依赖于核糖体的NTP酶YchF和YihA的结合特性及酶活性研究（英文）

P-环NTP酶(GTP酶和ATP酶)普遍存在于真核生物和原核生物中,参与调节不同的细胞进程.Ych F和Yih A是细菌中两种高度保守的NTP酶,但其生理功能仍然不清楚.之前的研究表明这两种NTP酶可以与核糖体或者核糖体亚基结合.我们检测了在不同核苷酸存在的情况下,大肠杆菌Y ch F和Yih A蛋白与核糖体30S、50S、70S颗粒的结合情况,同时也探究了核糖体亚基的结合是否与N TP酶活性的激活有关.数据表明Ych F与70S结合,Yih A与50S结合.70S核糖体能同时激活Y ch F的ATP酶和GTP酶活性.然而Yih A的GTP酶活性可以分别被50S和70S激活,并且70S呈现了8.8倍的激活效应.这些数据为进一步研究这两种保守的NTPase的生理功能奠定了基础.     

小分子GTP酶的结构与功能

小分子GTP酶是真核生物中普遍存在的一类分子量较小的蛋白质,它们具有保守的GTP结合结构域．在GTP酶类中自成一个超家族。根据序列结构的不同它们又分为多个家族,不同的家族分别在诸如细胞信号转导、胞质骨架的建成和物质转运等过程中起着非常重要的调控功能。     

G蛋白信号调节因子的结构分类和功能

G蛋白信号调节因子是能够直接与激活的Gα亚基结合,显著刺激Gα亚基上的GTP酶活性,加速GTP水解,从而灭活或终止G蛋白信号的一组分子大小各异的多功能蛋白质家族。它们都共同拥有一个130个氨基酸的保守的RGS结构域,其功能是结合激活的Gα亚基,负调节G蛋白信号。许多RGS蛋白还拥有非RGS结构域,能够结合其它信号蛋白,从而整合和调节G蛋白信号之间以及G蛋白和其它信号系统之间的关系。     

分子遗传学简介

rRNA （核糖体RNA) rRNA与蛋白质组成核糖体，核糖体是蛋白质合成 的场所。每个核糖体由大小两个亚基组成，它们的形 状、大小和化学组成是不同的。来源于真核细胞的核 糖体是由40S小亚基与60S大亚基组成的，它自身沉 降系数为80S。来源于原核细胞的核糖体则是由30S 小亚基与50S大亚基组成的，它自身沉降系数为70So     

BAR结构域蛋白质的功能

近期对果蝇双载蛋白(amphiphysin)BAR结构域晶体结构的报道,使得BAR结构域研究成为热点。虽然在序列水平上保守性较低,但双载蛋白的BAR结构域与Arfaptin 2的GTP酶结合结构域在结构上极为相似。通过对两种蛋白质的BAR结构域同源序列进行检索分析,发现了大量含BAR结构域相关蛋白质。研究发现,BAR结构域蛋白质多数都参与细胞内物质转运及胞吞作用;BAR结构域不仅可以通过其二聚化基元感知和诱导膜的弯曲,而且某些蛋白质的BAR结构域还具有与小GTP酶结合的功能。     

蚕豆和玉米叶绿体atpE基因表达产物的生物活性差异及次级结构分析

编码蚕豆和玉米叶绿体ATP合酶ε亚基的atpE基因分别在大肠杆菌中获得了高效表达 ,两种表达的ε亚基蛋白分别与来自蚕豆、玉米和菠菜的缺失ε亚基的CF1重组后 ,发现玉米的ε亚基蛋白在抑制CF1 ATP酶水解ATP、阻塞类囊体膜质子通道以及它促进光合磷酸化等方面均明显地强于蚕豆的ε亚基蛋白。该结果表明 :( 1)ε亚基对ATP合酶活性的调节作用与其同ATP合酶其他亚基间的亲和力大小密切相关 ;( 2 )ε亚基抑制CF1水解ATP和阻塞质子通道两个功能是呈正相关的。圆二色性 (circulardichroism)的分析结果表明 ,玉米CF1ε亚基的 4种二级结构比例为α 螺旋 2 2 .6% ,β 折叠 3 0 .6% ,β 转角 9.3 % ,无规则结构 3 7.7% ;蚕豆CF1ε亚基的 4种二级结构比例为α 螺旋 3 1.4 % ,β 折叠 2 2 .3 % ,β 转角 13 .8% ,无规则结构 3 2 .4 %     

