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1.
研究了下列害虫和寄生天敌种类对大豆植株中提取的某些挥发性次生化合物及其不同组合混合相的触角电位反应: 1)豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch和麦长管蚜Macrosiphum avenae (Fabricius);2)为害大豆植株的大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura和不为害大豆植株的豆蚜二者所共有的寄生天敌豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall; 3)不为害大豆植株的麦长管蚜的寄生天敌燕麦蚜茧蜂Aphidius picipes Nees。结果表明,与大豆植株相关联的大豆蚜和不相关联的豆蚜所共有的天敌——豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应敏感,而与大豆植株不相关联的豆蚜、麦长管蚜及其寄生天敌——燕麦蚜茧蜂,对大豆植株的挥发性次生化合物及其混合相反应不敏感。再次证明,植物挥发性次生化合物在害虫及其寄生天敌搜寻寄主的过程中起到重要的作用。  相似文献   

2.
大豆蚜寄生蜂豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂室内生物学特性观察   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
闫威  席玉强  李学军  许彪  张彦周  尹新明 《昆虫学报》2011,54(10):1204-1210
豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum( Marshall)是大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura的一种重要寄生蜂.在实验室条件下,对豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂的发育历期、繁殖力、寿命和性比等指标,以及成蜂的羽化、取食、产卵行为等生物学特性进行了观察描述.结果表明:在19 ~31℃范围内,发育历期随着温...  相似文献   

3.
茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
在室内(25±1℃,L:D=16:8光周期,RH=40%~60%)条件下,研究了茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes(Cresson)对苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora(Koch)若蚜的寄生功能反应。结果表明:苜蓿蚜的龄期对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生作用有很大影响,用功能反应HollingⅡ模型模拟,其模拟方程为Na=1.118 N/(1+0.0184 N)。通过该方程可明确单头雌成蜂在24 h内最多寄生60.60头苜蓿蚜,其寄生1头苜蓿蚜所需时间为0.396 h。在5个温度梯度下,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂对苜蓿蚜的寄生功能反应均符合HollingⅡ模型,但不同温度下的功能反应参数有明显的差异。此外茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂自身密度对寄生有一定的干扰作用,其干扰作用通过Hassell-Varley模型拟合,方程为a=0.0621P-0.3062,表明茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂雌蜂的发现域随着自身密度的增加而逐渐变小,寄生蜂雌蜂个体间的相互干扰效应降低了寄生效能。  相似文献   

4.
甘明  苗雪霞  丁德诚 《昆虫学报》2003,46(5):598-604
在25℃下研究了日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus japonicus Ashmead对寄主豆蚜Aphis craccivora Koch龄期的选择和被寄生豆蚜的龄期对蚜茧蜂发育的影响。结果表明:在混合虫态寄主中,日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂通常选择较小龄期的若蚜寄生,其中2龄若蚜的相对被寄生率最高,为26.4%;其次是1龄若蚜,为20.6%;无翅成蚜与3、4龄有翅若蚜和成蚜的相对被寄生率较低。日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂的寄生延长了豆蚜若蚜的发育,其中1龄若蚜被寄生后,1~3龄历期显著延长;有翅3龄若蚜被寄生后,3、4龄历期明显延长;但无翅和有翅4龄若蚜被寄生后的发育历期均不受影响。各龄若蚜被寄生后羽化的成蚜寿命明显缩短,其中,被寄生的1龄若蚜不能发育至成蚜,其它较早龄期被寄生的若蚜羽化的成蚜繁殖力均显著降低。寄生时寄主的发育期也影响寄生蜂的发育,2龄豆蚜被寄生时的日本柄瘤蚜茧蜂个体发育最快,为194.10 h;1龄寄主被寄生时蚜茧蜂的发育最慢,需215.80 h。并对不同发育期蚜虫总蛋白质和总糖原含量进行了测定。  相似文献   

