唐古特山莨菪毛状根中东茛菪碱产生的研究

以唐古特山莨菪的无菌苗叶为外植体,通过发根农杆菌诱导获得了唐古特山莨菪的毛状根培养系统,应用PCR方法鉴定了转化毛状根,并应用薄层扫描方法对唐古特山莨菪毛状根生物碱进行了测定,结果表明在液体培养毛状根的培养基中东莨菪碱含量可达10 mg/L,培养物中东莨菪碱的增加与莨菪碱的减少同步.     

唐古特山莨菪毛状根中东莨菪碱产生的研究

以唐古特山莨菪的无菌苗叶为外植体 ,通过发根农杆菌诱导获得了唐古特山莨菪的毛状根培养系统 ,应用PCR方法鉴定了转化毛状根 ,并应用薄层扫描方法对唐古特山莨菪毛状根生物碱进行了测定 ,结果表明 :在液体培养毛状根的培养基中东莨菪碱含量可达 10mg/L ,培养物中东莨菪碱的增加与莨菪碱的减少同步     

烟草毛状根多倍体诱导及其植株再生

为了提高烟草的烟碱含量,采用发根农杆菌遗传转化和人工染色体加倍技术,进行了烟草毛状根及其多倍体诱导、植株再生及其烟碱含量测定。结果表明,发根农杆菌ATCC15834感染烟草叶片外植体8 d后产生白色毛状根,15 d后所有叶片外植体产生毛状根。毛状根能在无外源激素的MS固体和液体培养基上自主生长。PCR扩增结果显示发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rol B和rol C基因以及冠瘿碱合成酶基因已在烟草毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。烟草毛状根多倍体诱导的最适条件为0.1%的秋水仙素溶液处理36 h,其多倍体诱导率为64.71%。经秋水仙素加倍的烟草毛状根多倍体植株再生的最适宜培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA0.2 mg/L。与对照(二倍体非转化植株)相比,烟草二倍体毛状根再生植株的顶端优势减弱,腋芽增多,叶片变窄;而烟草毛状根多倍体再生植株茎更粗,节间变短,叶色更深,叶片的宽度和厚度均较对照明显增大。根尖细胞染色体压片观察证实,所获得的烟草毛状根多倍体再生植株为四倍体,其根尖细胞染色体数约为4n=96。盆栽实验表明,烟草二倍体毛状根植株和多倍体毛状根再生植株比对照植株延迟约21 d开花。GC-MS检测表明,烟草毛状根多倍体再生植株的烟碱含量比对照及二倍体毛状根再生植株显著提高,分别约为对照及二倍体毛状根再生植株的6.90倍和4.57倍。     

北玄参毛状根诱导及其植株再生

利用发根农杆菌A4和R1601感染北玄参(Scrophularia buergeriana)叶片外植体,诱导产生毛状根,产生的毛状根可在无激素的液体和固体MS培养基上快速生长。rol B基因的PCR检测表明,Ri质粒中的T-DNA片段整合到了北玄参毛状根的基因组中。毛状根在附加0.5 mg·L–1 6-BA及0.1 mg·L–1 NAA的MS固体培养基上形成绿色愈伤组织,之后形成不定芽,并获得再生植株;毛状根在附加0.5 mg·L–1 6-BA及0.02 mg·L–1 NAA的MS固体培养基上培养约15–20天可直接形成不定芽,且不定芽的诱导率达85%。     

新疆雪莲毛状根的诱导及其植株再生体系的建立

利用发根农杆菌R1601、R1000、LBA9402感染新疆雪莲的叶片、叶柄和根段外植体,诱导产生毛状根。毛状根接种量为2.8 g/L(FW)时,20d生长量可达66.7 g/L,黄酮含量达到干重的10.23%。冠瘿碱的检测和rolB基因的PCR分析表明,Ri质粒中的T_DNA片段已经整合到毛状根细胞的基因组中。预培养时间、外植体类型以及发根农杆菌的菌株属性对毛状根诱导有着重要的影响。其中预培养2 d的新疆雪莲根段外植体,经过R1601感染后,毛状根的诱导率可达100%。诱导产生的毛状根在附加生长素的液体培养基中,有少量愈伤组织产生。由毛状根再生的植株与雪莲外植体再生的植株在形态上无明显区别,但前者的黄酮含量仅为后者的53%。     