酿酒酵母ATP合酶δ亚基融合蛋白的构建、表达及生物学功能分析

利用分子克隆手段构建了酿酒酵母ATP合酶δ亚基和流感病毒血凝素(haemagglutinin, HA)标签融合蛋白的表达质粒.该融合蛋白在酿酒酵母细胞中能够正常表达,而且能够互补编码δ亚基的ATP16基因缺失株在利用非发酵性碳源方面的表型缺陷,表明该融合蛋白具有野生型δ亚基的功能.同时,构建了在大肠杆菌细胞中表达该δ亚基的ScAtp16p-His6融合蛋白,并用纯化的融合蛋白在家兔中制备了其多抗血清.结果表明此多抗可以很好地与ScAtp16p-His6和HA-ScAtp16p两种融合蛋白特异性结合.这些研究材料的获得为深入研究ATP合酶的解偶联机制和磷酸化调控机理奠定了基础.     

细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成对自絮凝酵母质膜ATP酶响应酒精刺激的影响及其与菌体耐酒精的关系

研究揭示细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成与质膜ATP酶在酵母菌耐酒精中的一种新颖关系。实验表明,细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成特点对生长于未添加酒精条件下的自絮凝颗粒酵母质膜ATP酶活性没有影响,但却明显影响生长于添加酒精(1％～10％,V／V)条件下的菌体质膜ATP酶对酒精激活的敏感性：预培养于添加0．6mmol／L棕榈酸、亚油酸、或亚麻酸条件下的菌体的质膜ATP酶的最大激活水平分别为各自酶的基态水平(未激活)的3．6、1．5和1．2倍,而对照组(预培养于未添加脂肪酸条件下的菌体)的相应值为2．3倍,酶产生上述最大激活水平时的酒精浓度分别为7％、6％、6％、和7％(V/V)。酶激活后米氏常数Km、最适pH和对钒酸钠(质膜ATP酶特异性抑制剂)的敏感性等性质不变,但最大反应速度υmax明显增加。实验表明,细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成特点对提高菌体的耐酒精能力越有利,则其质膜ATP酶被酒精激活的幅度越大,说明菌体耐酒精能力的提高与其质膜ATP酶对酒精激活的敏感性的增加密切相关。细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸组成会影响酵母菌质膜ATP酶对酒精激活的敏感性是观察到的新的实验现象。     

高等植物叶绿体ATP合酶ε亚基的结构与功能

ε亚基是叶绿体ATP合酶最小的一个亚基,有阻塞ATP合酶的质子通道和抑制其水解ATP活力的两种功能。用定点突变和缺失等分子生物学方法对ε亚基的结构功能进行了研究,结果表明：ε亚基42位上的苏氨酸(Thr42)对维持其结构和功能都很重要。与大肠杆菌ATP合酶相比,叶绿体ATP合酶ε亚基C端和N端的氨基酸残基缺失对其结构功能的影响更为敏感。     

毒蕈碱样乙酰胆碱受体及其信号转导

毒蕈碱样乙酰胆碱受体（MAChRs）是G蛋白偶联受体（GPCRs）超家族中的一员,具有该家族特性的结构和信号转导方式。GTP结合蛋白（Gproteins）是一类具有GTP酶活性的蛋白质,由α、β、γ三个亚基构成。其中α亚基结合GDP或GTP,分别代表G蛋白的非活化和活化状态。M受体与Gi/Go或Gq／11间的作用机制仍在探讨中,但基本过程与Gs介导的信号转导模式相似。激动剂持续作用后,G蛋白偶联受体激酶和阻滞蛋白导受体脱敏和内吞。     

New amino-dithiaphospholanes and phosphoramidodithioites and their rhodium and iridium complexes

