拟水狼蛛对食物中镉的吸收和排泄及生物学响应

为明确拟水狼蛛对食物中镉的吸收和排泄及生物学响应,采用原子吸收光谱法检测了连续3代拟水狼蛛对食物中Cd²⁺的吸收和排泄情况,并测定了Cd²⁺对其生长发育、繁殖力和耐饥力的影响。结果表明:食物中过量的Cd²⁺能够通过食物链进行传递并在拟水狼蛛体内积累,积累量随拟水狼蛛代数的增加而增加,第2代和第3代拟水狼蛛体内Cd²⁺积累量浓度显著高于第1代中Cd²⁺积累量,第2代和第3代间差异不显著,积累量与消耗的黑腹果蝇数量极显著正相关,P<0.01;与消耗食物中Cd含量显著正相关,P<0.05。连续3代拟水狼蛛分别吸收了食物中65.4%、68.5%和69.1%的Cd,生物营养级放大因子分别为1.71、2.12和2.17。连续3代拟水狼蛛Cd排泄量极低。Cd处理能显著改变拟水狼蛛背胸甲宽、幼蛛存活率、生长历期和繁殖力。随拟水狼蛛受胁迫代数的增加,幼蛛存活率显著减少,生长历期显著延长。卵袋重量显著减轻,卵数目显著减少,卵体积显著升高。Cd处理还能显著降低拟水狼耐饥力。研究结果可为进一步研究环境中Cd沿土壤-昆虫-天敌传递、放大和生理耐受提供更为充分的理论依据。     

重金属Cd2+对拟水狼蛛体内金属硫蛋白含量及其生长发育的影响

为了明确重金属Cd²⁺对拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus体内金属硫蛋白(metallothionein, MT)含量及其生长发育的影响, 在室内条件下用5个不同浓度（0, 10, 20, 40和80 μg/g）的Cd²⁺培养的黑腹果蝇Drosophila melanogaster饲喂从5种不同生境下（S1, S2, S3, S4和S5）采集的拟水狼蛛性成熟雌蛛产卵孵化的幼蛛,待幼蛛性成熟后取所得雌蛛成蛛采用原子吸收光谱法测定了Cd²⁺ 诱导下拟水狼蛛体内金属硫蛋白含量及其存活率和生长率。结果表明： 食物中过量的Cd²⁺能够通过食物链进行传递并在拟水狼蛛体内积累, 积累量随黑腹果蝇培养基中Cd²⁺浓度的增加而增加,存在显著的浓度-效应关系。不同浓度的Cd²⁺能够诱导拟水狼蛛体内MT不同的表达,表达量与Cd²⁺浓度显著正相关(P<0.05)。当浓度低于20 μg/g时,污染点（S1, S2, S3和S4）拟水狼蛛体内MT表达量显著高于参照组S5（P<0.05）; 当高于20 μg/g时, 所有样点拟水狼蛛体内MT表达量差异不显著（P＞0.05）。拟水狼蛛存活率和成长率随着Cd²⁺浓度的升高呈下降趋势。据此认为,金属硫蛋白可能是蜘蛛耐受重金属污染的重要机制,与重金属具有一定浓度-效应关系。     

真水狼蛛的抗逆力研究

研究不同龄期真水狼蛛的抗逆力,并以3龄幼蛛为对象,研究了温度和食物对抗逆力的影响。结果表明:真水狼蛛的耐旱力很差,在无水的情况下,无论有无食物,均在2d之内死亡。其耐饥力随着龄期的增长而增加;雌蛛的耐饥力大于雄蛛。在23～35℃温度范围内,3龄幼蛛的耐饥力与温度呈明显的负相关关系。喂混合食物时,3龄幼蛛的耐饥力最强。温度和食物对耐旱力的影响不大。     