5.
为了明确菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜的控制作用,本文研究了在云南玉溪以6个不同蚜蜂比释放菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜的寄生率,结果表明,按6个不同蚜蜂比释放菜蚜茧蜂寄生萝卜蚜后,其对萝卜蚜的寄生率随时间变化的曲线相似。放蜂后第3天,其对萝卜蚜的寄生率即达4%左右。前12 d寄生率虽有波动,但寄生率较低,多在5%以下,之后寄生率开始逐渐上升。蚜虫数量越多,其寄生率反而越高,21 d时,蚜蜂比250∶1和500∶1的寄生率已达26.06%和24.23%,显著高于其它蚜蜂比。蚜蜂比5∶1和25∶1时,萝卜蚜数量的增长最慢,21 d时,其数量仍呈直线上升趋势。蚜蜂比50∶1和150∶1时,萝卜蚜数量的增长开始呈直线上升趋势,到第18天趋于平稳。而蚜蜂比250∶1和500∶1时,萝卜蚜在第9天后,其种群数量呈爆发式增长,到第15天时即趋于平稳。萝卜蚜数量与有翅蚜数呈线性关系y=0.0097 x+10.953。僵蚜数与有翅蚜数呈指数函数模型,y=9.2582e0.0017 x。本研究表明菜蚜茧蜂对萝卜蚜有一定的控制作用,可以作为生物防治萝卜蚜的选择之一。  相似文献   

6.
茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂生物学特性初步研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus testaceipes Cresson是寄生于苜蓿蚜Aphis craccivora Koch等蚜虫的一种重要寄生蜂.通过田间自然种群的调查,并在室内观察其发育历期的形态特征.在25℃恒温,16 h光照,8h黑暗,相对湿度60%~ 70%的条件下,茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的发育历期为卵期:1...  相似文献   

7.
豆柄瘤蚜茧峰的嗅觉定向反应(英文)   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebusfabarum对能寄生于包括大豆蚜Aphisglycines和豆蚜A.craccivora的多种蚜虫中。本实验研究了豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂在风洞中对以下气味源的嗅觉走向反应:未受损伤的寄主食料植株(UD)、机械损伤的寄主食料植株(MD)、蚜害植株(AD ,带蚜虫;AD~,不带蚜虫)、以及致害蚜虫。发现以豆蚜为寄主的豆柄瘤好茧蜂对AD 和AD~的正走向率高于对UD和MD的正走向率,以大豆蚜为寄主的豆柄瘤蚜虽峰对AD 的趋性高于对UD和大豆蚜。同时,豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂对UD、MD和致害蚜虫的定向反应率没有显著差异。这说明植食性昆虫的取食活动能诱导被害植株提高自身对害虫天敌的吸引力。此外还发现大豆是否受蚜害并不直接影响大豆蚜进行寄主定位。  相似文献   

8.
为明确糖代谢相关途径在茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebustestaceipes蛹滞育过程中的作用,揭示滞育调控的分子机制,本试验利用转录组测序技术,对滞育组与非滞育组的茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂蛹进行转录组测序,并结合生物信息学方法对糖代谢相关途径中的差异表达基因进行了筛选与分析.GO注释到的与碳水化合物代谢条目相关的差异基因共1 050个,KEGG注释到的与碳水化合物代谢相关的差异表达基因共149个,糖酵解/糖异生、淀粉与蔗糖代谢及柠檬酸循环三条途径的差异表达基因分别为18个、10个和18个.这些在滞育过程中与碳水化合物代谢相关的差异基因呈现不同程度的上调或下调表达,发现PFK,PGK,ALDO,GAPDH,PGAM,PEPCK,GYS,TreS,TreH,MDH,IDH等基因与茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂滞育密切相关,共同影响茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的滞育.碳水化合物代谢相关途径可能对茶足柄瘤蚜茧蜂的滞育起着非常重要的作用,糖类物质的合成与分解为昆虫在滞育过程中提供能量.  相似文献   

9.
本文记述1985至1987年对河北、山西两省少毛蚜茧蜂种类调查结果,其中有一新种:侧柏少毛蚜茧蜂Pauesia platyclaudi Zhang & Ji,sp.nov.四个中国新纪录种:北海道少毛蚜茧蜂Pauesia jezoensis(Watanabe)、落叶松少毛蚜茧蜂Pauesia laricis(Haliday)、空沼少毛蚜茧蜂Pauesia soranumensis Watanabe & Takada和松少毛蚜茧蜂Pauesia pini(Haliday)。  相似文献   

