天然白桦树液中污染微生物的分离与控制

本文以天然白桦树液为材料,对其污染微生物进行了分离培养和初步鉴定,从而基本搞清了污染微生物的种类与数量。发现,天然桦树原汁及其饮料中有数量不同的细菌、酵母菌、霉菌及放线菌的污染。其中,霉菌居多,酵母、细菌次之,放线菌最少。 在弄清污染微生物分布的基础上,作者研究比较了几种控制灭活微生物的方法。其中pH2.0的酸性处理未能灭活全部污染微生物,而采用90℃加热杀菌的办法以及膜板过滤技术均可达到理想的结果。 作者还根据试验结果分析探讨了微生物控制中pH值、温度、水份和环境等与微生物生长繁殖存活间的关系。从而为如何研究和解决饮料中微生物污染问题提供了有用的资料和可行的方法。     

镍污染对土壤微生物的生态效应

镍是高等植物和某些微生物必需的微量营养元素之一,在它们的生命活动中起着重要作用;但浓度较高时,也是一种极毒元素。大量的研究表明,镍污染土壤中微生物的生长、代谢、群落结构和种群多样性会受到不同程度的影响;微生物在长期受重金属威迫的环境中形成其适应性。利用微生物形成的这种适应机制,采用微生物技术治理重金属污染的土壤是可能的。本文还对镍污染土壤的微生物评价指标体系、土壤环境容量、微生物技术开发和综合治理技术开发等的进一步研究作了展望。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌基因组研究概况

迄今为止,全球已有2个Bt株菌株完成了全基因组测序,1个Bt菌株正在拼接中,15个Bt菌株正在进行测序中.已有22个Bt质粒完成了全序列测定.Bt是作为生物农药使用最广泛的微生物菌株,也是最为成功地将其杀虫晶体蛋白基因应用于植物转基因的微生物.在基因组进化、新基因发现、基因表达调控等方面一直是科学家研究的热点,并取得了相当多的成果.本文概述了苏云金芽孢杆菌基因组测序现状、基因组特征及比较基因学等方面的研究进展.     

转Bt基因作物Bt毒蛋白在土壤中的安全性研究

商业化的转Bt基因作物获准在田间大面积种植,使其释放的Bt毒蛋白对土壤生态系统的生态风险性问题成为人们关注的焦点,本文综述了转Bt抗虫作物以植株残体、根系分泌物、花粉等形式释放的Bt毒蛋白通过田间耕作等方式进入土壤后的一些安全性问题,包括土壤活性颗粒对Bt毒蛋白的吸附作用。Bt毒蛋白在土壤中的杀虫活性、存留,土壤微生物对Bt毒蛋白的降解作用以及Bt毒蛋白对土壤生物的影响等。     

高温处理对转基因作物种子Bt蛋白含量的影响北大核心CSCD

转基因作物食品安全问题日益受到社会关注,作物种子作为食物的重要来源之一,转基因作物种子的安全性研究更有待加强。分别利用转Bt基因棉花和玉米品种及非转基因品种种子进行高温处理(55-130℃),并用双抗夹心酶免疫检测方法(ELISA)研究其中的外源Bt蛋白的动态变化过程。结果表明,不同作物种子中的Bt蛋白对高温的耐受程度不同,棉花种子中Bt蛋白较玉米种子耐高温能力强;高温处理条件下,种子中的Bt蛋白在10 min内含量显著下降,其后降解缓慢;130℃以上的高温处理条件下,玉米和棉花种子中的外源Bt蛋白均能显著降解。     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米对玉米蚜种群增长的影响

在人工气候箱条件下研究了玉米蚜（Rhopalosiphum maidis Fitch）取食表达cry1Ab杀虫蛋白Bt抗虫玉米的实验种群生命表.结果表明：两种不同Bt玉米杂交种DK647BTY （MON810转化事件）和NX4777（Bt11转化事件）对玉米蚜的生长、发育、繁殖和存活均无明显的不利影响,玉米蚜在DK647BTY和NX4777两种Bt玉米品种上的内禀增长率rm、周限增长率λ和种群净增殖率R0与各自对照之间没有显著差异;玉米蚜有翅蚜比率、各龄若虫的死亡率在Bt玉米和对照以及不同品种之间没有明显差异;Bt玉米对玉米蚜的寿命和繁殖历期也没有明显差异.表明表达cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的Bt玉米对玉米蚜的生长发育和繁殖没有明显影响.     