重金属在拟水狼蛛体内的分布及对其体内抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了探明重金属在拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus体内的分布及对其体内抗氧化酶活性的影响,本研究于2009年6月在河南南阳地区5种不同生境下,共采集50份土壤样本和300头拟水狼蛛样本,采用原子吸收光谱法测定了5种不同生境下雄雌拟水狼蛛体内重金属的分布、GSH含量以及GST,CAT和SOD的活性。结果表明：5个采集样点（S1, S2, S3, S4和S5） 拟水狼蛛体内重金属（Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn）的含量差异显著（P<0.05）。同一地点拟水狼蛛体内重金属（Cd,Pb,Cu和Zn）的含量不同身体部位差异显著（P<0.05）,头胸部>足部>腹部,同一地点雄性拟水狼蛛重金属含量显著高于雌性（P<0.05）。在重金属胁迫下,重金属含量高（S1,S2,S3和S4）的拟水狼蛛体内GSH 含量显著高于参照组（S5）,雄性GSH 含量高于雌性（P<0.05）。对于不同身体部位,GSH 含量差异显著,头胸部GSH 含量最高,其次为足部,腹部含量最低;GSH 含量与重金属含量显著正相关（r2=0.9854,P<0.05）。对于GST,CAT和SOD,重金属含量高则酶活性低,雄性酶活性显著低于雌性,不同身体部位酶活差异不显著;GST,CAT和SOD酶活性与重金属（Cd和Pb或者Pb）含量显著负相关。因此检测拟水狼蛛不同身体部位的酶活性变化就可知环境中重金属的污染程度,拟水狼蛛可以作为重金属污染的重要监测指示生物。     

镉污染对不同生境拟水狼蛛氧化酶和金属硫蛋白应激的影响

为探讨镉(Cd)对机体抗氧化功能及金属硫蛋白(MT)的影响,在室内分别用不添加Cd2 和添加浓度为20 mgkg-1 Cd2 培养基培养的黑腹果蝇来饲喂4种不同生境下(S1,S2,S3和S4)拟水狼蛛,于饲喂5d、10d和20d后,分别测定其体内MT和丙二醛 (MDA)的含量及超抗氧化酶(GST、SOD和CAT)活性。结果表明：1,不同生境拟水狼蛛用不添加Cd2 培养基培养的黑腹果蝇饲喂后,不添加Cd2 对照组拟水狼蛛镉的积累量和MT含量无显著变化,但均显著低于添加Cd2 污染组。添加Cd2 污染组拟水狼蛛镉的积累量和MT含量都显著高于对照组,且均随着饲喂时间的延长而显著升高,具有明显的时间–效应关系(p<0.05)。2,在饲喂5d和10d后,不添加Cd饲喂的拟水狼蛛MDA含量和抗氧化酶系差异都不显著。添加Cd2 污染组(S1,S2和S3)MDA含量显著高于对照组(S4),MDA含量与饲喂时间呈显著正相关(p<0.05);GST、SOD和CAT等抗氧化酶活性污染组显著低于对照组,与饲喂时间呈显著负相关(p<0.05);饲喂20d后,污染组MDA含量和抗氧化酶（SOD和CAT）活性均与对照组无显著差异,但GST活性差异显著。     

食物对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响

研究4种食物对真水狼蛛发育和繁殖的影响.结果表明:单喂果蝇时,幼蛛世代存活率最低;喂混合食物时幼蛛历期最短;单喂果蝇时,历期最长.幼蛛腹部体色与所喂食物颜色相近.喂混合食物的幼蛛,其背甲宽度和体重均大于其他3种食物.雌蛛所产卵袋数和产卵总量均以喂混合食物时为最高.多种食物混合喂养,有利于真水狼蛛的个体发育和繁殖.     