New sulfur derivatives of phosphoramidite ligands were synthesized and the impact of the sulfur unit on the spectroscopic properties of their rhodium and iridium complexes was investigated. The new ligands Bn₂NPSCH₂CH₂S^a(P-S^a) (Bn = benzyl, 4), Bn₂NPSCHCHS^a(CH₂)₃C^aH₂(P-S^a)(C^a-S^a) (6) and Bn₂NP(4-XC₆H₄OMe)₂ (X = S, 7a; X = O, 7b) were converted to the rhodium and iridium complexes trans-[Rh(CO)Cl(L)₂] (L = 4, 6, 7), [RhCl(COD)(L)] (L = 4, 6, 7), [IrCl(COD)(7a)] and [IrCl₂Cp∗(6)]. For comparison, some phosphoramidite complexes of these formulations also were synthesized. The new metal complexes were spectroscopically analyzed. For the carbonyl complexes, the ν_CO IR stretching frequencies were lower than for the corresponding phosphite and phosphoramidite ligands. The ¹J_PRh coupling constants for the rhodium complexes with the new ligands were also smaller than for the respective phosphoramidite and phosphite complexes. Finally, the ¹J_PSe coupling constants of the selenides of the new ligands were lower than those of the phosphoramidite ligands but higher than for PPh₃. The spectroscopic data reveal that the new thio ligands 4, 6 and 7a are more electron donating than phosphites and phosphoramidites but less electron donating than PPh₃.     

Astrocytes and Synaptosomes Transport and Metabolize Lactate and Acetate Differently

Astrocytes transport the monocarboxylate acetate, but synaptosomes do not. The reason for this is unknown, because both preparations express monocarboxylate transporters (MCT). The transport and metabolism of lactate, another monocarboxylate, was examined in these two preparations, and the results were compared to those for acetate. Lactate transport is more rapid in astrocytes than in synaptosomes, but of lower affinity (Kms of 17 and 4 mM, respectively). Lactate (0.2 mM) is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in synaptosomes than in astrocytes (rates of 0.37 and 0.07 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). The reason for this is unclear, but cellular differences in lactate dehydrogenase isotype expression may be involved. Acetate is metabolized to CO2 more rapidly in astrocytes than in synaptosomes (rates of 0.43 and 0.02 nmol x mg protein(-1) x min(-1), respectively). This is likely due to cellular differences in the expression of monocarboxylate transporter subtypes.     

白蚁与动物及微生物的共生类型及其机制

综述了白蚁螱客的主要种类、共生关系及相关机制的研究进展。白蚁螱客中,已报道的动物种类达170种。在与动物的共生关系中存在偏利共生（宾主共栖和异种共栖）、互利共生和无关共生三种;在与微生物的共生关系中,存在与内生菌（原生动物、细菌、真菌和放线菌）和外生菌（蚁巢伞菌等）间的互利关系。指出了白蚁与螱客研究中存在的问题,给出了解决方案,并提出了今后可能的研究热点或方向,为白蚁的综合利用（如纤维素酶）及今后研究物种间的协同进化提供了基础资料。     

Rapporteur report: Basics and technology and metrology and standards

The first and second sessions of the Workshop focussed on the basics of ultrasound and infrasound, their applications in both industry and medicine, and metrology and protection standards for ultrasound applications.     

Cytoskeleton and mitochondrial morphology and function

It has been well established that the cytoskeleton is an essential modulator of cell morphology and motility, intracytoplasmic transport and mitosis, however cytoskeletal linkage to the organelles has not been unequivocally demonstrated. Indeed, cytoskeleton appears to be essential in determining and modulating gene phenotype as a function of cellular environment. According to recent studies, the organization of the cytoskeleton network together with associated protein(s) could be essential in regulating mitochondrial function and particularly the permeability of the mitochondrial outer membrane to ADP. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the main properties of the cytoskeletal environment of mitochondria and the possible role(s) of this network in mitochondrial function in myocytes.     