10.
徐清华  孟玲  李保平 《昆虫学报》2007,50(5):488-493
研究寄生蜂对寄主不同龄期的寄生策略通常采用适温下(≈25℃)培养的寄主进行试验。 为探究蚜茧蜂对高温下生长的寄主蚜虫的寄生反应及其适合度表现,在30℃条件下饲养寄主孤雌胎生无翅黑豆蚜Aphis fabae Scopli,获得不同龄期若蚜和刚羽化的成蚜,分别提供给可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus ambiguous Haliday寄生,观察蚜茧蜂的寄生率以及后代性比、体型大小和发育时间等适合度相关特性。结果表明: 可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂对1至4龄若蚜及成蚜均寄生,但偏向寄生较早龄期的若蚜,对成蚜的寄生率为28.0%,显著低于对1龄(400%)和2龄(42.8%)寄主若蚜的寄生率。后代雌蜂比例和体型随寄主龄期(体型)增大而减小,而发育历期则呈现“中间低,两头高”的格局。后代性比、体型大小及发育历期等适合度表现与此前适温(≈25℃)下得到的结果截然相反。因此推测,寄主黑豆蚜体型或龄期可能不是或不全部是可疑柄瘤蚜茧蜂评价寄主质量的依据,其他与寄主蚜虫内共生菌动态相关的线索(如行为的,化学的等)可能才是其评价寄主质量的依据。  相似文献   

11.
大豆蚜对环境的适应及对大豆产量的影响   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
2009-2010年,以辽东山区大豆主产区岫岩县作为试验点,系统调查了大豆蚜Aphis glycines Matsumura正常型蚜和小型蚜的种群动态,研究了蜡蚧轮枝菌Verticillium lecanii(Zimmerman)Viegas、豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂Lysiphlebus fabarum Marshall、异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)对大豆蚜正常型蚜和小型蚜的寄生与捕食作用;另外,也研究了降雨对小型蚜和正常型蚜的冲刷作用,以及小型蚜对大豆产量的影响等。研究结果表明,7月上中旬为大豆蚜小型蚜发生初期,7月下旬—8月上旬为小型蚜发生高峰期,2010年小型蚜平均蚜量达10000头/百株以上。此外,通过比较大豆蚜正常型蚜和小型蚜排蜜量,发现正常型蚜与小型蚜在30min内的排蜜频率差异极其显著,正常型蚜排蜜次数明显多于小型蚜。蜡蚧轮枝菌对大豆蚜小型蚜的侵染较正常型低,前者被侵染率低于3%,后者被侵染率高达25%。豆柄瘤蚜茧蜂对正常型蚜的寄生率较小型蚜高,寄生率分别为43.41%和0.58%。异色瓢虫3龄幼虫对正常型蚜和小型蚜的捕食率分别为80.24%和36.36%。降雨对小型蚜冲刷作用明显低于正常型蚜。最后,通过对单株蚜量与单株产量进行单因素方差分析,结果表明,单株小型蚜量对产量影响不显著(F=0.378;df=7,1;P>0.05)。上述研究为明确大豆蚜的发生与为害、小型蚜适应环境的生存机制以及自然天敌对大豆蚜的田间控制作用,进而为大豆蚜的可持续控制提供理论依据。  相似文献   

12.
Abstract  Lysiphlebus fabarum (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) is a generalist parasitic wasp species which can oviposit in several aphid species, including the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora (Homoptera Aphidinae), and the soybean aphid, A. glycines . The response of female L. fabarum and one of its host aphid species, A. glycines , to odors of undamaged host food plant (UD), mechanically damaged host food plant (MD), aphid-damaged plant (AD+, with aphid on, and AD˜, aphid washed off), and host aphid alone were studied in a wind tunnel. The positive orientation frequency of L. fabarum , which emerged from Aphis craccivora , to AD+ and AD˜ was significantly greater than to the UD, MD. Similarily, L. fabarum that emerged from A. glycines significantly flew more often to AD+ than to UD and aphid alone. And there was no significant difference among the positive response frequency of L. fabarurn to UD, MD, and aphid alone. All these suggested that herbivore feeding induced the attraction of the damaged plant to natural enemy of herbivore. It is also found that the condition of soybean seedling, being damaged or undamaged, did not have direct impact on host plant location of aphid.  相似文献   