不同生境汞对拟水狼蛛抗氧化系统的影响

以拟水狼蛛为研究对象,采用原子吸收光谱法测定了不同生境汞在土壤和蜘蛛体内的含量,研究了不同生境汞对拟水狼蛛抗氧化酶的影响.结果 表明:4个采集样点(S1、S2、S3和S4)拟水狼蛛体内重金属汞的含量差异显著(P<0.05).在重金属胁迫下,重金属汞含量高(S1、S2和S3)的拟水狼蛛体内GSH含量显著高于对照组(S4),是对照组的2.4~3.8倍.GSH含量与重金属汞含量显著正相关(r2=0.9624,P<0.01).对于GST、CAT和SOD,重金属汞含量高则酶活性低,GST、CAT和SOD酶活性与重金属汞含量显著负相关.因此检测拟水狼蛛体内的酶活性变化即可知环境中重金属汞的污染程度,提示拟水狼蛛可以作为重金属污染的重要监测指示生物.     

河南南阳不同生境土壤重金属含量及其对拟水狼蛛生物学特性的影响

为了探明重金属含量对拟水狼蛛Pirata subpiraticus生物学特性的影响, 本研究于2008年7月在河南南阳地区5种不同生境下, 共采集50份土壤样本和150头拟水狼蛛样本, 采用原子吸收光谱法测定了5种不同生境下雌拟水狼蛛体内重金属含量, 并测定了雌蛛头胸甲宽、体重、卵袋重量、卵数目和卵体积等生物学指标。结果表明：不同样点拟水狼蛛重金属含量与土壤重金属含量显著正相关, 4个重金属污染区与宝天曼自然保护区（Baotianman, BTM）拟水狼蛛体内Cd、Cu和Zn的含量差异极显著(P<0.001), 桐柏铜矿（Tongbai Tongkuang, TBTK）和南阳油田(Nanyang Youtian, NYYT) 的Pb含量与BTM的差异极显著(P<0.001), 主成分分析表明Cd、Cu和Zn是反应重金属污染的主要指标。在重金属胁迫下, 4个重金属污染区与保护区的拟水狼蛛头胸甲宽、雌体重量、卵袋重量、卵数目和卵体积差异均达到极显著（P<0.001）或显著水平（P<0.05）, 主成分分析表明背胸甲宽、卵袋重量和卵体积是重要生物学指标。 拟水狼蛛的背胸甲宽、卵袋重量和卵的体积与重金属含量显著相关, 重金属含量高的地方拟水狼蛛背胸甲宽较小, 雌性体重、卵袋重量和卵数目较小, 卵的体积大, 因此说明拟水狼蛛处在逆环境中时, 动物为保持总的繁殖力不变的前提下, 后代个体的大小与数目间满足某种平衡, 即达到协同进化的目的, 拟水狼蛛可以作为重金属污染的监测指示生物。     

Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白在水稻-褐飞虱-拟水狼蛛食物链中转移与富集

采用ELISA方法检测了2个转cry1Ab基因水稻（Bt水稻）品系KMD1和KMD2不同生育期叶鞘内Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的含量及其通过褐飞虱和拟水狼蛛的转移和富集情况。结果表明,这2个品系中抽穗期和黄熟期叶鞘内Cry1Ab的含量均显著低于苗期、分蘖期和孕穗期,KMD1和KMD2中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白可以通过食物链转移到Bt水稻非靶标害虫褐飞虱及其天敌拟水狼蛛体内。褐飞虱在KMD1或KMD2上取食2 d后,体内均含有Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,但连续取食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内含量并未因取食时间的延长而呈现明显增加的趋势。当拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,在捕食2、4、6、8和10 d后,其体内均可检测到Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白,其含量并未随捕食时间的延长而明显上升,但均显著高于相应时间褐飞虱体内的含量。可见,该蛋白可通过水稻转移至褐飞虱,再转移至拟水狼蛛,并存在明显的富集现象,而这种富集并不随蜘蛛捕食时间的延长而加强。拟水狼蛛捕食以KMD1或KMD2为食的褐飞虱时,其捕食量未受到显著影响,其中肠酶粗提物对Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白具有明显的降解作用。     

