家蚕催青前期胚胎蛋白质双向电泳图谱分析

为了探讨家蚕Bombyx mori胚胎蛋白质整体变化,以多化性品种P50为材料,采用蛋白质双向电泳技术及图像分析技术分析了催青前期胚胎（戊₃以前）各个时期蛋白质图谱及其变化情况。研究发现:从临界Ⅱ期（丙_２）胚胎到缩短期(戊₂)胚胎蛋白质双向电泳图谱基本稳定,存在于临界Ⅱ期胚胎的蛋白斑点在催青前期的4个胚胎中消失的个数较少,仅占22.80％,而在催青的最后2个胚胎中消失的蛋白质斑点却占48.18％;在神经沟出现（丁₁）、腹肢突起（丁₂）、上唇突起（戊₁）和缩短期（戊₂）胚胎的双向电泳图谱中能够检测到100个特异蛋白质斑点,这些特异蛋白质斑点大多在随后邻近的胚胎发育中消失,暗示了这些特异蛋白可能与相应胚胎的形体特征发育有关。     

双向电泳法在家蚕蛋白质分离中的应用

家蚕Bombyxmori(L.)既是重要的经济昆虫,又是鳞翅目昆虫研究的典型模式生物。开展家蚕蛋白质组研究,将有助于阐明家蚕绢丝蛋白的分泌机理,也是研究鳞翅目昆虫及其他生物生命本质的需要。双向电泳是蛋白质分离的关键技术。为探讨适宜家蚕蛋白质组研究的双向电泳条件,以家蚕丝腺、丝腺内容物、蚕卵和血液为材料,在不同条件下进行双向电泳,并对分离的蛋白点进行质谱分析。结果表明:通过改进的蛋白质裂解液辅以超声破碎制备的蛋白质,双向电泳后能够得到较好的2-DE图,也能满足进行MALDI-TOFMS分析的需要。因此本研究方法适用于家蚕不同组织中蛋白质的提取和双向电泳。     

家蚕催青后期胚胎蛋白质双向电泳图谱分析

采用蛋白质双向电泳技术分析了家蚕Bombyx mori催青后期胚胎蛋白质图谱的变化。研究发现: 在头胸分化期（戊₃）、反转期（己₁）、毛瘤发生期（己₂）、点青期（己₃）、转青期（己₄）和孵化期（己₅）胚胎蛋白质的双向电泳图谱中共检测到209个特异蛋白斑点,其中己₃和己₄两个胚胎出现的特异蛋白斑点数在整个催青期胚胎中为最多,分别达55和77个。与催青前期胚胎出现的特异蛋白斑点变化规律相似,这些特异蛋白斑点大多也是在随后邻近的胚胎发育中消失。推测这些特异蛋白可能与相应胚胎的形体特征发育有关。     

五龄家蚕若干组织器官蛋白质数据库构建

为构建家蚕蛋白质数据库,达到从蛋白质水平研究基因的表达及表达产物的加工修饰的目的,采用五龄家蚕休体壁、中肠和脂肪为材料获取蛋白质样品,用蛋白质双向电泳技术分离、纯化蛋白质,对其中的40个蛋白质斑点进行了氨基酸序列分析及同源性检索,发现其中58.5％的蛋白质与果蝇的有关蛋白质具有较高同源性,36.5％与其他生物的蛋白质具有较高同源性,只有5％与家蚕已知蛋白拷贝产高同源性,研究发现有27个蛋白质的N－末端氨基酸序列在家蚕中是第一次被检测到,并通过互联网向SWISS－PROT数据库进行了登录。研究证明利用蛋白质数据库的结果,可以得到基因表达及其产物修饰的信息。     

家蚕幼虫5龄期中肠蛋白质组学

利用双向电泳技术对家蚕幼虫5龄期第2天、第5天和第7天的中肠蛋白质进行分离, 并利用ImageMaster 2D Platinum对所分离得到的蛋白图谱进行比较, 并对一些蛋白质斑点进行了质谱鉴定。研究发现, 家蚕中肠蛋白质具有区别于家蚕其他组织的明显特征: 蛋白质大多分布在PI值4-8、分子量20~70 kD的区域, 且分布不均匀, 主要集中在酸性一侧, 这一特点在家蚕5龄期第7天的图谱尤为明显。5龄期家蚕第2天的蛋白质斑点数目为869个, 而到第5天增加到966个, 新增蛋白数目97个, 进一步观察发现增加的蛋白主要分布在PI值6-9, 分子量20~40 kD区间; 随着进入幼虫成熟期, 蛋白质斑点数目明显减少, 第7天斑点数仅为420个, 比第5天减少了56.5%。这些结果说明家蚕中肠组织蛋白质组成在5龄早、中、晚期经历了较大变化, 暗示这可能与中肠的功能相适应。从MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定的斑点发现了构成家蚕中肠组织的一些新的部分结构蛋白和一些可能与消化、吸收相关的蛋白, 还发现一些能够抵御外界微生物入侵的相关蛋白。这些结果为进一步认识家蚕中肠提供了重要的理论基础。     

