新疆托木尔峰自然保护区雪豹调查初报

2004年10 ～11月对新疆托木尔峰国家自然保护区的5个地点进行雪豹痕迹调查,结果显示其中英也尔、库尔干以及塔克拉克地区的雪豹痕迹数量较多,确定是雪豹的活动分布区.通过42条样带调查共发现雪豹痕迹3类57处,其中足迹71.9%,刨痕21.1%,粪便7.0%.痕迹分布表明雪豹在栖息地选择上也有规律,在山谷、山坡、山嵴等不同地貌中雪豹对山谷有偏好;在森林、灌丛、草地和荒漠等植被类型中雪豹会避开荒漠.     

川西峨眉晚白垩世夹关期河流沉积中的痕迹化石群落*

晚白垩世夹关组中的痕迹化石群落至少由12个痕迹属17个痕迹种组成,其中包括5个新痕迹种,即Cystichrtium cuwatitivum,Steinichnus laryus,Paradidymaulichnus emeiertsis,Monmorphichnus lineates和Rusophycus univalvis.这一化石群落主要是无脊椎动物的进食迹、觅食迹、爬迹、停息迹和居住迹,其中多数呈下浮痕和全浮痕保存,并形成于经常干旱的河流环境(大多出现在泛滥平原沉积中).该群落可识别出两个痕迹化石组合,即1) Scoyenia-Steinichnus-Rusophycus组合,它主要产自泛滥平原和漫滩环境;2)Skolithos-Arenicolites组合,它代表一种水道砂坝或曲流砂坝环境.     

利用自动照相术获得天山雪豹拍摄率与个体数量

采用红外线自动照相机记录雪豹的活动和个体数量,这在国内尚属首次。野外调查开始于2005年10月18日,至12月27日结束。累计野外工作71d,共布设36台红外照相机,约2094个照相日,50256h,收回胶卷71个。在新疆天山托木尔峰自然保护区内5个峡谷的16个地点成功拍摄到清晰雪豹照片约32张,平均拍摄率或“捕获率”达1.53%。根据照片个体斑纹分析和“雪后痕迹调查”(SignSurveyAfterSnowing)的信息,确定在250km2范围内有5-8只雪豹活动,个体的日活动距离3-10km/d,其最低分布密度为2.0-3.2只/100km2。还拍摄到其它野生动物照片22张,如北山羊、野猪、草兔、石鸡、赤狐等。另外,还调查样线20条,搜集粪样和毛发样品计31个。     

新疆北塔山雪豹对秋季栖息地的选择

2004年9~10月,对新疆北塔山地区雪豹(Unicaunica)栖息地选择进行了调查。在选定的15条样带上测定了59个利用样方及30个任意样方的6种生境特征(海拔、地形、植被类型、生境平坦度、放牧状况和坡向),其结果如下:Vanderploeg和Scavia选择指数表明:雪豹对海拔、地形、植被类型、生境平坦度和坡向存在选择性:(1)雪豹偏好利用海拔2000~2200m,而避开2600~3000m区域;(2)倾向于悬崖底部和山嵴,避开山坡和山谷;(3)偏好于灌丛,避开森林;(4)避开平坦的开阔地;(5)倾向于选择非放牧区域活动;(6)倾向于选择北坡,避开南坡。对生境特征的主成分分析显示:前3个主成分(海拔、地形和植被类型)的累积贡献率达到75·76%,可以反映雪豹的栖息地特征,同时表明:影响雪豹栖息地选择的主要因素依次为放牧状况、植被类型、地形和生境平坦度。     

新疆北塔山雪豹对秋季栖息地的选择

2004年9～10月，对新疆北塔山地区雪豹(Unica unica)栖息地选择进行了调查。在选定的15条样带上测定了59个利用样方及30个任意样方的6种生境特征(海拔、地形、植被类型、生境平坦度、放牧状况和坡向)，其结果如下：Vanderploeg和Scavia选择指数表明：雪豹对海拔、地形、植被类型、生境平坦度和坡向存在选择性：(1)雪豹偏好利用海拔2 000～2 200 m，而避开2 600～3 000 m区域；(2)倾向于悬崖底部和山嵴，避开山坡和山谷；(3)偏好于灌丛，避开森林；(4)避开平坦的开阔地；(5)倾向于选择非放牧区域活动；(6)倾向于选择北坡，避开南坡。对生境特征的主成分分析显示：前3个主成分(海拔、地形和植被类型)的累积贡献率达到75.76%，可以反映雪豹的栖息地特征，同时表明：影响雪豹栖息地选择的主要因素依次为放牧状况、植被类型、地形和生境平坦度。     