13.
【目的】研究大豆蚜发生为害及大豆与多种作物间邻作种植对大豆蚜的控制作用,为大豆蚜的可持续综合治理提供理论依据。【方法】采用系统调查的方法,研究大豆蚜和天敌田间种群动态;通过田间罩笼、人工接蚜和释放天敌的方法,研究捕食性天敌对大豆蚜种群的控制作用;在佳木斯地区进行大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,牡丹江地区进行黄瓜-大豆-玉米、甜葫芦-大豆-玉米、烟草-大豆-香瓜、甜菜-大豆-玉米等多作物带状穿插种植模式,以单作大豆田为对照,对不同种植模式的大豆田大豆蚜与天敌进行调查,研究作物多样性对大豆蚜的控制作用。【结果】2009年6月中下旬大豆蚜开始侵入大豆田,3~5周后田间有蚜株率达到100%,大豆蚜种群发生高峰期在7月下旬至8月上旬,9月上旬在田间逐渐消失。草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂等为蚜虫天敌优势种;按大豆蚜与天敌数量之比700︰1,释放异色瓢虫和叶色草蛉成虫7 d后,蚜虫种群减退率分别为54.78%和78.79%;大豆与早熟马铃薯间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期早熟马铃薯收获(7月20日)后第5天,豆田蚜虫天敌总数是收获前的2.6倍,与同期单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低了51.3%。大豆与甜葫芦、香瓜、烟草和玉米等作物进行多样性间作种植,在大豆蚜田间发生高峰期,单作豆田益害比为1︰65.2,多样性种植区的大豆田益害比为1︰26~1︰42,与单作大豆田相比,间作田大豆蚜种群数量降低40.7%~83.5%。【结论】2009年大豆蚜的种群高峰期为8月3日,田间的天敌优势种类为草蛉、瓢虫和寄生蜂。早熟马铃薯与大豆间作,在大豆蚜种群迅速增长期间收获早熟马铃薯,大量蚜虫天敌转移至间作的大豆田,从而形成对大豆蚜的控制。大豆与其它经济作物间邻作,大豆田天敌昆虫与蚜虫的益害比明显提高,表明利用农田作物多样性能充分发挥自然天敌的生物控害作用。  相似文献   

14.
Since its introduction into the United States in the past 10 yr, soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae), has been a damaging pest to soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merrill. During 2008 and 2009, fields in central and north central Iowa experienced pockets of high soybean aphid populations. Electroantennograms have shown that soybean aphid alatae are capable of detecting host plant volatiles and sex pheromones. Here, we evaluated baited pan traps as a potential soybean aphid attractant. Yellow pan traps were placed in soybean fields after planting along with lures that contained plant volatiles and sex pheromones in 2008 or sex pheromones only in 2009. Pan trap contents were collected weekly, and plant counts also were conducted. Aphids were identified, and soybean aphids were counted to determine whether one chemical lure was more attractive to spring migrants than other lures. In both years, soybean aphids collected in pan traps with lures were not significantly different from the other products tested.  相似文献   

