落叶松球果苍蝇对兴安落叶松球果挥发性物质的反应(英文)

兴安落叶松球果挥发性物质中主要为单萜类物质,１９９８年用几种主要的单萜类物质为气味源,利用四臂嗅觉仪对落叶松球果花蝇进行了嗅觉反应试验。结果表明,根据被害球果挥发性物质的自然比例配制的α－蒎烯、β－蒎烯、月桂烯、罗勒烯等４种物质的混合液对球果花蝇表现为诱引作用,而球果花蝇对其它某些气味物质表现为忘避反应。挥发性物质的林间喷洒试验结果与嗅觉反应试验结果一致。讨论了单萜类物质在球果花蝇对寄主定位和产卵过程中的诱引或驱避作用。     

松墨天牛成虫对幼虫虫粪挥发性物质的触角电位反应及林间驱避试验

为了研制松墨天牛Monochamus alternatus Hope驱避剂,本文利用触角电位技术和田间试验的方法研究了松墨天牛雌雄成虫对幼虫虫粪挥发性物质的触角电位反应及幼虫虫粪己烷提取物、合成化合物混合物的林间驱避作用。结果表明：α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯和长叶烯均能引起松墨天牛雌雄成虫一定的触角电生理反应,而4-甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚不能引起松墨天牛雌雄成虫的触角电生理反应。林间驱避试验结果说明,幼虫虫粪的己烷提取物处理过的树干上的刻槽数明显少于对照树干上的刻槽数,二者具有极显著差异;有合成化合物的混合物存在的诱捕器诱捕到的雌虫数（平均值3.80±1.02）与对照诱捕到的雌虫数（平均值16.80±1.16）差异极显著。结果显示α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、柠檬烯、长叶烯和4-甲基-2,6-二叔丁基苯酚的混合物对松墨天牛雌虫具有驱避作用,有望开发出一类新的驱避剂。     

落叶松球果花蝇的综合防治

本文针对落叶松球果花蝇各虫期特点,采取蛹期消灭、诱杀成虫、毒杀幼虫等综合防治措施,收到良好的效果,使球果被害率下降了90%。通过对落叶松球果花蝇进行综合防治,大幅度减少了良种损失,经济效益显著,对落叶松种子园、母树林建设具有实际意义。     

青杨脊虎天牛对植物源挥发物的EAG和行为反应

测定了青杨脊虎天牛Xylotrechus rusticus （L.）雌、雄成虫对其寄主杨树中的水杨醛（0.95 μmol/μL）和非寄主植物中0.3 μmol/μL的叶绿醇、0.4 μmol/μL的水芹烯和0.6 μmol/μL的 R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯、S型β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、罗勒烯、香草烯和松节油等10种植物挥发性气味物质的触角电位（EAG）反应。结果表明,与对照相比,这10种植物挥发物多能引起成虫明显的EAG反应( P<0.05,P<0.01 ),其中雌虫对松节油、水杨醛、R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应较强; 雄虫对 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应最强,松节油次之。根据雌虫对这10种挥发物EAG反应的强弱,进一步测定了雌虫对0.00006、0.0006、0.006、0.06、0.6、0.12 μmol/μL的松节油、R 型α-蒎烯、S 型α-蒎烯以及0.000095、0.00095、0.0095、0.095、0.95、0.19 μmol/μL的水杨醛的EAG和行为反应。结果表明,雌虫对松节油、水杨醛和 R 型α-蒎烯的EAG反应随气味物质浓度的增加而增加,水杨醛浓度增加到0.95 μmol/μL、松节油和 R 型α-蒎烯浓度增加到0.6 μmol/μL以后,EAG反应值趋于平稳;对 S 型α-蒎烯的反应随浓度的增加而呈线性增加。水杨醛浓度低于0.095时,对雌虫没有明显的定向作用( P>0.05 ),高于此浓度时表现为驱避作用( P<0.05 ); 松节油在浓度低于或等于0.6 μmol/μL时对雌虫表现为驱避作用,浓度为0.6时驱避效果最佳（ P<0.01 ）。雌虫对 R 型α-蒎烯和 S 型α-蒎烯没有明显的定向行为反应。     