稻田微蛛优势种形成的若干环境因子分析

草间小黑蛛(Erigone graminicolum)和食虫沟瘤蛛(Ummeliata insecticeps)都有较强的耐寒、耐饥能力和较大的捕食量,在-3—0℃时能存活3天左右,平均耐饥历期大于30天,对稻褐飞虱的平均最大捕食量分别为6.3头/天和6.1头/天;Holling模型分别为N_A(草)=0.9886N_0/(1+0.09N_0)和N_A(食)=1.0234N_0/(1+0.101N_0),它们的抗药能力相差无几。但它们对湿度要求不同,前者较后者耐干旱。草间小黑蛛耐干历期雌蛛为27.2天,雄蛛为9.7天;耐湿历期雌蛛为53.2天,雄蛛为46.2天。食虫沟瘤蛛耐干历期雌蛛为7.7天,雄蛛为4.2天;耐湿历期雌蛛为55.4天,雄蛛为49.0天。温度相同湿度不同时它们的竞争能力不同,湿度较小时草间小黑蛛取胜,湿度较大时食虫沟瘤蛛取胜。它们在稻田中成为优势种的条件,主要取决于稻田生境与周围环境的干湿状况。     

Effects of cadmium and mycorrhizal fungi on growth, fitness, and cadmium accumulation in flax (Linum usitatissimum; Linaceae)

? Premise of the study: Agricultural soils have become contaminated with a variety of heavy metals, including cadmium. The degree to which soil contaminants affect plants may depend on symbiotic relationships between plant roots and soil microorganisms. We examined (1) whether mycorrhizal fungi counteract the potentially negative effects of cadmium on the growth and fitness of flax (Linum usitatissimum) and (2) whether mycorrhizal fungi affect the accumulation of cadmium within plant parts. ? Methods: Two flax cultivars (Linott and Omega) were grown in three soil cadmium environments (0, 5, and 15 ppm). Within each cadmium environment, plants were grown in either the presence or absence of mycorrhizal fungi. Upon senescence, we measured growth and fitness and quantified the concentration of cadmium within plants. ? Key results: Soil cadmium significantly decreased plant fitness, but did not affect plant growth. Mycorrhizal fungi, which were able to colonize roots of plants growing in all cadmium levels, significantly increased plant growth and fitness. Although mycorrhizal fungi counteracted the negative effects of cadmium on fruit and seed production, they also enhanced the concentration of cadmium within roots, fruits, and seeds. ? Conclusions: The degree to which soil cadmium affects plant fitness and the accumulation of cadmium within plants depended on the ability of plants to form symbiotic relationships with mycorrhizal fungi. The use of mycorrhizal fungi in contaminated agricultural soils may offset the negative effects of metals on the quantity of seeds produced, but exacerbate the accumulation of these metals in our food supply.     

Effects of chronic alternating cadmium exposure on the episodic secretion of prolactin in male rats.

Cadmium increases or decreases prolactin secretion depending on the dose and duration of the exposure to the metal. However, whether there are cadmium effects on the episodic prolactin secretion is less well known. This study was undertaken to address whether chronic alternating exposure to two different doses of cadmium affects the episodic pattern of prolactin and to what extent the effects of cadmium are age-dependent. Male rats were treated s.c. with cadmium chloride (0.5 or 1.0 mg/kg) from day 30 to 60, or from day 60 to 90 of age, with alteration of the doses every 4 days, starting with the smaller dose. Controls received vehicle every 4 days. The last dose of cadmium was given 48 h prior to the pulsatility study. Prolactin secretion in the 4 experimental groups studied was episodic and changed significantly after cadmium exposure. Cadmium administration from day 30 to 60 of life significantly decreased the mean half-life of prolactin. On the other hand, when administered from day 60 to 90 cadmium significantly decreased the mean as well as serum prolactin levels and the absolute amplitude of the prolactin pulses, their duration, the relative amplitude or the mean half-life of the hormone. The frequency of prolactin peaks was not changed by cadmium administration. The results indicate that low intermittent doses of cadmium chronically administered change the episodic secretion pattern of prolactin in rats. The effects of cadmium on prolactin secretion were age dependent.     