香石竹毛状根诱导、离体培养及其植株再生

为了探讨利用发根农杆菌遗传转化所产生的毛状根来创新香石竹种质的可能性,本文采用叶盘法,建立了发根农杆菌Agrobacterium rhizogenes对香石竹Dianthus caryophyllus L.叶片外植体的遗传转化及其植株再生体系。结果表明,发根农杆菌ATCC15834感染香石竹幼嫩叶片外植体12 d后,从叶片外植体切口中脉处产生白色毛状根,21 d后约90%的叶片外植体产生毛状根。所获得的无菌毛状根能在无外源激素的MS固体和液体培养基中快速自主生长。PCR扩增和硅胶薄层层析结果显示发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rol B和rol C基因以及冠瘿碱合成酶基因已在香石竹毛状根基因组中整合并得到表达。将毛状根置于MS+6-BA 1.0-3.0 mg/L+NAA 0.1-0.2 mg/L中培养15 d后产生淡黄绿色的疏松愈伤组织。愈伤组织不定芽分化的最适培养基为MS+6-BA 2.0 mg/L+NAA 0.02 mg/L,培养6周后不定芽分化率为100%;平均每个愈伤组织产生30-40个不定芽;将不定芽转至1/2 MS或1/2 MS+0.5 mg/L NAA的培养基中10 d后产生不定根,发育成再生植株。再生植株移植于栽培基质中20 d后,成活率达95%以上。     

曼陀罗药用价值的开发和利用

现代医学和临床研究表明,曼陀罗含有莨菪碱、东莨菪碱等多种生物活性物质,在生物医药领域的研究和应用中,具有广阔的前景。为了更好地开发利用这一药用植物资源,本文对其生物学特性,药用成分及开发利用现状等方面进行了综述,力求为相关研究提供参考。     

曼陀罗药用价值的开发和利用

现代医学和临床研究表明,曼陀罗含有莨菪碱、东莨菪碱等多种生物活性物质,在生物医药领域的研究和应用中,具有广阔的前景。为了更好地开发利用这一药用植物资源,本文对其生物学特性,药用成分及开发利用现状等方面进行了综述,力求为相关研究提供参考。     

激素对转基因雪莲毛状根植株再生及类黄酮产生的影响

为了研究外源激素GA3和IAA对3个转基因新疆雪莲类黄酮高产毛状根系C17、C27、C46的植株再生及其总黄酮含量的影响,在培养基中添加不同浓度的GA3和IAA,结果发现,GA3浓度高于1.0 mg/L时,可诱导毛状根系产生不定芽,其中以GA3浓度为2.0 mg/L时,转基因毛状根系C17的不定芽再生率最高,可达82％。高压液相色谱以及紫外分光光度法测定结果表明,与未用激素处理的毛状根和它的再生植株相比,外源激素GA3和IAA能显著提高毛状根培养物中芹菜素和总黄酮的含量。毛状根系的组织干重与类黄酮的含量没有相关性,但毛状根系的再生率与类黄酮的含量几乎呈反相关性。     

发根农杆菌介导的菠菜毛状根遗传转化体系的建立

发根农杆菌(Agrobacterium rhizogenes)侵染植物后可诱导植物产生毛状根。菠菜(Spinacia oleracea)是常见的食用蔬菜, 目前尚未见菠菜毛状根的研究报道。经筛选得到适合诱导菠菜毛状根的发根农杆菌菌株LBA9402, LBA9402侵染菠菜外植体茎后, 毛状根的诱导率最高可达16%。菠菜毛状根呈白色, 具有丰富的根毛, 能在无外源激素的固体培养基上快速增殖生长。通过诱导菠菜毛状根产生愈伤组织并进行分化, 获得了菠菜毛状根的再生植株, 再生率为8%。此外, LBA9402可将含有Ri质粒的T-DNA和携带外源GFP基因的Ti质粒T-DNA共同导入外植体中。PCR检测和荧光显微观察结果显示, rolB及GFP基因在菠菜毛状根基因组中稳定表达, 共转化频率为50%。     

Hairy roots of Datura candida×D. aurea: effect of culture medium composition on growth and alkaloid biosynthesis