拟南芥蛋白质组研究中双向电泳技术条件的优化

双向电泳技术是蛋白质组学研究中的关键技术,是目前分辨率最高的工具之一.而提高双向电泳图蛋白质点的数目和分辨率,可以提高蛋白质组技术平台的信息完整性.通过对拟南芥双向电泳技术过程中的适当改进,如蛋白质的提取与溶解方法、上样量和聚丙烯酰胺凝胶浓度,加入硫脲,硫代硫酸钠等,对拟南芥双向电泳技术进行了优化,提高了双向电泳图谱的蛋白质点数目与分辨率.     

家蚕丝腺蛋白质组学研究方法的建立

通过高精度的双向电泳技术对家蚕中部丝腺组织的蛋白质进行分离,采用基质辅助激光解析电离飞行时间质谱(matrix-assistedlaserdesorption/ionizationtimeofflightmassspectrometry,MALDI-TOF-MS)对其中一些表达量较高的蛋白点进行鉴定,并利用GPMAW(GeneralProtein/MassAnalysisforWindows)软件结合家蚕基因组预测的蛋白质数据库构建本地的肽质量指纹图谱数据库,对所得到的肽质量指纹图谱进行分析。研究发现,经过双向凝胶电泳及其图象分析技术,硝酸银染色和考马斯亮蓝染色分别能分离出500个以上和100个以上的蛋白点。这些蛋白质点主要集中在分子量15~90kD区域,等电点pH3·5~7之间。MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定的25个考染蛋白点中有60%以上的PMF(PeptideMassFingerprint)的信号峰较强。在数据库检索过程中,利用家蚕肽质量指纹数据库所得检索结果与在Mascot的检索结果相比,前者不仅能够准确鉴定出一些已有研究报道的蛋白,从而验证检索方法的可行性,而且还能够对一些已经被家蚕基因组数据库所预测但未曾报道的新蛋白质进行鉴定,从而建立了一整套适合于家蚕蛋白质组研究的方法,并为其它绢丝昆虫蛋白质组研究提供了重要参考。     

家蚕脂肪体蛋白质组学研究

通过高精度的双向电泳技术对家蚕末龄幼虫的脂肪体组织进行了研究,采用基质辅助质量飞行时间质谱对其中一些表达量较高的蛋白点进行了鉴定,并利用GPMAW软件结合家蚕基因组预测的蛋白质数据库构建了本地的肽质量指纹图谱数据库,对所得到的肽质量指纹图谱进行了分析。研究发现,经过双向凝胶电泳及其图象分析技术,银染可以分离出722个清晰蛋白点,这些蛋白质主要集中在分子量15～90kD区域,等电点pH4～8之间。MALDI-TOF-MS鉴定的41个蛋白点中都有较强的肽质量指纹信号峰,其中34个蛋白点得到了成功鉴定,其中包括了大量参与代谢的酶类、不同分子量的热激蛋白、重要的血液蛋白30K,Actin3等,这一结果对人们进一步认识家蚕脂肪体提供了有利的帮助。     

发菜蛋白质组双向电泳技术的建立及优化

为建立适用于发菜(Nostoc flagelliforme)蛋白质组研究的双向电泳技术,对发菜蛋白质的提取、裂解、上样量、IEF及SDS-PAGE电泳等关键步骤进行了优化,结果显示:发菜蛋白质主要分布在pH 4～7范围内,采用改良TCA法可提高提取液中蛋白质的含量和双向电泳图谱的分辨率,裂解液含60 mmol/L DTT,24 cm IPG胶条上样量1.5 mg时不仅提高了蛋白质的溶解性,而且改善了双向电泳的分离效果,得到近800个蛋白点,且蛋白点清晰,图谱分辨率较好.采用优化后的双向电泳体系提高了发菜蛋白质双向电泳的分辨率和重复性,建立起一套适用于发菜蛋白质组分析的双向电泳方法.     