转Bt基因作物释放杀虫晶体蛋白对土壤生态安全的影响

随着转Bt基因抗虫作物的大面积推广种植,其环境安全性问题日益引起关注。转Bt基因作物在生长期内持续不断地向环境释放杀虫晶体蛋白,这些杀虫晶体蛋白积累一旦超过了昆虫的消耗及环境因子对其的钝化,就可能对非靶标昆虫或土壤微生物造成伤害。转Bt基因作物向土壤中释放杀虫晶体蛋白的途径主要有3种:根系分泌、花粉飘落和秸秆还田。释放到土壤中的Bt杀虫晶体蛋白能够迅速被土壤活性颗粒吸附,1～3 h就能达到吸附平衡。吸附态Bt杀虫晶体蛋白不易被土壤微生物或酶降解,导致杀虫活性持续时间显著延长。土壤微生物种群变化是衡量Bt作物对土壤生态影响的重要指标。研究表明,Bt作物根系分泌物或Bt生物体降解释放的杀虫晶体蛋白对于土壤蚯蚓、线虫、原生动物、细菌和真菌没有毒性,但可使丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)菌丝长度减小,不能形成侵染单元。Bt杀虫晶体蛋白对土壤酶活性的影响程度依这类蛋白的导入方式或Bt作物生育期的不同而呈现差异。土壤中Bt Cry1Ab蛋白能被部分后茬作物吸收,但不同的商品试剂盒检测结果存在差异。文章综述了Bt杀虫晶体蛋白在土壤中释放、吸附、残留特性及其对土壤动物、土壤微生物、土壤酶活性和后茬作物的影响,旨在为转Bt基因作物释放杀虫晶体蛋白的土壤生态安全评价提供参考依据。     

转Bt基因棉花生态风险评价的研究进展

转Bt基因抗虫棉(Gossypium spp.)是目前国内释放面积最大的转基因作物,其生态风险问题从一开始就受到密切的关注.从生态风险评价的角度,分转基因棉花中Bt杀虫蛋白的时空表达及其对害虫的控制效果、Bt基因通过花粉传播而扩散的风险、害虫对Bt棉花抗性的进化风险、Bt棉花对非目标生物体影响的风险等几个方面,综述了Bt棉安全性评价的最新研究进展,为生物安全管理提供咨询意见,并提出了目前针对Bt棉亟待研究的内容.期望本文能够为推动生物安全的研究和生物技术的发展做出一定的贡献.     

土壤重金属污染的微生物生态效应研究进展

对近年来土壤重金属污染微生物生态效应的研究进展进行了归纳总结,主要从微生物群落特性和微生物生理、生化参数等几个方面进行了阐述.重金属污染土壤后,尤其是高浓度的重金属污染对微生物生物量和群落结构都有破坏作用,但由于微生物群落结构的复杂性和研究方法的片面性,一直是研究的热点和难点,开发更加简便、直接的方法将是对这方面研究的突破.同时,微生物的生理、生化参数是从另一侧面反映重金属污染对微生物的影响,它是对微生物群落特性研究的有利补充,所以不同方法的合理选择和搭配是实验取得预期结果的关键因素之一.     

转Bt基因水稻对土壤微生态系统的潜在影响

随着转基因作物商品化应用的增多,对其进行生态风险性评价尤为重要.国内外对转基因作物中外源基因向野生亲缘物种漂移的可能性、昆虫对抗虫转基因作物的耐受性以及转基因作物对生物多样性的潜在影响等问题进行了广泛的研究.文中从Bt杀虫结晶蛋白在土壤中的残留特性、Bt杀虫晶体蛋白对土壤微生物可培养类群和土壤酶活性的影响等方面对转Bt基因抗虫水稻的潜在生态风险性进行了简要综述,以期为同类研究提供有益的信息.     