15.
Since the late 1960s, American woodcock (Scolopax minor) have undergone population declines because of habitat loss. Previous research suggested ridge and furrow topography in conventionally tilled soybean fields provided critical nocturnal cover as birds foraged on earthworms. However, the use of no-till technology has increased and many fields now lack ridge and furrow topography. We assessed woodcock winter nocturnal foraging habitat use given recent changes in agricultural technology, and investigated how field treatment, earthworm abundance, and environmental variables affect the selection of nocturnal foraging sites. We counted woodcock along transects in 5 field treatments twice in each of 67 fields during December–March 2008–2009 and 72 fields during December–March 2009–2010. During both seasons, we collected earthworm and soil samples from a subset of fields of each field treatment. Woodcock densities were at least twice as high in no-till soybean fields planted after corn and in undisked corn fields with mowed stalks than in other field treatments. No-till soybean planted after corn and undisked corn fields contained ridge and furrow topography, whereas other crops did not, and earthworms were at least 1.5 times more abundant in no-till soybean fields than other field treatments. Ridges and furrows in no-till soybean fields planted after corn and undisked corn fields may provide wintering woodcock with thermal protection and concealment from predators. No-till soybean fields planted after corn offered the additional benefit of relatively high food availability. The presence of ridge and furrow topography can be used to predict woodcock field use on the wintering grounds in agricultural areas. Farmers can provide nocturnal winter foraging sites for woodcock by delaying field disking and leaving ridge and furrow topography in crop fields. © 2011 The Wildlife Society.  相似文献   

16.
During the last growing seasons, high infestations of phytophagous mites were observed in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, becoming necessary to apply pesticides for their control. The objective of this study was to identify phytophagous and predatory mite species associated with soybean in ten counties of that state, during the 2002/03 and 2003/04 growing seasons, in five soybean cultivars (A 6001 RG, A 7001 RG, A 8000 RG, A 8100 RG, Anta 82), all genetically modified. In samples of soybean leaves four phytophagous mite species (Mononychellus planki (McGregor), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks), Tetranychus desertorum Banks and Tetranychus gigas Pritchard & Baker) and two predatory mite species (Phytoseiulus fragariae Denmark & Schicha and Typhlodromalus aripo De Leon) were found. T. desertorum was found for the first time associated with soybean in the country. Phytoseiulus fragariae and T. aripo are reported for the first time on soybean. The potential of phytoseid mites as biological control agents in soybean crop was discussed. Among the hypotheses to explain the increasing infestation of soybean fields with phytophagous mites area are the progressively larger cultivated area, the dry spells observed in the last few years in the growing season, changes in soybean cropping system that led to increased use of pesticides and utilization of new soybean cultivars with morphological or biochemicals characteristics that favour the development of these mite populations.  相似文献   

17.
开封地区不同土地利用方式农田杂草群落结构及动态   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
谷艳芳  胡楠  丁圣彦  张丽霞 《生态学报》2007,27(4):1359-1367
2005年春、秋两季对开封地区不同土地利用方式小麦-玉米、小麦-大豆轮作地,葡萄地,弃耕地中杂草进行调查,统计分析各杂草群落中物种相似系数、物种相对多度分布、功能群相对多度和生物多样性。杂草功能群分为单子叶短期生植物(MA)、双子叶短期生植物(DA)、单子叶多年生植物(MP)及双子叶多年生植物(DP)4个功能类群。调查共记录杂草种类71种,隶属27个科;春季51种、共同种7个,秋季36种、共同种8个。不同土地利用方式杂草群落相似系数春季各群落间0.3~0.5,秋季玉米地-大豆地、秋葡萄地-弃耕地最高,分别是0.73和0.70;季节间小麦地与秋季各杂草群落间相似系数小于0.1。春、秋季弃耕地物种-相对多度分布曲线下降缓慢,常见种和偶见种多、相对多度分配分别占61.32%和47.09%;小麦地、玉米地、大豆地和葡萄地优势种突出。春季DA功能群占优势,小麦地高达81.06%;MP功能群较少,小麦地缺少MP。秋季玉米地和大豆地杂草功能群分布较均衡,葡萄地以DA和MP为主、分别为42.34%和42.64%;弃耕地MA、DA和MP平均,为33.63、31.07和30.25%。多样性指数为春、秋季弃耕地最高1.76和1.72,玉米、大豆地次之为1.55和1.52,春、秋葡萄地1.49、1.30,小麦地最低1.12。结论:不同土地利用方式杂草群落种群构成不同,功能群相对多度分配格局以免耕农田玉米地、大豆地和葡萄地杂草功能群分布均衡;功能群季节变化明显,趋势为MP上升,DA下降。不同土地利用方式土地多样性等级为小麦地〈葡萄地〈大豆地和玉米地〈弃耕地。  相似文献   

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