Absorption of cadmium after a long-term oral administration of cadmium to dogs

A long-term experiment using beagle dogs to investigate the absorption of cadmium was conducted. The dogs in the experimental groups were given a commercial diet and pelleted food containing 1, 3, 10, 50, and 100 mg of cadmium per day. The cadmium concentration in the blood increased continuously, gradually reaching a steady state following the administration of cadmium. The cadmium excreted daily in urine increased continuously. The cumulative excreted amount of cadmium in urine was calculated by using the trapezoidal rule based on the data of excretion of cadmium in urine. Then the absorbed fraction of administered cadmium was estimated on the basis of the relationship between the cumulative excreted amount of cadmium in urine and the cumulative administered dose of cadmium after the cadmium concentration in blood reached a steady state. The absorbed fraction of cadmium decreased with an increase in the administered dose of cadmium. A dose-dependent increase between the absorbed amount and the administered dose was observed.     

Intestinal cadmium permeability in mature and immature rats

To compare the intrinsic permeability properties of the small intestine in adult (average body wt 300 g) and 25- to 27-day-old (average body wt 50 g) male rats, the uptake rates of cycloleucine and of cadmium were measured in intestinal segments isolated in situ with their blood supply intact. Uptake rates were expressed on the basis of that of ethanol, a solute whose absorption depends primarily on the size, rather than the composition, of the available surface area and on the presence of unstirred layers. These layers may be concluded to affect movement of cycloleucine, cadmium, and ethanol to the same extent. The ratio of uptake rates, therefore, provides in arbitrary units a measure of the intrinsic permeability of the luminal surface area to cadmium and to cycloleucine. On this basis, no developmental change in cycloleucine permeability could be detected. In contrast, the rate of cadmium uptake relative to that for ethanol decreased with age by about 50%. Possible mechanisms are discussed for this significant change in the intrinsic cadmium permeability of the jejunum in post-"closure" animals.     

镉胁迫对姬松茸生长和镉吸收累积的影响

利用外源镉添加的袋栽试验,系统研究了镉对姬松茸J37和J1两菌株农艺性状、子实体产量、氨基酸和镉含量的影响,以求为低富集镉的姬松茸品种选育和安全栽培提供科学依据。结果表明外源镉添加对姬松茸J37和J1品种子实体的农艺性状的影响各异,两菌株单个子实体重量、子实体高度、菌盖直径、菌盖厚度和菌柄直径等均与外源镉浓度具有显著的负相关性,其中子实体重量与外源镉浓度间的相关性最大;15 mg/kg镉水平是两菌株农艺性状发生显著变化的敏感点。不同镉水平下J37菌株单个子实体重量比J1菌株高10.9%—36.6%,表现为较强镉耐受性。姬松茸J37与J1菌株子实体产量、氨基酸和镉含量均随着潮次的增加而降低,子实体产量和氨基酸含量随着外源镉水平增加而降低,而镉含量随外源镉水平增加而增加。与外源镉0mg/kg处理相比,当外源镉水平达15 mg/kg时,J1和J37子实体总产量分别下降23.4%和13.4%以上,J1和J37子实体镉含量分别提高51.5%、13.7%以上,且J1子实体镉含量已达到食品卫生标准的临界值。当外源镉水平达到35 mg/kg时,J1和J37子实体产量分别下降45%、32%以上,J1和J...     

Biological half-time and body burden of cadmium in dogs after a long-term oral administration of cadmium

To investigate the kinetic behavior of cadmium, we conducted a long-term oral administration experiment, using beagle dogs. The experimental animals were given a commercial diet and pelleted food containing 1, 3, 10, 50, and 100 mg of cadmium per day in the form of cadmium chloride for 8 yr. A single injection of cadmium (as CdCl2) into dogs was also performed in order to obtain fundamental kinetic information for a dog. The kinetic behavior of cadmium in chronic experiment is described theoretically, using a two-compartment model. The model was selected based on the elimination pattern of cadmium from the blood in the single injection experiment. The parameters of the model were estimated from the acute and chronic experimental data. The theoretical value of the cumulative amount of cadmium excreted in urine agreed with the experimental one. This result suggests that the two-compartment model used in this study is useful to elucidate the kinetic behavior of cadmium after a long-term exposure to cadmium. The terminal biological half-time in the two-compartment model was estimated at about 1 to 2 yr for both male and female dogs given 1, 3, 10, and 50 mg of cadmium, and for the male dog given 100 mg of cadmium, but only 0.3 to 0.5 yr for the female dog given 100 mg of cadmium. The amount of cadmium in the central compartment and tissue compartment increased continuously and then gradually reached a steady state. The amount of tissue compartment was much higher than that of the central compartment for each beagle dog.     

