生、危害及潜在扩张的趋势十分严峻.有关寄主植物气味对苹果蠹蛾特异性引诱方面的研究受到了广泛的关注.本文综述了苹果蠹蛾和植物源气味之间的互作关系,主要包括寄主植物气味影响苹果蠹蛾成虫寄主定位、求偶交配和产卵等行为,幼虫取食对寄主植物气味释放以及寄主植物气味对性信息素的影响;同时还介绍了主要植物源化合物梨酯的研究和田间应用概况,以期为我国苹果蠹蛾的防控研究和应用提供参考.     

On the scent of standing variation for speciation: behavioral evidence for native sympatric host races of rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera: tephritidae) in the southern United States

Standing variation can be critical for speciation. Here, we investigate the origins of fruit odor discrimination for Rhagoletis pomonella underlying the fly's sympatric shift in the northeastern United States from downy hawthorn (Crataegus mollis) to apple (Malus domestica). Because R. pomonella mate on host fruit, preferences for natal fruit volatiles generate prezygotic isolation. Apples emit volatiles that appear to be missing from gas chromatography/electroantennographic detection profiles for flies infesting downy hawthorns, raising the question of how R. pomonella evolved a preference for apple. In the southern United States, R. pomonella attacks several native hawthorns. Behaviorally active volatile blends for R. pomonella infesting southern hawthorns contain the missing apple volatiles, potentially explaining why downy hawthorn flies could have evolved to be sensitive to a blend of apple volatiles. Flight tunnel assays imply that southern hawthorn populations were not the antecedent of a preassembled apple race, as southern flies were not attracted to the apple volatile blend. Instead, behavioral evidence was found for southern host races on native hawthorns, complementing the story of the historical sympatric shift to introduced apple in the North and illustrating how R. pomonella may evolve novel combinations of agonist and antagonist responses to volatiles to use new fruit resources.     

Responses of the bed bug,Cimex lectularius,to temperature extremes and dehydration: levels of tolerance,rapid cold hardening and expression of heat shock proteins

This study of the bed bug, Cimex lectularius, examines tolerance of adult females to extremes in temperature and loss of body water. Although the supercooling point (SCP) of the bed bugs was approximately −20°C, all were killed by a direct 1 h exposure to −16°C. Thus, this species cannot tolerate freezing and is killed at temperatures well above its SCP. Neither cold acclimation at 4°C for 2 weeks nor dehydration (15% loss of water content) enhanced cold tolerance. However, bed bugs have the capacity for rapid cold hardening, i.e. a 1‐h exposure to 0°C improved their subsequent tolerance of −14 and −16°C. In response to heat stress, fewer than 20% of the bugs survived a 1‐h exposure to 46°C, and nearly all were killed at 48°C. Dehydration, heat acclimation at 30°C for 2 weeks and rapid heat hardening at 37°C for 1 h all failed to improve heat tolerance. Expression of the mRNAs encoding two heat shock proteins (Hsps), Hsp70 and Hsp90, was elevated in response to heat stress, cold stress and during dehydration and rehydration. The response of Hsp90 was more pronounced than that of Hsp70 during dehydration and rehydration. Our results define the tolerance limits for bed bugs to these commonly encountered stresses of temperature and low humidity and indicate a role for Hsps in responding to these stresses.     

The population genetics of the apple maggot fly,Rhagoletis pomonella and the snowberry maggot,R. zephyria: implications for models of sympatric speciation

True fruit flies belonging to the Rhagoletis pomonella (Diptera:Tephritidae) sibling species complex possess several attributes consistent with a history of sympatric divergence via host plant shifts. Here, we investigate whether hybridization and genetic introgression is occurring between two members of the group, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh), whose primary hosts are domestic apples (Malus pumila) and hawthorns (Crataegus spp., and R. zephyria (Snow) whose host is snowberries (Symphoricarpos spp.). These flies are important because they appear to be at a transition stage between taxa reproductively isolated solely on the basis of host plant-related adaptations and those that have evolved additional non-host dependent sterility and inviability. Observing extensive hybridization and introgression between R. pomonella and R. zephyria would have major repercussions for current models of sympatric speciation.In a survey of allozyme and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) variation for 1105 flies collected throughout the northern United States we found two results suggesting that low level hybridization occurs between R. pomonella and R. zephyria. (1) Two flies reared from snowberries and one fly reared from hawthoms had genotypes indicative of them being R. pomonella and R. zephyria, respectively. Rhagoletis pomonella and R. zephyria adults may therefore occasionally frequent each others host plant, providing the opportunity for hybridization. (2) Four flies collected from hawthorns and one from snowberries had genotypes that made them likely to be F1 hybrids.Likelihood analysis revealed the data were also consistent with an hypothesis of shared ancestral alleles (i.e., the pattern of genetic variation could also be explained by R. pomonella and R. zephyria sharing alleles/haplotypes whose origins date to a common ancestor). We estimated that, in the absence of interspecific mating, random assortment of genes within R. pomonella and R. zephyria populations would produce an average of 5.4 flies with genotypes suggesting they were F1 hybrids – a number equivalent to the 5 putative F1 hybrids observed in the study. Our results therefore underscore the difficulty in distinguishing between hypotheses of low level introgression and shared ancestral polymorphism. But even if hybridization is occurring, the data suggest that it is happening at a very low and probably evolutionarily insignificant level (perhaps 0.09% per generation), consistent with sympatric speciation theory. Future tests are discussed that could help resolve the hybridization issue for R. pomonella and R. zephyria.     