玉米花丝蛋白质组双向电泳条件的优化

以玉米温敏自交不亲和系‘HE97’的花丝为材料,比较了3种不同蛋白质提取方法对双向电泳结果的影响,并对其中的蛋白质上样量、等电聚焦条件及SDS-PAGE凝胶浓度进行了探索与优化。结果表明,与酚提取法和改良的酚提取法相比,采用三氯乙酸/丙酮提取法提取蛋白质操作简便,所得的双向电泳图谱蛋白质点数较多,图谱背景清晰,是一种提取玉米花丝蛋白质的有效方法。优化后的双向电泳技术体系适合于玉米花丝全蛋白质的双向电泳分析。     

Possible effect of 30K proteins in embryonic development of silkworm Bombyx mori

The silkworm Bombyx mori possesses a 30K protein family of 3×10~4 Da,the biologicalfunctions of which have not been fully identified.The relationship between the 30K protein family and theembryonic development of temperature sensitive sex-linked mutant strain of silkworm was investigated bytwo dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(2D-PAGE)and Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry(MALDI-TOF MS).The results show that protein spots 1-5 of the 30Kprotein family,mainly existing in normal strain,are possibly related to embryonic development.The earlyconsumption of a 30K protein named 6G1-30K-1 and the accumulation of 30K proteins named 6G1-30K-3and 6G1-30K-4 are likely caused by the destruction of physiological balance in normal embryonic development,which may lead to lower hatchability of the temperature sensitive strain.The results suggest that reasonablemetabolism of 30K proteins is a prerequisite for the embryo's normal development.     

Molecular properties and tissue distribution of 30K proteins as ommin-binding proteins from diapause eggs of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

We previously reported the purification of an ommin-binding protein (OMBP) from an acid-methanol extract of diapause eggs of the silkworm and that OMBP reacted with the anti-30K proteins antiserum. In order to clarify the relationship between OMBP and the 30K proteins, we attempted to determine the sequence of the N-terminal amino acid of OMBP, which was separated by two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE). We observed ten protein spots of various isoelectric points; the spots corresponded with 30 kDa. Based on the sequence of the N-terminal amino acid (20 residues), the spots belonged to two kinds of 30K proteins (6G1 and 19G1), which are known as the major plasma proteins in the larval hemolymph of the silkworm. The proteins are expected to attach to polysaccharide because they reacted with concanavalin A and elderberry bark lectin. Immunohistochemical observations clarified that the proteins were localized in yolk granules and serosa in the diapause egg. These results suggest that OMBP is composed of 30K proteins which were modified with polysaccharides. In addition, the expression of 30K proteins mRNA was observed at early embryonic stage in diapause eggs by RT-PCR analysis. The 30K proteins as OMBP may play an important role in the transport and accumulation of tryptophan metabolites and ommochrome during the formation of serosa.     

家蚕雌性附腺及其Ng突变体的蛋白质组差异研究

家蚕雌蛾性附腺在化蛾前2到3天开始大量分泌胶状粘性蛋白,其贮存部迅速地膨大,而其Ng突变体的雌蛾性附腺不能正常分泌胶状粘性物质.分别对家蚕(Bombyx mori)的正常及Ng突变体雌蛾性附腺分泌部组织的蛋白质进行提取,并采用双向凝胶电泳和计算机辅助分析方法,对提取的蛋白质混合物进行分离和比较分析,并对主要差异表达的蛋白质用质谱鉴定.实验结果表明,用银染法,平均每张电泳图谱可以分离约700个蛋白质点,其中大部分的蛋白质点分布在pH 4～8范围内,其分子质量主要集中在30～70 ku区域.比较分析发现一些差异表达蛋白,其中No2,3蛋白质点经质谱鉴定为肌动蛋白A3,该蛋白质只在化蛹后期正常雌性附腺组织中特异表达,而Ng突变体中肌动蛋白A3的缺失,暗示了肌动蛋白A3可能与家蚕雌性附腺的胶状粘性物质的胞外分泌有关.     