四川邛崃山系小熊猫分布

2000-2002年,对四川邛崃山系11个县(市)的小熊猫分布状况进行了调查.共完成调杏样线2332条,发现有小熊猫痕迹样线130条,分布在9个县,样线平均遇见率为5.57%,样线遇见率最高的是汶川县和崇州市;估算整个山系有小熊猫栖息地面积5107.82km2,以宝兴、汶川和天全3县的面积最大,分别占总面积的34.08%、30.65%和16.61%,这3个县占总面积的81.34%;小熊猫分布密度等级最高的区域是崇州市的四川鞍子河自然保护区.在山系内7个自然保护区中有小熊猫栖息地面积2166.84km2,占栖息地总面积的42.4%.小熊猫空间分布格局极不连续,存在许多空白区域,栖息地存在破碎化趋势,应进一步加强对邛崃山世界遗产地内小熊猫种群的保护.     

雪豹饲养与繁殖的初步研究

雪豹(Panthera uncia Schreber)是典型的高山动物,终年生活在气候寒冷、光照充足、海拔3200-5300米的高寒山区。我国主要分布在青海、西藏、新疆、甘肃、四川等省区。现已列为我国一类保护动物。 据世界动物园年刊统计,1967年以前,在全世界33个动物园中供观赏的雪豹共有46只(不包括我国数字),其中仅有15只是在人工饲养条件下出生的(苏联考纳斯动物园,1968)。1983年我国各地动物园供观赏的雪豹共35只。尽管在北京、上海、大连、银川、烟台、乌鲁木齐、西宁等7个动物园中均有雌雄配对的雪豹,但繁殖问题一直未获解决。     

雪豹（Uncia uncia）研究的文献计量评价

通过对1950—2010年SCI收录和1989—2010年CSCD收录的雪豹(Uncia uncia)研究文献分析,从年度文献数量变化、国家/地区分布、主要研究机构、期刊分布、发表文献作者、基金资助机构、刊载文献类型、学科类别和语种分布9个方面,对雪豹研究文献的分布规律和研究现状进行了统计分析。结果表明:在SCI上发表雪豹研究论文的国家排名依次是美(50.6%)、英(16.5%)、印度(12.5%)和中国(5.6%);在文献量机构排名方面,国际雪豹基金会和英国爱丁堡大学并列第一,中国科学院排名第五;中国的主要合作国家中包括了美、英和中亚国家(吉尔吉斯斯坦、蒙古)。无论是分布范围还是数量,中国雪豹资源都居于世界第一,而研究却不相匹配,国内在这方面还仍需努力。     

基于粪便DNA的雪豹种群调查和遗传多样性

雪豹 (Panthera uncia) 是仅分布于亚洲高海拔山区的珍稀濒危猫科动物.本研究在印度西南部(Ladakh)、中国青海和蒙古国的南部(南Gobi)3个独立的雪豹分布区共采集109份粪便样品.应用线粒体DNA(mtDNA) cyt b基因特异性引物对109份粪便样品进行鉴定,发现有31份粪便来自雪豹,其中印度Ladakh、我国青海和蒙古国南Gobi的雪豹样品分别为17份、3份和11份.利用重新筛选设计的7对家猫(Felis catus)微卫星引物,对雪豹粪便样品进行了基因分型分析,结果发现在Ladakh和南Gobi检测到的雪豹粪便样品分别来自4只和5只不同的雪豹个体,而青海的样品则来自同一只雪豹;遗传多样性统计分析表明,蒙古国南Gobi的雪豹微卫星遗传多样性水平低于印度的Ladakh.研究结果表明了粪便DNA在雪豹种群监测和遗传多样性研究中的可行性.     

红外拍摄日记

即将进行的第四次雪豹联合考察,由中国科学院“雪豹研究小组”、新疆生态与地理所、新疆林业局动植物保护办公室、托木尔峰自然保护区管理局、国际雪豹基金会、世界自然基金会、新疆自然保育基金会等单位的专家以及吉尔吉斯、印度、美国等国外专家共同参与这次冬季野外考察。此前．新疆雪豹研究小组自2004-2005年前后三次在新疆的阿尔泰山．北塔山、东部天山和中部天山（托木尔峰地区）进行过一系列调查。     

Role for dopamine in malonate-induced damage in vivo in striatum and in vitro in mesencephalic cultures