植物精油对草菇双额岩小粪蝇的产卵驱避效果及毒力测定

在室内采用选择性试验测定了14种植物精油单组分化合物对草菇双额岩小粪蝇Bifronsina bifrons(Stenhammar)的产卵驱避效果及在室外采用非选择试验测定了其中3种化合物的产卵驱避效果及毒力测定。结果表明:各精油浓度为10 000 mg/L时,α-松油醇、丁香酚和茴香醛表现出明显的产卵驱避效果,其选择性产卵驱避率分别是60.17%±9.57%、51.07%±2.63%和47.66%±7.10%,产卵量均显著低于对照;月桂烯、α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯和异松油烯产卵驱避作用效果不明显。α-松油醇、丁香酚和茴香醛对双额岩小粪蝇幼虫均具有一定的毒性,对幼虫的校正死亡率分别是5.11%±3.54%、42.68%±3.94%和14.47%±6.92%;丁香酚对双额岩小粪蝇幼虫的毒力最大,LC_(50)为16 965.159 mg/L。其次是茴香醛,LC_(50)为311 941.332 mg/L。α-松油醇毒力最差,LC_(50)为40 676 080.550 mg/L。进一步非选择性试验结果表明α-松油醇(1 250 mg/L～20 000 mg/L)、丁香酚(625 mg/L～20 000 mg/L)和茴香醛(2 500 mg/L～20 000 mg/L)对双额岩小粪蝇具有明显的产卵驱避效果,驱避效果随施用浓度的增加而显著增加。在浓度为20 000 mg/L时α-松油醇、丁香酚和茴香醛的非选择性产卵驱避率分别为69.75%±3.98%、60.75%±1.94%和57.23%±3.38%。本研究为草菇生产中双额岩小粪蝇的无公害防治及高效环保的植物源驱避剂的开发提供参考。     

芹菜植株挥发物对蔬菜烟粉虱的驱避作用

为了进一步明确芹菜挥发物对烟粉虱的驱避作用,应用固相微萃取法提取和GC/MS分析,对芹菜植株挥发物进行了鉴定,分别用1 000 mg/m~3、2 000 mg/m~3和4 000 mg/m~3的柠檬烯、α-蒎烯和β-石竹烯3种物质对烟粉虱的嗅觉反应进行了测定,在此基础上,应用4 000 mg/m~3的柠檬烯和α-蒎烯作为驱避剂分别进行模拟大棚辣椒的驱虫试验。结果表明,不同生育期芹菜茎叶中的挥发物在种类和含量上均有差异,苗期芹菜茎叶中分离到挥发物14种,而抽薹期芹菜茎叶中分离出20种,且包含苗期的全部物质;苗期茎叶中柠檬烯和α-蒎烯的相对含量高于抽薹期。嗅觉实验发现,较高浓度的柠檬烯和α-蒎烯对烟粉虱具有较强的驱避作用,而β-石竹烯对烟粉虱的驱避作用不明显。柠檬烯田间驱虫试验研究表明,在一端开口的小区中,柠檬烯对田间辣椒烟粉虱的驱避效果随着距离的延长而下降。在开口的一端再种苘麻诱集植物,处理4 h后,第1行、第4行和第7行的虫口减退率分别比没有诱集植物的提高了13.19%、78.43%和122.85%。小区远端封闭时,驱避剂附近的辣椒上烟粉虱虫量下降,但烟粉虱聚集在小区的远端辣椒上。α-蒎烯与柠檬烯对不同小区辣椒上的驱虫作用基本一致,但驱虫效果较柠檬烯弱。结果证明柠檬烯和α-蒎烯是芹菜重要的驱烟粉虱的活性物质。大棚中应用驱避剂驱虫时,必须有烟粉虱的迁出通路,或有诱集避难场所供烟粉虱栖息。     

阳春砂仁叶油和广宁绿壳砂仁叶油化学成分的初步研究

本文报导应用气相色谱/质谱/计算机联用方法,分析了阳春砂仁叶油和广宁绿壳砂仁叶油的化学成分,分别鉴定出19和17个化学成分。两者相同的化学成分有:α-蒎烯、樟脑烯、β-蒎烯,γ-松油烯、3-已烯醇-[1]、异蒎樟脑酮、松油醇-[4)、α-松油醇以及对-α-聚伞花醇和麝香草酚等。这些化学成分占全油的70％以上。     

