上海市区屋尘螨区系和季节消长的观察

在上海市区的居民家庭和旅店中,用吸尘器从床褥、枕头、沙发、毛衣和地板上采集屋尘样本。区系观察表明上海有4亚目9科21种螨,其中户尘螨为优势种,其次为舍赫尘螨、隐秘甘食螨、粉尘螨、埋内欧尘螨。户尘螨主要集聚于枕头、沙发、床褥和毛衣的样本中,隐秘甘食螨多见于地板上。螨种数以8月份最多(17种),冬季最少。全年的季节消长观察显示:屋尘螨活螨的单位面积密度高峰出现于5—6月间,最高达103只/m~2,而以1—2月间最低。死螨的密度以冬季为最高。屋尘螨密度的变化与大气的温度变化有关。     

安徽省粮仓粉螨群落组成及多样性研究

选取禾谷类、油料类和副产品3类粮仓储藏物采样点各150个,每个采样点各采集样本2份,每份10g,过筛后留取尘渣,进行粉螨的采集、分类、鉴定、计数以及数据分析.共检获粉螨28种,隶属于6科17属.多样性分析结果表明3类储藏物的粉螨物种数为16～21,平均孳生密度为20.61±4.78～54.13±4.27,物种丰富度指数(Margalef指数)为1.979～2.535,多样性指数(Shannon-Wiener指数)为2.160～2.431,均匀度指数(Pielou指数)为0.763～0.816,优势度指数(Simpson指数)为0.118～O.151,相似性指数(Jaccard指数)为0.321～O.65.其粉螨的孳生密度、多样性及相似性差异较大.     

Morphological observation on adult Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Acari: Pyroglyphidae) with scanning electron microscope

[目的]利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)观察屋尘螨Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus 颚体、躯体、外生殖器及足等的形态结构.[方法]从床尘、枕尘中采集屋尘螨,分离出雌雄成螨,在体视显微镜下清洗处理活螨后,用SEM观察其外部形态特征.[结果]SEM照片显示,屋尘螨整肢钳状,须肢扁平;体表具细密皮纹,似指纹状,纹间距小于2 μm.外生殖器位于腹面正中,雌螨为产卵孔,雄螨生殖孔具1对叶状生殖盖.肛 门呈纵行裂孔,雄螨具2个肛吸盘.雌螨足跗节末端各具爪垫1个,雄螨跗节Ⅳ具2个吸盘.[结论]本研究观察结果为尘螨鉴定提供了更多依据.     

屋尘螨成螨形态的扫描电镜观察

【目的】利用扫描电子显微镜（scanning electron microscopy, SEM）观察屋尘螨Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus颚体、 躯体、 外生殖器及足等的形态结构。【方法】从床尘、 枕尘中采集屋尘螨, 分离出雌雄成螨, 在体视显微镜下清洗处理活螨后, 用SEM观察其外部形态特征。【结果】SEM照片显示, 屋尘螨螯肢钳状, 须肢扁平; 体表具细密皮纹, 似指纹状, 纹间距小于2 μm。外生殖器位于腹面正中, 雌螨为产卵孔, 雄螨生殖孔具1对叶状生殖盖。肛门呈纵行裂孔, 雄螨具2个肛吸盘。雌螨足跗节末端各具爪垫1个, 雄螨跗节Ⅳ具2个吸盘。【结论】本研究观察结果为尘螨鉴定提供了更多依据。     

土壤中甲螨孳生与铬污染相关性研究

目的 :探讨土壤中甲螨孳生的种群数量与土壤铬污染之间的相互关系。方法 :于某大型化工厂周围土壤 10 m、1km、10 km及远郊农田土壤设立采样点 ,各采集 5 0份样本 ,每份样本采集 (10× 10× 10 )cm3的土壤 ,置 Tullgren电热分螨器中分离甲螨 ,计算甲螨在不同环境中的密度、丰度、优势属 ;同时用原子吸收光谱法分别测定化工厂周围土壤及远郊农田土壤样本中的铬含量。结果 :化工厂周围土壤总体甲螨的密度、丰度和优势度分别为 1975 7(131.71± 2 8.34)个 / m2、131.7个 /样本、嗜草甲螨、门罗点肋甲螨 ,远郊农田土壤甲螨的密度、丰度和优势度分别为 984 5 (6 5 .6 3± 18.36 )个 / m2、6 5 .6 3个 /样本、滑菌甲螨、嗜草甲螨、被盖头甲螨、棒菌甲螨、新小奥甲螨、普通尖棱甲螨 ,两者相比差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1)。化工厂周围土壤及远郊农田土壤总体铬浓度分别为 (0 .2 5± 0 .0 7) mg/ kg、(0 .0 8± 0 .0 2 ) m g/ kg,两者相比差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1)。化工厂周围土壤 10 m、1km、10 km、处甲螨的密度分别为 16 4 89(32 9.78± 31.2 2 )个 / m2、2 2 5 7(45 .14± 9.4 5 )个 / m2 、10 11(2 0 .0± 3.33)个 / m2 ,化工厂周围土壤样本的甲螨密度较高 ,与远效农田土壤相比 ,差异有显著性 (P<0 .0 1)。结论     

