微波辐射一步法合成香料富马酸二苄酯的研究

目的:在微波辐射下,以顺丁烯二酸酐和苄醇为原料,在复合催化剂对甲苯磺酸-硫脲存在下以甲苯为带水剂一步合成了富马酸二苄酯.方法:通过熔点测定和红外光谱分析对产物进行了结构表征.采用正交试验法研究了反应物的摩尔比、催化剂用量、反应温度、辐射反应时间等对产物收率的影响.结果:实验结果表明,在微波功率为700W,n(顺丁烯二酸酸酐):n(苄醇)=1:5,复合催化剂用量为总投料量的7%,甲苯20mL,一酯化、转化、二酯化的温度分别为140℃、145℃、135℃,回流分水90min的条件下,富马酸二苄酯的收率可达92.50%.结论:采用微波辐射法复合催化合成富马酸二苄酯具有操作简便、反应时间短、产物收率高等特点.     

一株苯系物降解真菌筛选及降解特性

采用逐量分批驯化的方法以污水处理厂污泥作为菌源,苯、甲苯、二甲苯为唯一碳源,驯化、分离、筛选能够有效降解苯系物的真菌,命名为B1。采用单因素以及正交实验方法并对真菌降解环境影响因素及降解效率进行了测定和研究。结果表明:真菌B1对苯系物降解的最佳条件为C:N=5:1,pH5,温度30℃,菌种接种量为5.5ml(50ml培养基)。采用GC对初始液相浓度0~90mg/L范围内的苯系物降解效果进行测定,未发现苯系物对真菌降解活性产生抑制作用。真菌对苯系物的降解效率为:甲苯>苯>二甲苯,最高降解效率分别达到87.39%,85.21%,81.47%。混合物降解效果略高于单一底物的降解效果。     

豆甾醇与琥珀酸酐单酯化反应工艺及动力学研究

研究了甲苯为溶剂,吡啶为催化剂,豆甾醇与琥珀酸酐的酯化反应工艺和反应动力学。探讨了反应温度、催化剂吡啶用量、反应物的摩尔配比和反应时间对酯化反应结果的影响。实验结果表明:豆甾醇与琥珀酸酐的反应产物为豆甾醇琥珀酸单酯;当吡啶的体积分数为1.5%,反应物的摩尔比为1.0∶1.6,回流下反应20 h后,豆甾醇的酯化率大于97%,反应后的溶液经蒸发回收溶剂甲苯,固体产物分别经乙醇和水洗涤除杂,所得固体在60℃下真空干燥至恒重,得到的豆甾醇琥珀酸单酯的单程收率大于86%。单酯化反应满足二级不可逆反应动力学规律,反应的活化能为85 kJ/mol。     

热烟气气氛下生物质在流化床反应器中快速热解制取生物油

在对操作流化速度进行冷态实验以及流化床温度稳定性进行测试的基础上,研制了新型流化床反应器,并使用玉米秸秆为原料,探究了热烟气气氛下快速热解制取生物油的最佳反应温度以及床料。在最佳热解条件下,对糠醛废弃物、木糖废弃物以及海藻进行了实验研究,得到了各产物产率,并对得到的生物油进行了物理特性分析。结果显示,在最佳操作流速下,当温度为500 ℃时使用白云石为床料可以获得最大生物油产率。4种原料中玉米秸秆的生物油产率最高,达到42.3 wt%。在最佳热解条件下获得了4种物料不同含量的重油和轻质油,其中重油的物理特性差别很小,重油的热值比轻质油的热值高很多。不可冷凝气的高位热值是6.5?8.5 MJ/m3,因此不可冷凝气体可以作为一种燃料气被加以利用。     

热烟气气氛下生物质在流化床反应器中快速热解制取生物油（英文）

在对操作流化速度进行冷态实验以及流化床温度稳定性进行测试的基础上,研制了新型流化床反应器,并使用玉米秸秆为原料,探究了热烟气气氛下快速热解制取生物油的最佳反应温度以及床料。在最佳热解条件下,对糠醛废弃物、木糖废弃物以及海藻进行了实验研究,得到了各产物产率,并对得到的生物油进行了物理特性分析。结果显示,在最佳操作流速下,当温度为500℃时使用白云石为床料可以获得最大生物油产率。4种原料中玉米秸秆的生物油产率最高,达到42.3 wt%。在最佳热解条件下获得了4种物料不同含量的重油和轻质油,其中重油的物理特性差别很小,重油的热值比轻质油的热值高很多。不可冷凝气的高位热值是6.5-8.5 MJ/m3,因此不可冷凝气体可以作为一种燃料气被加以利用。     