Mechanisms of cadmium induced genomic instability

Cadmium is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant that represents hazard to humans and wildlife. It is found in the air, soil and water and, due to its extremely long half-life, accumulates in plants and animals. The main source of cadmium exposure for non-smoking human population is food. Cadmium is primarily toxic to the kidney, but has been also classified as carcinogenic to humans by several regulatory agencies. Current evidence suggests that exposure to cadmium induces genomic instability through complex and multifactorial mechanisms. Cadmium dose not induce direct DNA damage, however it induces increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, which in turn induce DNA damage and can also interfere with cell signalling. More important seems to be cadmium interaction with DNA repair mechanisms, cell cycle checkpoints and apoptosis as well as with epigenetic mechanisms of gene expression control. Cadmium mediated inhibition of DNA repair mechanisms and apoptosis leads to accumulation of cells with unrepaired DNA damage, which in turn increases the mutation rate and thus genomic instability. This increases the probability of developing not only cancer but also other diseases associated with genomic instability. In the in vitro experiments cadmium induced effects leading to genomic instability have been observed at low concentrations that were comparable to those observed in target organs and tissues of humans that were non-occupationally exposed to cadmium. Therefore, further studies aiming to clarify the relevance of these observations for human health risks due to cadmium exposure are needed.     

Modulation of episodic adrenocorticotropin hormone secretion by cadmium in male rats

The effects of cadmium on adrenocorticotropin hormone(ACTH) secretion are controversial and seem todepend on the dose and duration ofthe exposure to the metal. This work was undertaken to analyze theeffects of acutecadmium administration on the episodic pattern of ACTH release in adult male rats. Forthispurpose, animals were cannulated 40 h before the experiment to allow a continuousblood withdrawal.Two and a half hours after the administration of a single dose ofcadmium chloride (4.5 mg kg bodyweight),the episodic pattern of ACTH wasanalyzed during three hours (from 10:30 to 13:30, samples beingcollectedevery seven minutes) in conscious and freely moving adult male rats. The mean valuesof ACTH duringthe bleeding period and the absolute pulse amplitude were decreased byacute cadmium chloride adminis-tration(P < 0.001, P < 0.01, respectively). Bycontrast, the frequency of ACTH pulses increased (P < 0.01).However, no changes inany other parameters of episodic ACTH secretion were observed compared withcontrolanimals. These data suggest that cadmium interferes with the regulatorymechanism of ACTH.     

Physiological and molecular characterisation of cadmium stress in Schmidtea mediterranea

The planarian Schmidtea mediterranea is a well-studied model organism for developmental research, because of its stem cell system. This characteristic also provides a unique opportunity to study stress management and the effect of stress on stem cells. In this study, we characterised the stress signature at different levels of biological organization. The carcinogenic metal cadmium was used as a model chemical stressor. We focused on stem cell activity and its interaction with other known stress parameters. Here, we have found that S. mediterranea is able to cope with high internal levels of cadmium. At endpoints such as size and mobility, cadmium-related stress effects were detected but all of these responses were transient. Correspondingly, cadmium exposure led to an elevated mitotic activity of the neoblasts, at the same time points when the other responses disappeared. At the molecular level, we observed redox-related responses that can be linked with both repair as well as proliferation mechanisms. Together, our results suggest that these animals have a high plasticity. The induction of stem cell activity may underlie this 'restoring' effect, although a carcinogenic outcome after longer exposure times cannot be excluded.