Defects in mitochondrial energy metabolism have been implicated in the pathology of several neurodegenerative disorders. In addition, the reactive metabolites generated from the metabolism and oxidation of the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) are thought to contribute to the damage to neurons of the basal ganglia. We have previously demonstrated that infusions of the metabolic inhibitor malonate into the striata of mice or rats produce degeneration of DA nerve terminals. In the present studies, we demonstrate that an intrastriatal infusion of malonate induces a substantial increase in DA efflux in awake, behaving mice as measured by in vivo microdialysis. Furthermore, pretreatment of mice with tetrabenazine (TBZ) or the TBZ analogue Ro 4-1284 (Ro-4), compounds that reversibly inhibit the vesicular storage of DA, attenuates the malonate-induced DA efflux as well as the damage to DA nerve terminals. Consistent with these findings, the damage to both DA and GABA neurons in mesencephalic cultures by malonate exposure was attenuated by pretreatment with TBZ or Ro-4. Treatment with these compounds did not affect the formation of free radicals or the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation resulting from malonate exposure alone. Our data suggest that DA plays an important role in the neurotoxicity produced by malonate. These findings provide direct evidence that inhibition of succinate dehydrogenase causes an increase in extracellular DA levels and indicate that bioenergetic defects may contribute to the pathogenesis of chronic neurodegenerative diseases through a mechanism involving DA.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

2017年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2017年中国植物科学继续保持高速发展态势, 重大成果频出, 具体表现在中国植物学家在国际顶级学术期刊发表的文章数量平稳上升。中国植物科学领域的研究工作者成果精彩纷呈, 如新型广谱抗病机制的发现、水稻广谱抗病遗传基础及机制和疫霉菌诱发病害成灾机制研究等。2017年中国生命科学领域十大进展评选中, 有两项植物科学领域的研究成果入选。水稻生物学、进化与基因组学和激素生物学等领域学科发展突出。另外, 值得一提的是, 长期从事高等植物与代谢途径调控分子网络研究和水稻品种设计育种的李家洋院士的研究成果“水稻高产优质性状形成的分子机理及品种设计”荣获2017年国家自然科学一等奖。这一具有重大国际影响的开创性贡献标志着中国植物科学在该领域的国际科学前沿居于引领和卓越地位。该文对2017年中国本土科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了系统梳理, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域发展的最新前沿动态, 与广大读者共同分享我国科学家所取得的辉煌成就。     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义。综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望。     

SSTR5 ablation in islet results in alterations in glucose homeostasis in mice

Somatostatin (SST) peptide is a potent inhibitor of insulin secretion and its effect is mediated via somatostatin receptor 5 (SSTR5) in the endocrine pancreas. To investigate the consequences of gene ablation of SSTR5 in the mouse pancreas, we have generated a mouse model in which the SSTR5 gene was specifically knocked down in the pancreatic beta cells (betaSSTR5Kd) using the Cre-lox system. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed that SSTR5 gene expression was absent in beta cells at three months of age. At the time of gene ablation, betaSSTR5Kd mice demonstrated glucose intolerance with lack of insulin response and significantly reduced serum insulin levels. Insulin tolerance test demonstrated a significant increase of insulin clearance in vivo at the same age. In vitro studies demonstrated an absence of response to SST-28 stimulation in the betaSSTR5Kd mouse islet, which was associated with a significantly reduced SST expression level in betaSSTR5Kd mice pancreata. In addition, betaSSTR5Kd mice had significantly reduced serum glucose levels and increased serum insulin levels at 12 months of age. Glucose tolerance test at an older age also indicated a persistently higher insulin level in betaSSTR5Kd mice. Further studies of betaSSTR5Kd mice had revealed elevated serum C-peptide levels at both 3 and 12 months of age, suggesting that these mice are capable of producing and releasing insulin to the periphery. These results support the hypothesis that SSTR5 plays a pivotal role in the regulation of insulin secretion in the mouse pancreas.     

我国葫芦科植物离体培养研究进展

葫芦科植物包括多种瓜类蔬菜,对其进行离体培养研究具有重要的理论和实践意义.综述了国内在葫芦科植物器官培养、体细胞胚胎发生、花药培养、原生质体培养和体细胞杂交及离体遗传转化等方面取得的研究进展,并对葫芦科植物离体培养、遗传转化与育种的前景作了展望.     