松瘿小卷蛾及其寄生蜂对落叶松挥发物的嗅觉行为反应

为确定松瘿小卷蛾（Cydia zebeana）对寄主的定位习性,以及探讨对其的综合防治方法,通过Y型管嗅觉仪行为选择实验,分析松瘿小卷蛾及其两种寄生性天敌小卷蛾革腹茧蜂（Ascogaster olethreuti）和卷蛾长体茧蜂（Macrocentrus sp.）对寄主兴安落叶松（Larix gmelinii）的9种不同浓度挥发物的行为反应。结果表明,对雌蛾产生引诱作用的挥发物为3-蒈烯、水芹烯,产生驱避作用的挥发物为月桂烯、罗勒烯、莰烯;（R）-α-蒎烯表现为低浓度引诱高浓度驱避。对雄蛾产生引诱作用的挥发物为（S）-β-蒎烯,产生驱避作用的挥发物为月桂烯、3-蒈烯、（S）-α-蒎烯、莰烯。对小卷蛾革腹茧蜂有引诱作用的挥发物为（S）-β-蒎烯、（S）-α-蒎烯、叶醇,产生驱避作用的挥发物为罗勒烯、莰烯、水芹烯;对卷蛾长体茧蜂有引诱作用的挥发物为（S）-β-蒎烯、（S）-α-蒎烯、（R）-α-蒎烯、叶醇,产生驱避作用的挥发物为罗勒烯、水芹烯。说明在利用推拉策略防控松瘿小卷蛾时,月桂烯、叶醇和（S）-α-蒎烯可用于保护目标林,驱避害虫吸引天敌;水芹烯可以结合化学防治施用于饵木林,诱杀害虫而驱避寄生蜂。     

红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质的鉴定、触角电位和室内趋向实验

对外来松树害虫红脂大小蠹Dendroctonus valens LeConte的信息化学物质进行了研究。通过GC-MS测定,鉴定出红脂大小蠹后肠挥发性物质中除了含有松树挥发性物质α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、月桂烯和柠檬烯外,还含有马鞭草烯醇和马鞭草烯酮;利用触角电位技术,对马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮以及在林间引诱效果最好的3-(+)-蒈烯进行了触角电生理测试;利用Y-型双向选择嗅觉仪对这些物质进行了室内趋向实验。实验结果表明: 1 μg的马鞭草烯醇、马鞭草烯酮和3-(+）-蒈烯引起雌雄触角的电位反应分别达416 μV/470 μV、597 μV/630 μV和926 μV/1 099 μV。浓度为1 μL/mL的马鞭草烯酮引起红脂大小蠹的正趋向反应,而在100 μL/mL浓度下引起红脂大小蠹的负趋向反应;在1 μL/mL的浓度下,3-(+ )-蒈烯引起了红脂大小蠹正趋向反应,而马鞭草烯醇则对红脂大小蠹具有驱避作用,说明这些物质在红脂大小蠹搜寻寄主和调节虫口密度方面起着重要作用。     

星天牛对青皮垂柳挥发物的电生理及行为反应

【目的】考察星天牛Anoplophora chinensis对不同生理状态青皮垂柳Salix ohsidare挥发物的选择偏好性,深入探究星天牛对虫害青皮垂柳与健康青皮垂柳行为选择差异的原因。【方法】利用动态顶空吸附法,分别收集虫害和健康两种生理状态下的青皮垂柳枝条挥发物,通过气相色谱 质谱联用仪(GC-MS)对收集的挥发物样品进行鉴定与分析,采用触角电位仪(EAG)和Y型嗅觉仪分别分析星天牛对挥发物样品中鉴定的主要化合物的标准化合物的电生理以及行为反应,通过大笼行为实验和林间诱捕试验分析单一挥发性化合物及其双组分和三组分配方对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果。【结果】健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共鉴定出3种主要化合物,包括α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和樟脑,而虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中鉴定出5种主要化合物包括α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、3-蒈烯、β-罗勒烯和樟脑。另外虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的樟脑含量显著高于健康青皮垂柳枝条中的,3-蒈烯在两种挥发物中含量差异不显著,而健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中的α-蒎烯含量显著高于虫害青皮垂柳枝条中的。EAG实验表明,星天牛成虫对α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯3种化合物的EAG反应相对值较高,并且随这3个化合物浓度的升高而逐渐增大;星天牛成虫对β-蒎烯和樟脑的EAG反应相对值差异不大,且这2个化合物浓度变化对EAG反应相对值无明显影响。Y型嗅觉仪实验表明,在1 mg/mL浓度下,α-蒎烯、3-蒈烯和β-罗勒烯吸引星天牛雄成虫数量均显著高于对照组（石蜡油）,β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛雌成虫数量显著高于对照组;在10 mg/mL浓度下,3-蒈烯吸引的星天牛雄成虫数量显著高于对照组。大笼行为实验表明,三组分虫害配方D(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯∶β-罗勒烯=42∶30∶103)、α-蒎烯和β-罗勒烯吸引的星天牛成虫数量最多,显著高于双组分健康配方H(α-蒎烯∶3-蒈烯=105∶38)和3-蒈烯吸引的成虫数量。林间诱捕试验表明,α-蒎烯和虫害配方D对星天牛成虫的诱捕效果最好,诱捕的成虫数显著高于β-罗勒烯和健康配方H诱捕的成虫数,而3-蒈烯和空白对照组没有诱捕到星天牛成虫。【结论】虫害和健康青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中共有的α-蒎烯和虫害青皮垂柳枝条挥发物中特有的β-罗勒烯是对星天牛成虫具有引诱作用的两种重要寄主植物挥发性化合物,而3-蒈烯抑制了α-蒎烯对星天牛成虫的引诱作用。我们推测,虫害青皮垂柳挥发物中特有的β 罗勒烯是造成虫害青皮垂柳比健康青皮垂柳更容易受到星天牛危害的原因之一。     