淮南地区屋宇生态系粉螨群落组成和多样性研究

为了调查屋宇生态系中粉螨群落的物种组成和多样性,选取屋宇生态系中4种不同环境的灰尘进行粉螨采集、分类鉴定及数据分析。结果表明,44.9%标本发现粉螨,其中床面灰尘样本粉螨的阳性率为69%,地面灰尘粉螨的阳性率为52%,衣物灰尘粉螨的阳性率为32.5%和家具灰尘粉螨的阳性率为26%,检获粉螨14种,隶属于5科11属。多样性分析结果表明,4种环境的物种丰富度指数Rmargalef为0.400~1.170,Shannon-Wiener指数(H′)为1.574~2.480,Pielou指数(J)为0.967~0.978,说明温湿度及粉螨孳生食性对不同环境中粉螨群落的组成和多样性起直接限制作用,而人类干扰也是较为重要的影响因素。     

肺螨病病原学的研究

在流行病学的基础上,我们对肺螨病的病原学进行了研究,痰检共发现10种螨:包括粗脚粉螨、腐食酪螨、椭圆食粉螨、粉尘螨、屋尘螨、伯氏嗜木螨、食菌嗜木螨、梅氏嗜霉螨、谷跗线螨、和普通肉食螨。其中粉尘螨和跗线螨是主要致病原,其次为肉食螨。同时对肺螨病患者工作环境中滋生的螨类作了调查,共分离出28种螨,隶属10科,19属。把痰螨与环境中的螨相比较,二者有一致性,说明了患者的致病原来于工作环境。     

鹤伴山国家森林公园土壤甲螨群落结构

2001年5月、8月、11月对鹤伴山国家森林公园土壤甲螨群落结构进行定量研究,结果表明:该地区土壤甲螨群落由41属组成,其中优势属及亚优势属5个:木单翼甲螨、合若甲螨及菌甲螨、小奥甲螨、礼服甲螨。各样点土壤甲螨群落的组成和数量分布均有明显不同,样点Ⅰ有31属,样点Ⅱ23属;密度最高的样点Ⅲ达8450头/m2,为平均密度的1.3倍,样点Ⅳ密度最低,虫口密度仅有4583头/m2,为平均密度的0.7倍。甲螨群落数量的季节变化明显,春季数量最高,秋季次之,夏季最低。MGP分析结果表明,该区土壤甲螨群落属于O型和P型,P群的种类和数量均明显多于M群和G群。甲螨群落的异质性高,多样性指数较高,可达最大多样性指数的4/5,各样点之间的多样性指数有一定的差异。各样点之间的群落相似性较高,少数样点之间为中等不相似,大多数样点间为中度相似,两种聚类方法结果明显不同,说明植被类型及海拔高度对土壤甲螨群落种类组成具有一定的影响,对其数量分布的影响更加明显。     

阜阳地区居室环境中粉螨的群落组成和多样性

目的调查安徽省阜阳地区居室环境中粉螨的群落组成和多样性。方法于2009年7月,选择100户家庭进行样本采集,每居室环境中取4个采样点,对采集到的地面灰尘、床面灰尘、家具灰尘及衣物灰尘进行粉螨的分离、鉴定、计数和数据分析。结果共检获粉螨3609只,隶属于6科15属,共19种。对4类居室灰尘中粉螨群落多样性分析表明:它们的丰富度指数为0.89~2.09,多样性指数为1.28~1.83,均匀度指数为0.65~0.71。结论粉螨群落的结构及多样性与其生境条件直接相关;阜阳地区人居环境粉螨孳生密度较高(48.5%),应加强防螨措施。     