Relative and combined effects of ethanol and protein deficiency on strontium and barium bone content and fecal and urinary excretion

To elucidate accumulation of minerals in human iliac arteries with aging, the content of minerals was analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Bilateral common, internal, and external iliac arteries of 16 men and 8 women, ranging ages from 65 to 93 yr, were examined. It was found that an extremely high accumulation of calcium and phosphorus occurred in the common iliac artery at old age, being higher than that of the internal and external iliac arteries. It should be noted that the accumulation of calcium and phosphorus is the highest in the common iliac artery among the human arteries examined to date. Regarding sexual differences, the content of calcium and phosphorus in the common and internal iliac arteries was higher in women than in men, whereas their content in the external iliac artery was lower in women than in men.     

Cross-reactivity between storage and dust mites and between mites and shrimp

Many patients have sensitivities to multiple species of storage and house dust mites. It is not clear if this is because patients have multiple sensitivities to species-specific mite allergens or if these mites share many cross-reacting allergens. Our objective was to further define the cross-allergenicity between several species of storage and house dust mites using crossed-immunoelectrophoresis (CIE), crossed-radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE), immunoblotting, and ELISA. CIE and CRIE reactions revealed that storage mites shared two cross-antigenic molecules and one of these bound IgE in a serum pool from mite allergic patients. Antibody in anti-sera built to each species of mite recognized many SDS–PAGE resolved proteins of other mite species and this suggested the potential for other cross-reactive allergens. Among patient sera, IgE bound to many different proteins but few had IgE that bound to a protein with common molecular weights across the mite species and this suggested mostly species-specific allergens. Antiserum built to each mite species precipitated one protein in shrimp extracts that bound anti-Der p 10 (tropomyosin) and IgE in the serum pool. Anti-Der p 10 showed strong binding to shrimp tropomyosin but very little to any of the mite proteins. ELISA showed the mite extracts contained very little tropomyosin. The storage and dust mites investigated contain mostly species-specific allergens and very small amounts of the pan-allergen tropomyosin compared to shrimp and snail.     

Oxidation and nitration of ribonuclease and lysozyme by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase

In spite of the many studies on protein modifications by reactive species, knowledge about the products resulting from the oxidation of protein-aromatic residues, including protein-derived radicals and their stable products, remains limited. Here, we compared the oxidative modifications promoted by peroxynitrite and myeloperoxidase/hydrogen peroxide/nitrite in two model proteins, ribonuclease (6Tyr) and lysozyme (3Tyr/6Trp). The formation of protein-derived radicals and products was higher at pH 5.4 and 7.4 for myeloperoxidase and peroxynitrite, respectively. The main product was 3-nitro-Tyr for both proteins and oxidants. Lysozyme rendered similar yields of nitro-Trp, particularly when oxidized by peroxynitrite. Hydroxylated and dimerized products of Trp and Tyr were also produced, but in lower yields. Localization of the main modified residues indicates that peroxynitrite decomposes to radicals within the proteins behaving less specifically than myeloperoxidase. Nitrogen dioxide is emphasized as an important protein modifier.     

Antibacterial and Antifugal Mono- and Di-substituted Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Triazine-derived Schiff-bases and their Transition Metal Complexes

A new series of antibacterial and antifungal triazine-derived mono- and di-substituted (symmetrical and unsymmetrical) Schiff-bases and their cobalt(II), copper(II), nickel(II) and zinc(II) metal complexes have been synthesized and characterized by their elemental analyses, molar conductances, magnetic moments and IR and electronic spectral measurements. IR spectra indicated the ligands to act as tridentate towards divalent metal ions via a trazine-N, the azomethine-N and, indole-NH and deprotonated-O of salicylaldehyde. The magnetic moments and electronic spectral data suggest octahedral geometry for the Co(II), Ni(II) and Zn(II)complexes and square-pyramid for Cu(II) complexes. NMR spectral data of the ligands and their diamagnetic zinc(II) complexes well-define their proposed structures/geometries. Elemental analyses data of the ligands and metal complexes agree with their proposed structures/geometries. The synthesized ligands, along with their metal complexes were screened for their antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtillis, Shigella flexneri, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhi and for antifungal activity against Trichophyton longifusus, Candida albicans, Aspergillus flavus, Microsporum canis, Fusarium solani and Candida glaberata. The results of these studies show the metal complexes to be more antibacterial/antifungal against two or more species as compared to the uncomplexed Schiff-base ligands.