远东地区影响针叶树天然更新的球果种实害虫———球果花蝇 (双翅目 :花蝇科)( 英文)

球果花蝇是远东地区的重要球果种实害虫。尤其是在我国东北地区 ,由于球果花蝇的危害已严重影响了落叶松种子产量 ,进而影响到落叶松的造林与更新。本文系统地总结了近些年危害落叶松、云杉、冷杉种实的球果花蝇的研究进展及存在的问题。文中还涵括了作者的一些原始研究数据和尚未发表的新结果。     

远东地区影响针叶树天然更新的球果种实害虫——球果花蝇（双翅目：花蝇科）

球果花蝇是远东地区的重要球果种实害虫。尤其是在我国东北地区,由于球果花蝇的危害已严重影响了落叶松种子产量,进而影响到落叶松的造林与更新。本文系统地总结了近些年危害落叶松、云杉、冷杉种实的球果花蝇的研究进展及存在的问题。文中还涵括了作者的一些原始研究数据和尚未发表的新结果。     

Linking patterns and processes of species diversification in the cone flies Strobilomyia (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

Phytophagous insects provide useful models for the study of ecological speciation. Much attention has been paid to host shifts, whereas situations where closely related lineages of insects use the same plant during different time periods have been relatively neglected in previous studies of insect diversification. Flies of the genus Strobilomyia are major pests of conifers in Eurasia and North America. They are specialized feeders in cones and seeds of Abies (fir), Larix (larch) ,and Picea (spruce). This close association is accompanied by a large number of sympatric Strobilomyia species coexisting within each tree genus. We constructed a molecular phylogeny with a 1320 base-pair fragment of mitochondrial DNA that demonstrated contrasting patterns of speciation in larch cone flies, as opposed to spruce and fir cone flies; this despite their comparable geographic distributions and similar resource quality of the host. Species diversity is the highest on larch, and speciation is primarily driven by within-host phenological shifts, followed by allopatric speciation during geographical expansion. By contrast, fewer species exploit spruce and fir, and within-host phenological shifts did not occur. This study illustrates within-host adaptive radiation through phenological shifts, a neglected mode of sympatric speciation.     

落叶松球果花蝇头胸和腹部粗提液阻碍与引诱作用的试验

将雌性落叶松和黑松球果花蝇头胸和腹部充分研磨 ,加入溶剂正己烷得到粗提液。应用该粗提液进行了球果花蝇产卵阻碍信息素和性引诱信息素的野外试验。初步结果显示球果花蝇有产卵阻碍信息素作用的存在 ,但还需进一步试验证明 ;同时结果未显示有性引诱效果。     

RESPONSE TESTS OF CONE FLIES (STROBILOMYIA SPP.) TO DAHURIAN LARCH CONE VOLATILES1)

Abstract Several main monoterpenes and their combinations from Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.) cones were used as odor sources in olfactory experiment to test the responses of larch cone flies (Strobilomyia spp.) in 1998. The results revealed that blend of α -pinene, β -pinene, laurene and β -ocimene in a ratio close to its volatile profile of damaged cones achieved the best response while certain odors showed repellent tendency to cone flies. Field spraying Dahurian larch cones with some of its volatile components had mixed results but support the olfactory testing results. The role of monoterpenes in cone fly host location and oviposition in terms of attractive signals or repellent is discussed.     