2019年不同类型流感病毒在佛山地区流行特征分析

2017-2018年间,流感病毒在我国流行态势严重,为探讨佛山地区流感病毒的流行特征,为佛山市流感的防控提供科学依据,本研究搜集2019年佛山市流感监测哨点医院采集的流感样病例标本,采用实时荧光RT-PCR检测流感病毒核酸,分析佛山市流感流行病学数据库病人详细信息,分析流行趋势及病毒流行的类型,为制定流感的防控提供科学依据.结果显示:2019年共检测流感样病例咽拭子标本1356例,流感病毒核酸检测阳性率为25.52％,甲型流感病毒阳性率为19.17％,乙型流感病毒阳性率为6.34％.不同职业人群共18个,小学生(7.67％),幼托儿童(3.17％)流感病毒核酸检测阳性率较高.把年龄分成5个年龄段进行分析,流感阳性率最高的是25～59岁组与5～14岁组.2019年佛山地区主要检出新甲H1型、季H3型、BV型三种型别,1月份,12月份为流感活跃的两个高峰,各型别在不同的时间交替或共同流行.不同性别的人群流感阳性率差异无统计学意义.不同型别病毒株在不同性别人群间阳性率差异无统计学意义.本研究结果提示佛山地区主要以甲型流感流行为主,优势亚型为新甲H1型,季H3型,部分乙型流感患者,以BV型为主.流感病毒感染的重点人群是小学生与幼托儿童,不同类型的流感病毒,在不同性别人群间感染无差异.通过对2019年佛山市流感流行特征的分析可以为佛山市流感的防控提供科学依据.     

Clinical Significance of Skin Reactions to Mite Extracts in Children with Asthma

The mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus has been identified in dust from the houses of children in Birmingham suffering from asthma. Skin tests were carried out on 150 asthmatic children with extracts of D. pteronyssinus, of the related species D. farinae, of other mites found in house dust, and of crude house dust. Though positive reactions to D. pteronyssinus were obtained more frequently and were of greater size than those to the other extracts, it was considered that D. farinae is a suitable substitute for D. pteronyssinus for skin testing.In further tests on 302 asthmatic children with mite extracts and with extracts of allergens obtained commercially reactions to the former extracts were much more common than reactions to the latter.Major skin reactions (weals with diameter of 5 mm. or more) were present in 77% of children with a history of perennial asthma and house-dust sensitivity. Hence allergy to house-dust mites, particularly D. pteronyssinus, is of considerable importance in childhood asthma, and further study of the ecology and control of the mites in dust is desirable.     

Detection of mite antigens in house dust in Moscow

The acarological+ study of dust samples from the homes of allergic patients and normal persons in Moscow mite antigens were detected, respectively, in 66.7% and 38.1% of homes. The indirect mast cell degranulation test and the brain gliacyte volume change test in white rats gave similar results. The occurrence of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus was approximately twice as great of D. farinae, and the numerical prevalence of the former species over the latter one was 1.3-fold. Dermatophagoides mites occurred in the homes of allergic patients 1.8-2.3 times as frequently as in the homes of normal persons.     

Allergenic mites (Acariformes, Pyroglyphidae) in house dust

Paper is the second part of the literature review on house dust mites (including 1985). It deals with the diagnosis of the dust mite allergy, the nature of the mite allergens, distribution and population density of the mites in various premises, seasonal population dynamics and population age structure of the dermatophagoid mites, life cycle and breeding of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae on different food substrates. The methods of the house dust mite control are discussed. The original data on the house dust mite distribution in Moscow is shown. A comparative estimation of the results of mite antigens in the house dust discovering by the acarological and three immunological methods are given.     

Abundance of house dust mites in relation to climate in contrasting agricultural settlements in Israel