小麦耐热性鉴定方法及热胁迫应答机理研究进展

小麦是全球最重要的粮食作物之一,高温特别是开花期和灌浆期的高温胁迫严重影响小麦的产量和品质。本文从直接鉴定法和间接鉴定法两个方面提出了小麦耐热性的评价指标;分析了在高温胁迫下温度信号的感知和传递以及植物对高温的响应机理;从传统育种方法和基因工程策略两个方向综述了小麦耐热性培育的研究进展。最后总结了提高小麦耐热性的措施及存在的问题,并提出了今后小麦耐热性研究展望。     

Confirmation and efficacy tests against codling moth and oriental fruit moth in apples using combination heat and controlled atmosphere treatments

Codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), and oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), are serious pests of apples (Malus spp.) grown in the United States and other countries. In countries where these species are not found, there are strict quarantine restrictions in place to prevent their accidental introduction. The treatment used in this study consisted of hot, forced, moist air with a linear heating rate of 12 degrees C/h to a final chamber temperature of 46 degrees C under a 1% oxygen and 15% carbon dioxide environment. We found that the fourth instar of both species was the most tolerant to the treatment, with equal tolerance between the species. Efficacy tests against the fourth instar of both oriental fruit moth and codling moth by using a commercial controlled atmosphere temperature treatment system chamber resulted in > 5,000 individuals of each species being controlled using the combination treatment. Confirmation tests against codling moth resulted in mortality of > 30,000 fourth instars. These treatments may be used to meet quarantine restrictions for organic apples where fumigation with methyl bromide is not desirable.     

新疆荒漠绿洲生态区苹果蠹蛾生物学、生态学和防治技术研究与应用进展

苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的检疫害虫,自1953首次在新疆库尔勒地区发现以来,疫情保持不断扩张的趋势,目前已经在我国新疆、甘肃、宁夏、内蒙古、黑龙江、辽宁和吉林7个省区发现,对我国苹果产业构成了严重威胁。新疆在苹果蠹蛾生物学、生态学等研究领域起步较早,开展了大量的相关研究和应用工作。本文通过对新疆苹果蠹蛾相关文献的搜集、整理和分析,回顾和总结了新疆绿洲荒漠生态区苹果蠹蛾生物学、生态学和综合防治技术等领域的研究和应用进展,以期对今后该虫的研究和防治提供参考。     

苹果蠹蛾种群遗传多样性研究进展

苹果蠹蛾是重要的世界性果树害虫,寄主广泛,通过形成各种生态型或种群适应新入侵环境,对当地果品生产造成严重损失。本文综述了国内外有关苹果蠹蛾遗传多样性的研究进展。相关研究表明,寄主植物、地理隔离和杀虫剂等因素影响种群间的遗传多样性和遗传分化。其中,地理隔离是种群间形成遗传分化的主要原因之一,寄主分布格局、气候条件、虫体飞行能力和人为活动等因素都会影响种群间遗传分化的程度。苹果蠹蛾是我国重要的入侵害虫,我国东北地区和西北地区的苹果蠹蛾种群具有不同的遗传多样性水平,并且种群间有一定程度的分化,今后需要进一步研究影响我国苹果蠹蛾种群遗传的重要因素,明确该虫种群间分化情况、入侵来源和扩散路径,这对于延缓苹果蠹蛾在我国的扩散,制定合理有效的综合防治策略具有重要意义。     

Life history phenology differences between southern and northern populations of the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella

The textbook version of sympatric host race formation in Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) (Diptera: Tephritidae) features an ancestral hawthorn-infesting race and a derived apple race differing in life-history timing and response to host fruit odor. However, previous research has focused largely on northeastern North America. To investigate life-history timing in poorly studied southeastern North American populations with very diverse hosts, we performed common garden experiments on emergence time on six southern R. pomonella populations and four other R. pomonella species-group populations. Findings were: (1) the diverse adult emergence times of southern populations resulted largely from genetic differences; (2) some southern populations had bimodal emergence curves; (3) correlations of allozyme markers and emergence times were uncommon in southern populations; and (4) mean emergence times from common garden rearings and dates of field collection of the populations were strongly correlated.