Ovipositional Phenology and Behavior of the Spruce Cone Fly, Strobilomyia neanthracina (Diptera: Anthomyiidae)

The behavior of Strobilomyia neanthracina Michelsen, a phytophage infesting spruce (Picea spp.) seed cones, was observed at a field site in northern Ontario and in cages in a greenhouse to investigate spatiotemporal aspects of mating, host location, and oviposition. In the field, adults emerged from 21 to 24 May 1996, which coincided with bud burst of Picea glauca (Moench) Voss seed cones. For 4 days following emergence, Strobilomyia flies could no longer be seen at a monitored P. glauca tree and may have been on a mating or dispersal flight. Subsequently, females but not males were seen again and the oviposition period of ca. 3 weeks began. Mating was observed only in the greenhouse, mostly (i.e., 65%) at age 5–9 days. Although copulations lasted 11–45 min, these females laid infertile eggs only, beginning at age 4 days. No sperm was found in the spermathecal capsules of females, suggesting that no sperm had been transferred during these copulations. In both the field and the greenhouse, ovipositional sequences that resulted in egg deposition occurred throughout the day but few sequences were observed before 1000, probably because flies were not very active at air temperatures below 14°C (most sequences occurred at 25–27°C). In the greenhouse, the typical ovipositional sequence lasted an average of 7 min and consisted of landing on the cone and examining it with the proboscis and sometimes the ovipositor, egg deposition, and postovipositional behaviors such as tapping (touching the cone surface with the flabellum ca. 5 times s ^–1 ), which possibly represents a host marking behavior. In the field, tapping was seen less frequently than in the greenhouse but occurred significantly (P = 0.014) more often after sequences that resulted in egg deposition than after sequences that did not. Eggs hatched after 4–5 days at 20°C. In the greenhouse, the median longevity of females and males was 24 and 17 days, respectively.     

蓝色杯诱捕落叶松球果花蝇的林间试验

1996～ 1998年 ,在黑龙江省大兴安岭加格达奇落叶松种子园内 ,用蓝色杯诱捕器对落叶松球果花蝇进行了诱捕试验 ,进一步验证了其有效性 ;进行了换杯与不换杯的诱捕比较 ,结果表明 ,在 3～ 4周的诱捕期内换杯与不换杯的诱捕结果没有明显差异。     

EGG MORPHOLOGY AND OVIPOSITION PATTERNS OF THE STRO-BILOMYIA SPP. (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE) FLIES DAMAGING SIBERIAN LARCH CONES IN NORTHEASTERN CHINA1)

Abstract The oviposition patterns of 6 larch cone flies, Strobilomyia spp., were surveyed in 1993 in Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. The colonization of distinct phases of cone development and the selection of different sites to lay eggs allowed to distinguish 5 patterns of oviposition. Observations of the egg morphology and of the chorion architecture using scanning electron microscope lead to classify the examined cone fly eggs into 6 different types. Each type of egg was related to a given oviposition pattern. Among the 6 egg types, eggs of S. laricicola, S. melaniola and S. infrequens were identified with certainty. Although hypotheses were given, further experiments under controlled conditions are required to identify which of the 3 other egg types is associated to S. baicalensis, S. svenssoni and S. sanyangi, respectively.     

Adaptive radiation through phenological shift: the importance of the temporal niche in species diversification

Abstract 1. Phenological shift in oviposition in seed predators may be a key factor for adaptive radiation if temporal differences lead to less intense competition. 2. This hypothesis was tested at two sites in the French Alps in three sympatric species of larch cone flies grouped into two phenological groups (early and late) differing in adult emergence and oviposition timing by approximately 2 weeks. The present study assessed the intensity of competition within and between groups by measuring four larval traits. Cone traits were measured, and the impact of early species parasitism on cone development was assessed. 3. The occupation of the central axis of a developing cone by one early larva has a strong detrimental effect on cone growth and seed production. However, there was almost no correlation between the variables measured on the cones and on the larvae, suggesting that the resources available were not limiting. 4. Inter‐group competition had no significant effect on early larvae. In contrast, both inter‐ and intra‐group competition had a significant negative effect on late larvae length (–11% and –16% respectively), dry mass (–8% and –23%), and lipid mass (–15% and –26%). The intensity of competition was stronger among larvae in the same phenological group, which is consistent with the hypothesis that shifts in oviposition promote adaptive radiation in larch cone flies by reducing competition among larvae.