The correlation between climatic conditions and mite numbers in houses from rural areas was studied in 13 agricultural communities (kibbutzim and moshavim) in nine geo-climatic subregions of Israel. Mites were present in 97% of the dust samples. The average number of mites per gram of dust in the different localities ranged between 84 and 2053. The maximum number of mites (7440/g dust) was found in a carpet from a house in Geva Carmel in the northern coastal region. The most prevalent species of mites were Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farinae, which were found in 85.6% and 71.3% of the samples, respectively. The house dust mites D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and Euroglyphus maynei constituted 94.8% of the mites. Most of the mites were isolated from the carpets and sofas (37.0% and 33.7%, respectively), and a smaller number from beds (29.3%). The smallest number of mites (< or = 250/g dust) were found at a minimum relative humidity (RH) of 30% and lower, with a maximum temperature of 32 degrees C and higher, i.e. in the Jordan valley and Negev mountains. A greater number of mites (250-500/g dust) were found at a minimum ambient RH of 35-40% and a maximum temperature of 32 degrees C and higher, i.e. the Hula valley. A large number of mites (500-1000/g dust) were found at a minimum RH of 35-40% with a maximum temperature of 30 degrees C and lower, i.e. in the Judean and Samarian range, as well as in upper Galilee. The largest number of mites (1000-2000/g dust) was found at a minimum RH of 45% and higher, with a maximum temperature ranging between 30 and 32 degrees C. These conditions occur in the coastal strip, the coastal plain and in the Judean and Samarian foothills. A monthly examination of two houses in Zova, a kibbutz in the Judean hills next to Jerusalem, and two houses from Palmachim, a kibbutz in the coastal region, revealed that the highest prevalence of mites was found in the months April-November and May-November, respectively. In Zova, the highest number of mites were found during the months of June and July while the highest concentrations of D. pteronyssinus-antigen (Der p I) were measured during the month of September. A positive correlation between mite numbers and the quantity of Der p I in house dust was found.     

Effectiveness of education for control of house dust mites and cockroaches in Seoul, Korea

We evaluated the efficacy of health education in reducing indoor arthropod allergens in Seoul. The mite control measures comprised the use of mite-proof mattress and pillow coverings, regular washing of potentially infested materials, maintenance of a low humidity, removal of carpets, and frequent vacuum cleaning. Cockroach control measures included trapping, application of insecticides, and protecting food. Of 201 homes enrolled in October 1999, 63 volunteers were included in a 2-year follow-up survey between April 2000 and January 2002. Before intervention, the density of mites/g of dust varied greatly; 27.1/g in childrenos bedding, 20/g in adult bedding, 7.2/g on the floors of childrenos bedrooms, 6.8/g in sofas, 5.9/g on the floors of adultos bedrooms, 3.9/g on living room floors, 3.7/g in carpets, and 1.9 mites/g on kitchen floors. The predominant mite species and house percentages infested were; Dermatophagoides farinae 93%, D. pteronyssinus 9%, and Tyrophagus putrescentiae 8%. Comparing 1999 and 2001 infestations, before and after 25 mo of education, mite abundance was reduced by 98%, from 23.7 to 0.57 mites/g of dust. In 1999, cockroaches were detected in 62% homes: 36% Blattella germanica and 35% Periplaneta spp., including 9% double infestations of B. germanica and P. americana. Following intervention, cockroach infestation rates decreased to 22% of houses in 2000 and 23% in 2001. We conclude that continuous and repetitive health education resulted in the effective control of domestic arthropods.     

House dust mite allergens in domestic homes in Cheonan, Korea

House dust mites produce inhalant allergens of importance to allergic patients. We measured the major group 1 allergens, Der p 1 and Der f 1, from the house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Dermatophagoides farina, respectively in 100 randomly selected domestic homes from Cheonan, Korea. Dust samples were collected by vacuuming from the living room floor and 1 mattress in each home. Der p 1 and Der f 1 were measured by double monoclonal ELISA. Der p 1 levels were very low, with geometric mean levels for floors and mattresses being 0.11 microgram/g (range: 0.01-4.05) and 0.14 microgram/g (range: 0.01-30.0), respectively. Corresponding levels of Der f 1 were higher, 7.46 microgram/g (range: 0.01-262.9) and 10.2 microgram/g (range: 0.01-230.9) for floors and mattresses, respectively. D. farinae appears to be the dominant house dust mite in Cheonan.     

Acaricidal activity and function of mite indicator using plumbagin and its derivatives isolated from Diospyros kaki Thunb. roots (Ebenaceae)