2018年中国植物科学若干领域重要研究进展

2018年中国植物科学继续呈现快速发展的态势, 我国科学家在国际植物科学主流学术刊物发表论文数量大幅增加, 取得了多项具有重要影响的成果。调控植物生长-代谢平衡实现可持续农业发展入选2018年度中国科学十大进展; 中国被子植物区系进化历史研究入选2018年度中国生命科学十大进展。以水稻为代表的农作物和果蔬等经济作物研究在国际上已呈现出明显的优势, 若干领域已从“追赶”状态跨越到“领跑”地位。该文对2018年中国科学家在植物科学若干领域取得的重要研究成果进行了概括性评述, 旨在全面追踪和报道当前中国植物科学领域的发展前沿和热点, 展示中国科学家所取得的杰出成就。     

Changes in aquatic vegetation in Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace in relation to disturbance

Abstract. Changes are described in aquatic vegetation in oligotrophic, groundwater-fed Rhine floodplain streams in Alsace (eastern France), resulting from disturbance. Disturbance factors include changes in nutrients, either permanent ones - effluent from a waste water treatment plant or trout hatcheries - or periodic ones: flooding. Regular inputs of high levels of phosphate and ammonia modified the macrophyte vegetation in these streams. The floristic composition, which was characteristic of oligotrophic waters upstream of the eutrophicated sector, changed to that of a eutrophic situation as originally found downstream. Periodic disturbance by floods which normally occur once a year, irregularly eutrophicates the small streams, causing the development of a mixture of eutrophic and oligotrophic species. Six macrophyte communities are distinguished, indicating different trophic levels. The aquatic vegetation is adapted to the variations of phosphate and ammonia levels. Hence, aquatic macrophytes can be used as bio-indicators of fluctuations in water nutrient levels in relation to the type of disturbance.     

Apoptosis in experimental myocardial infarction in situ and in the perfused heart in vitro

We report the appearance of apoptotic cells in experimental myocardial infarction (rabbit heart) in in situ and in vitro preparations. Apoptosis was recognized by intravital staining with Hoechst 33342 (Ho342), by nick-end labeling (TUNEL) and by DNA laddering. A steady rise in the relative number of apoptotic cardiomyocytes (apoptotic index) was noted in in situ preparations. Apoptosis was first noted 6 h after the onset of ischemia with its highest value occurring after 72 h. Apoptotic nuclei were absent in remote areas of the left and right ventricles. Apoptotic nuclei within the infarcted area showed diminished intensity of Ho342 fluorescence. Three days after ischemia, a border zone adjacent to the infarcted area consisting of apoptotic macrophages was recognized. A novel finding was the appearance of apoptotic cardiomyocytes in the isolated perfused ischemic heart. Occurring as early as 50 min after the onset of ischemia, a high apoptotic index was present adjacent to the ligature placed around the coronary artery. This observation provides the opportunity to selectively examine factors leading to apoptosis in the ischemic heart under controlled experimental conditions.     

Morphine-potentiated platelet aggregation in in vitro and platelet plug formation in in vivo experiments

The detailed mechanisms underlying morphine-signaling pathways in platelets remain obscure. Therefore, we systematically examined the influence of morphine on washed human platelets. In this study, washed human platelet suspensions were used for in vitro studies. Furthermore, platelet thrombus formation induced by irradiation of mesenteric venules with filtered light in mice pretreated with fluorescein sodium was used for an in vivo thrombotic study. Morphine concentration dependently (0.6, 1, and 5 microM) potentiated platelet aggregation and the ATP release reaction stimulated by agonists (i.e., collagen and U46619) in washed human platelets. Yohimbine (0.1 microM), a specific alpha(2)-adrenoceptor antagonist, markedly abolished the potentiation of morphine in platelet aggregation stimulated by agonists. Morphine also potentiated phosphoinositide breakdown and intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization in human platelets stimulated by collagen (1 microg/ml). Moreover, morphine (0.6-5 microM) markedly inhibited prostaglandin E(1) (10 microM)-induced cyclic AMP formation in human platelets, while yohimbine (0.1 microM) significantly reversed the inhibition of cyclic AMP by morphine (0.6 and 1 microM) in this study. The thrombin-evoked increase in pH(i) was markedly potentiated in the presence of morphine (1 and 5 microM). Morphine (2 and 5 mg/g) significantly shortened the time require to induce platelet plug formation in mesenteric venules. We concluded that morphine may exert its potentiation in platelet aggregation by binding to alpha(2)-adrenoceptors in human platelets, with a resulting inhibition of adenylate cyclase, thereby reducing intracellular cyclic AMP formation followed by increased activation of phospholipase C and the Na(+)/H(+) exchanger. This leads to increased intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization, and finally potentiation of platelet aggregation and of the ATP release reaction.