1株铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)1217石油降解特性及相关基因分析（英文）

从石油污染土壤中分离得到1株石油降解菌1217,经细菌形态学、生理生化及16S rD NA序列分析初步鉴定为铜绿假单胞菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)。在温度5~65℃,pH 2~10,盐度0~9%的条件下菌株能很好生长,在以正十二烷、正十八烷、苯、甲苯、二甲苯和萘为唯一碳源的培养基中生长良好。在10℃和30℃条件下培养7 d,对原油的降解率分别为21.57%和15.15%。菌株产生的生物表面活性剂可以将表面张力从72.20 mN/m降至35.14 mN/m。利用特异性PCR扩增,在菌株中检测到烷烃单加氧酶、甲苯双加氧酶、联苯双加氧酶、芳香烃双加氧酶和氧化还原酶基因,并成功克隆出烷烃单加氧酶和芳烃双加氧酶基因,同相关基因比对分析,与铜绿假单胞菌PAO1的相应基因相似度分别为99.91%和99.22%。研究表明,菌株在生物修复和石油烃污染环境中具有潜在的应用价值。     

酸性功能性离子液体催化合成二甘醇二苯甲酸酯

选用6种酸性功能化离子液体作为催化剂,催化苯甲酸和二甘醇酯化合成增塑剂二甘醇二苯甲酸酯(DEDB),通过实验考察反应温度、时间、催化剂种类及用量、原料投料比等工艺因素对合成收率的影响,确定了最佳反应条件:优选1-丁基磺酸-3-甲基咪唑对甲基苯磺酸盐([(CH_2)_4SO_3HMIm]TS)为催化剂,反应温度160℃,时间4.0 h,苯甲酸与二甘醇的摩尔比为2.2∶1,催化剂用量为二甘醇质量的10%,最终发现DEDB产率可达99.1%,且产品具有较高的品质。产物可以通过简单倾倒与离子液体催化剂分离,离子液体具有优异的重复使用性,使用10次后DEDB的产率仍有95.2%。     

顶空气相色谱法测定胡芦巴总皂苷中树脂残留物的研究

采用顶空气相色谱法,对胡芦巴(FLB)总皂苷中树脂残留物正庚烷、苯、正癸烷、甲苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯与乙基苯乙烯进行检测,8种树脂残留物被完全分离,其峰面积与浓度在所考察浓度范围内具有良好的线形关系,R为0．99996～1．00000,平均回收率97．59％～103．58％,精密度的RSD均小于6％。本实验建立的色谱方法灵敏、准确,适用于胡芦巴总皂苷中树脂残留物的检测。     

玉米芯低温热解特性研究

针对如何提高农田副产物玉米芯综合利用价值的问题,通过热重分析以及低温热解实验对热解过程中玉米芯组分、产率、热值的变化规律进行研究,得到热解产物的特性及其产率,热值随热解温度、时间的变化规律,为玉米芯的综合利用提供重要的理论依据。实验研究表明,在实际生产应用中应当选择的最佳工艺参数为：30 min、350 ℃,在此条件下热解产物的热值及密度都有较大的提高,生物质炭的产率为69.2%,热值为18.78 MJ/kg,相对于未经处理的玉米芯热值提高了19.7%。     

间溴苯乙醚的合成研究

以间溴苯酚、金属钠和溴乙烷为原料,乙醇为溶剂,碘化钾为催化剂合成了间溴苯乙醚。考察了反应物的摩尔比、反应温度及反应时间对产物收率的影响。实验结果表明:当n(间溴苯酚):n(金属钠):n(溴乙烷):n(碘化钾)=1:1:1.5:0.18,无水乙醇35mL,反应温度70℃,反应时间为5h时,间溴苯乙醚收率为82.6%。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.