Perspectives on microbial cell surface display in bioremediation

The display of heterologous proteins on the microbial cell surface by means of recombinant DNA biotechnologies has emerged as a novel approach for bioremediation of contaminated sites. Both bacteria and yeasts have been investigated for this purpose. Cell surface expression of specific proteins allows the engineered microorganisms to transport, bio-accumulate and/or detoxify heavy metals as well as to degrade xenobiotics. These otherwise would not be taken up and transformed by the microbial cell. This review focuses on the application of cell surface displays for the enhanced bio-accumulation of heavy metals by metal binding proteins. It also reviews the biodegradation of xenobiotics by enzymes/proteins expressed on microbial cell surfaces.     

Modified extended aeration process for removal and recovery of cadmium from wastewaters

It has been reported in the literature that several microbial species have a considerable sorption capacity for heavy metals. Work herein reported, accomplished using a heterogeneous microbial population developed in a modified extended aeration activated sludge process, indicates sorption capabilities as good as, or better than, those for individual microbial species. The process herein described may have several advantages over pure or controlled culture processes and it offers the possibility for reuse of organic matter needed to regenerate metal-sorbing biomass, as well as autodigestion of excess biomass. The work also indicates that acclimation to high levels of a specific heavy metal (Cd) does not confer acclimation to another heavy metal (Cu).     

Seasonal dynamics of shallow-hyporheic-zone microbial community structure along a heavy-metal contamination gradient

Heavy metals contaminate numerous freshwater streams and rivers worldwide. Previous work by this group demonstrated a relationship between the structure of hyporheic microbial communities and the fluvial deposition of heavy metals along a contamination gradient during the fall season. Seasonal variation has been documented in microbial communities in numerous terrestrial and aquatic environments, including the hyporheic zone. The current study was designed to assess whether relationships between hyporheic microbial community structure and heavy-metal contamination vary seasonally by monitoring community structure along a heavy-metal contamination gradient for more than a year. No relationship between total bacterial abundance and heavy metals was observed (R(2) = 0.02, P = 0.83). However, denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis pattern analysis indicated a strong and consistent linear relationship between the difference in microbial community composition (populations present) and the difference in the heavy metal content of hyporheic sediments throughout the year (R(2) = 0.58, P < 0.001). Correlations between heavy-metal contamination and the abundance of four specific phylogenetic groups (most closely related to the alpha, beta, and gamma-proteobacteria and cyanobacteria) were apparent only during the fall and early winter, when the majority of organic matter is deposited into regional streams. These seasonal data suggest that the abundance of susceptible populations responds to heavy metals primarily during seasons when the potential for growth is highest.     

改性微生物吸附剂在重金属废水处理中的应用进展

高效、低耗、环境友好的重金属废水处理方法是当前的研究热点之一,微生物吸附法因具有优良的吸附性能、不产生二次污染、环境友好性等优点,在重金属废水处理中有巨大的应用潜力。细菌、真菌、藻类等微生物可通过静电吸附、络合作用等将重金属结合到细胞壁表面。但未经处理的微生物往往吸附效果不佳,通过对微生物进行物理、化学等方法的改性处理,能显著增加微生物与重金属离子结合的活性位点,提高去除效果。本文对国内外微生物的改性方法以及改性微生物吸附剂对废水中重金属的吸附能力和影响因素进行阐述,讨论微生物吸附剂存在的相关问题,并对其未来的研究方向做简要展望。     

合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜用于重金属污染检测与修复

随着工业化进程不断加快,重金属污染日益加剧,尤其是水体的重金属污染,已严重威胁人类健康,迫切需要进行有效的污染修复。相比传统物理和化学修复,生物修复具有绿色环保和可持续性的特点。因为微生物生长繁殖迅速、生物被膜具有动态可调节和环境适应性好等特点,使其能更好耐受胁迫环境,在环境修复中有重要作用。合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜用于环境污染生物修复近年兴起,成为未来重要的发展方向。主要概述了重金属污染的微生物修复机理和方法,结合可编程微生物被膜的最新研究成果,重点介绍了合成生物学改造微生物及生物被膜的分类与功能应用,以及在重金属铅、汞和镉等污染修复中的研究进展,讨论了重金属污染生物修复的发展方向。     