Comparison of protein solubilization methods suitable for proteomic analysis of soybean seed proteins

Extraction of soybean seed proteins for two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) and mass spectrometry analysis is challenging and inconsistent. In this study, we compared four different protein extraction/solubilization methods-urea, thiourea/urea, phenol, and a modified trichloroacetic acid (TCA)/acetone-to determine their efficacy in separating soybean seed proteins by 2D-PAGE. In all four methods, seed storage proteins were well separated by 2D-PAGE with minor variations in the intensity of the spots. The thiourea/urea and TCA methods showed higher protein resolution and spot intensity of all proteins compared with the other two methods. In addition, several less abundant and high molecular weight proteins were clearly resolved and strongly detected using the thiourea/urea and TCA methods. Protein spots obtained from the TCA method were subjected to mass spectrometry analysis to test their quality and compatibility. Fifteen protein spots were selected, digested with trypsin, and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The proteins identified were beta-conglycinin, glycinin, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor, alcohol dehydrogenase, Gly m Bd 28K allergen, and sucrose binding proteins. These results suggest that the thiourea/urea and TCA methods are efficient and reliable methods for 2D separation of soybean seed proteins and subsequent identification by mass spectrometry.     

Proteome analysis of the silkworm (Bombyx mori. L) colleterial gland during different development stages

The silkworm, Bombyx mori, colleterial gland developed very slowly until 2 days before emergence, then markedly enlarged due to the accumulation of a glue-like substances (mainly including 85% water and 11% proteins). However, the No glue (Ng) mutant female moth secreted only very little glue-like substance and laid loose eggs naturally. High-resolution two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by computer-assisted analysis, was used to screen the secretory region of colleterial gland protein patterns during different development stages to find quantitative and qualitative difference in protein expression during the pupae and moth stages. More than 700 protein spots were resolved in different developmental stages from the secretory region of the glands and most of the proteins were distributed in the mass range from 30 to 70 kD with pH 4-8. Through comparison and analysis, it was found that 3 proteins were only expressed in the later pupae stage (one or two days before emergence) and moth stage. Furthermore, these proteins were not expressed in the Ng mutant especially actin. There was a great variation of some protein expression volume during the development. Protein spots that changed more than 1.5-fold in expression level (relative to day 9), including 6 spots that were down-regulated and 2 spots that were up-regulated in expression were excised for identification by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Results indicated that actins that participated or regulated the exocytosis of colleterial gland and other differentially expressed proteins might be related to colleterial gland development or the secretion of a glue-like substance.     

Gene expression and lysosomal content of silkworm peritracheal athrocytes

To examine the function of silkworm Bombyx mori L. athrocytes (nephrocytes), we constructed cDNAs of larval peritracheal athrocytes that were anatomically isolated from surrounding tissues. Larval expression levels of genes encoding hemolymph proteins, such as arylphorin, the 30K proteins, and lysozyme, were lower in peritracheal athrocytes than in the fat body, whereas genes involved in protein degradation were highly expressed in athrocytes. Real time RT-PCR revealed that a member of the Hsp40/Dnaj protein family, DjA2 (also known as Rdj2, Dj3, Dnj3, Cpr3, and Hirip4), an endocytic gene, was highly expressed in the peritracheal athrocytes compared to the fat body. Homologs of the Drosophila ATG1, ATG5, ATG6, and ATG8 genes had high expression levels in the peritracheal athrocytes. Observations using laser confocal microscopy with lysosomal fluorescent probes showed that silkworm athrocytes, including pericardial cells, suboesophageal body, and peritracheal athrocytes, were rich in lysosomes, in contrast to other tissues. Peritracheal athrocytes had lysotracker-positive spots at all times from the fourth larval molt to the pupa. Of these, molting larval and pupal peritracheal athrocytes had larger spots. Starvation for 24h induced greater lysotracker staining, but the number of spots decreased. Silkworm peritracheal athrocytes are lysosome-rich tissues and may function in the degradation of proteins.     

家蚕蛹期雌雄生殖腺蛋白质双向电泳比较分析

分析家蚕Bombyx mori雌雄生殖腺细胞蛋白质,有利于发现性别分化相关的功能蛋白质,探讨生殖腺发育相关基因的表达调控机理。本研究利用蛋白质双向凝胶电泳和图像分析技术,分析家蚕蛹期第2天的雌雄生殖腺细胞蛋白质。结果表明: 在雄蚕生殖腺蛋白质电泳图谱中共检测到435个蛋白斑点,其中特异性蛋白斑点73个,占总蛋白斑点数的16.8％;雌蚕生殖腺的电泳图谱中有417个蛋白斑点,其中特异性蛋白斑点55个,占总蛋白斑点数的13.2％。雌雄能匹配的蛋白斑点有362对,匹配率达85.0％。