Acaricidal effects of materials derived from Diospyros kaki roots against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus were assessed using impregnated fabric disk bioassay and compared with that of the commercial benzyl benzoate. The observed responses varied according to dosage and mite species. The LD50 values of the chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots were 1.66 and 0.96 microg/cm2 against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. The chloroform extract of Diospyros kaki roots was approximately 15.2 more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae, and 7.6 times more toxic against D. pteronyssinus. Purification of the biologically active constituent from D. kaki roots was done by using silica gel chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography. The structure of the acaricidal component was analyzed by GCMS, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, 1H-13C COSY-NMR, and DEPTNMR spectra, and identified as plumbagin. The acaricidal activity of plumbagin and its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, 2,3-dibromo-1,4-naphthoquinone, and 2-bromo-1,4- naphthoquinone) was examined. On the basis of LD50 values, the most toxic compound against D. farinae was naphthazarin (0.011 microg/cm2) followed by plumbagin (0.019 microg/cm2), 2- bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone (0.079 microg/cm2), dichlon (0.422 microg/ cm2), and benzyl benzoate (9.14 microg/cm2). Additionally, the skin color of the dust mites was changed from colorless-transparent to dark brown-black by the treatment of plumbagin. Similar results have been exhibited in its derivatives (naphthazarin, dichlon, and 2-bromo-1,4-naphthoquinone). In contrast, little or no discoloration was observed for benzyl benzoate. From this point of view, plumbagin and its derivatives can be very useful for the potential control agents, lead compounds, and indicator of house dust mites.     

Sequence polymorphisms of Der f 1, Der p 1, Der f 2 and Der p 2 from Korean house dust mite isolates

Amino acid sequence variations have possible influences on the allergenicity of allergens and may be important factors in allergen standardization. This study was undertaken to investigate the sequence polymorphisms of group 1 and 2 allergens from Korean isolates of the house dust mites Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus. cDNA sequences encoding group 1 and 2 allergens were amplified by RT-PCR and compared the deduced amino acid sequences. Der f 1.0101, which appeared in 64.0 % of the 50 sequences analyzed, was found to be predominant. Among the Der p 1 sequences, Der p 1.0102 and 1.0105 were predominant (58 %). Among the Der f 2 sequences, Der f 2.0102 (40.7 %) and a new variant with Gly at position 42 (27.8 %) were predominant. The deduced amino acid sequences of 60 Der p 2 clones were examined, and 28 variants with 1-5 amino acid substitutions were found. Interestingly, all of the Der p 2 sequences had Thr instead of Lys at position 49. Two variants (Leu40, Thr49, and Asn114 (26.6 %); Val40, Thr49, and Asn114 (20.0 %)) were found to be the most predominant forms of Der p 2. Der p 1 has a high rate of sporadic substitutions and the group 2 allergens show a more regular pattern with orderly associations of amino acid substitutions. Der f 1 and Der p 2 from Korean mite isolates have unique amino acid sequence polymorphisms. These findings provide important data for house dust mite allergen standardization.     

Acaricidal effects of quinone and its congeners and color alteration of Dermatophagoides spp. with quinone

Acaricidal activity of the active constituent derived from Pyrus ussuriensis fruits against Dermatophagoides farinae and D. pteronyssinus was examined and compared with that of the commercial benzyl benzoate. The LD50 value of the ethyl acetate fraction obtained from the aqueous extract of P ussuriensis fruits was 9.51 and 8.59 microg/cm3 against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. The active constituent was identified as quinone by spectroscopic analyses. On the basis of LD50 values with quinone and its congeners, the compound most toxic against D. farinae was quinone (1.19 microg/cm3), followed by quinaldine (1.46), benzyl benzoate (9.32), 4-quinolinol (86.55), quinine (89.16), and 2-quinolinol (91.13). Against D. pteronyssinus, these were quinone (1.02 microg/ cm3), followed by quinaldine (1.29), benzyl benzoate (8.54), 4-quinolinol (78.63), quinine (82.33), and 2-quinolinol (86.24). These results indicate that the acaricidal activity of the aqueous extracts can be mostly attributed to quinone. Quinone was about 7.8 and 8.4 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus. Additionally, quinaldine was about 6.4 and 6.6 times more toxic than benzyl benzoate against D. farinae and D. pteronyssinus, respectively. Furthermore, the skin color of the dust mites was changed from colorless-transparent to dark brown-black by the treatment of quinone. These results indicate that quinone can be very useful as potential control agents, lead compounds, or the indicator of house dust mites.     

The fauna, number and spatial distribution of mites (Acari) in house dust in Moscow

There is a wide and strong allergenic background in Moscow, which is determined by relatively high population density and regular frequency of the allergenic mites in various premises. 34 species have been identified, 5 of them are allergen producers. The mites of the family Pyroglyphidae are the main component of the house dust fauna. Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae distributed all over the world are predominate. A comparative evaluation of the fauna structure, numbers and frequency of the allergenic mites in the flat dust of the allergic patients and healthy people as well as premises is given. Possible importance of the premises in prevalence and circulation of the allergenic mites in the modern town is estimated for the first time.