重金属污染对土壤有机质积累的影响

采用田间采样分析与室内培养试验相结合的方法,研究了不同重金属污染土壤中有机质积累的差异及重金属污染强度对土壤有机质矿化动态变化的影响.结果表明：污染土壤中重金属的大量积累可减弱有机物质的矿化速率,增加土壤有机质的积累.土壤中颗粒态有机质及其占总有机碳的比例随重金属积累的增加而增加;而微生物生物量碳占总碳的比例却随土壤重金属污染水平的提高而下降.污染土壤中颗粒态有机质对重金属有显著的富集,这可能是影响土壤有机物质进一步矿化的原因之一.重金属污染可改变土壤有机质的矿化速率,影响土壤有机质的积累与分配.     

Understanding molecular mechanisms for improving phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils

Heavy metal pollution of soil is a significant environmental problem with a negative potential impact on human health and agriculture. Rhizosphere, as an important interface of soil and plants, plays a significant role in phytoremediation of contaminated soil by heavy metals, in which, microbial populations are known to affect heavy metal mobility and availability to the plant through release of chelating agents, acidification, phosphate solubilization and redox changes, and therefore, have potential to enhance phytoremediation processes. Phytoremediation strategies with appropriate heavy metal-adapted rhizobacteria or mycorrhizas have received more and more attention. In addition, some plants possess a range of potential mechanisms that may be involved in the detoxification of heavy metals, and they manage to survive under metal stresses. High tolerance to heavy metal toxicity could rely either on reduced uptake or increased plant internal sequestration, which is manifested by an interaction between a genotype and its environment.A coordinated network of molecular processes provides plants with multiple metal-detoxifying mechanisms and repair capabilities. The growing application of molecular genetic technologies has led to an increased understanding of mechanisms of heavy metal tolerance/accumulation in plants and, subsequently, many transgenic plants with increased heavy metal resistance, as well as increased uptake of heavy metals, have been developed for the purpose of phytoremediation. This article reviews advantages, possible mechanisms, current status and future direction of phytoremediation for heavy-metal–contaminated soils.     

Kinetics of inhibition in the biodegradation of monoaromatic hydrocarbons in presence of heavy metals

The toxicity and inhibitory effects of heavy metals such as cadmium, nickel and zinc on alkylbenzene removal were evaluated with a Bacillus strain. The kinetics of alkylbenzene biodegradation with the different heavy metals at various concentrations were modeled using the Andrews equation which yielded a good fit between model and experimental data. Additional experiments undertaken with a Pseudomonas sp. in presence of nickel confirmed a good fit between experimental data and the Andrews model for this strain as well. The heavy metals inhibition constants (Ki) were calculated for different combinations of volatile organic compounds (VOC) and heavy metals. The present approach provides a method for evaluating and quantifying the inhibition effect of heavy metals on the biodegradtion of pollutants by specific microbial strains.     

Optimum utilization of sewage sludge of low and high metal content for grain production on arid lands

Summary Two municipal sludges, one from a highly industrialized city, Chicago, Il, and another from a little industrialized, highly agricultural area, Tucson, AZ are compared for winter barley production on Pima c 1 (Typic torrifluvent). Both sludges were responsible for highly significant additions of Zn, Cu, Ni, Cd and P to the soil each year when applied at the rates of 100 mt/ha singly and 20 mt/ha each year for 4 years. Nitrogen responses for barley straw and grain were observed from both sludges. Tucson sludge appears to be attractive as a potential fertilizer, not only as an NPK source, but also for its organic matter and minimal amounts of heavy metals. The Chicago sludge with relatively high levels of heavy metals, particularly Cd, appears poorly suited as a fertilizer, if used for an extended period of time, because of the plant's tendency to take up elevated levels of certain heavy metals. Some parts of barley plants proved to be a better indicator of heavy metal uptake and concentration than others. The diagnostic-tissue test promises to be a useful tool to warn against undesirable accumulation of heavy metals. Fortunately, when compared with other plant parts, the heavy metal in grain was the least altered as a result of continued sewage sludge use on arid land. The soil's neutral to slightly alkaline pH and the presence of lime throughout the soil profile appeared to be critical factors in keeping plant uptake of heavy metals relatively low as compared with soils of other climates.