A transformed root clone of Datura candida×D. aurea was established following infection with Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4. This clone was examined for its growth and hyoscyamine and scopolamine content under various culture conditions. Among the three basal culture media tested, half-strength Gamborg's B5 medium supplemented with 5% sucrose was the best for root growth (288 mg dry weight/flask) and full-strength B5 medium for hyoscyamine and scopolamine content (0.36 and 0.17% dry weight, respectively). Experiments with exogenous nitrate added to the medium revealed that the biomass increased (353 mg dry weight/flask) and the hyoscyamine content improved remarkably (0.54% dry weight), but that the scopolamine content was significantly reduced. The addition of various precursors at two different concentrations did not significantly modify root growth. Feeding (R,S)-phenyllactic acid stimulated the biosynthesis of both alkaloids, whereas the addition of ornithine specifically reduced the scopolamine content. Received: 12 March 1997 / Revision received: 22 April 1997 / Accepted: 5 May 1997     

曼陀罗茎段愈伤组织诱导和再生植株的研究

本试验以曼陀罗茎段为外植体,在附加不同植物激素组合的培养基中对愈伤组织的诱导和植株再生进行研究。结果表明:采用修改的MS培养基(除去甘氨酸,维生素B1含量增加至0.5mg/L,pH5.5)附加2mg/L2,4-D可由曼陀罗茎段诱导大量胚性愈伤组织;愈伤组织继代选用0.5mg/L2,4-D为宜;不定芽的诱导采用MS培养基(20g蔗糖,8g琼脂,0.1g水解干酪素) 6-BA(0.5mg/L);幼苗进一步转接至1/2MS IBA(0.2mg/L)生根培养基中,可完成曼陀罗茎段愈伤组织诱导和再生植株的组织培养过程。     

木本曼陀罗内生真菌抗菌活性的筛选研究

从木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌中筛选高效抗菌活性的菌株。选择与人类和植物相关的36株病原微生物,分别对分离自木本曼陀罗(Datura arborea L.)植物的内生真菌77株进行了发酵代谢产物的抗菌活性筛选研究。结果显示:对细菌病原菌、皮肤致病真菌、植物致病真菌有抑制作用的内生真菌分别有24,9,17株,其中5株内生真菌对10种以上的供试病原菌有明显的抑制作用,活性最好的1株对20种病原菌有较强抑制活性,最大抑菌圈直径达48mm。这说明木本曼陀罗植物内生真菌抗菌能力较强,抗菌谱较广。     

The biosynthetic relationship between littorine and hyoscyamine in transformed roots of Datura stramonium

The metabolic relationship between littorine and hyoscyamine has been monitored in transformed roots of Datura stramonium. Quantification by GC of unlabelled littorine and by GCMS of ¹³C-labelled littorine demonstrated that exogenously added littorine (0.1 mm) was significantly metabolised (35%) to hyoscyamine. In contrast, exogenously added hyoscyamine was not metabolised to littorine, indicating that this conversion is irreversible. The conversion of littorine to hyoscyamine was suppressed by P-450 oxidase inhibitors (particularly clotrimazole), implicating the involvement, at least in part of a cytochrome P-450 activity operating hyoscyamine biosynthesis. Received: 15 September 1997 / Revision received: 14 February 1998 / Accepted: 10 March 1998     

Bialaphos stimulates shoot regeneration from hairy roots of snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus L.) transformed by Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Hairy roots of snapdragon (Antirrhinum ma-jus L.: Scrophulariaceae) induced by a wild-type strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenes were cultured on media containing various concentrations of a phosphinothricin-based herbicide, bialaphos, or plant growth regulators (PGRs). Adventitious shoot regeneration from hairy roots was observed with a low frequency (10%) on half-strength Murashige and Skoog medium. Addition of α-naphthalene-acetic acid in combination with 6-benzylaminopurine, thidiazuron, or zeatin to the medium had no effect on shoot regeneration from hairy roots. Although bialaphos at 0.9 mg l^–1 or more was toxic to hairy roots, it significantly increased the shoot regeneration frequency up to 56% at 0.5 mg l^–1. In contrast, non-transformed roots and leaves regenerated no shoots on media with or without bialaphos. Regenerated shoots detached from host roots readily developed roots on gellan-gum-solidified medium. Regenerated plants were successfully transferred to the greenhouse, but did not produce seed. Received: 24 February 1997 / Revision received: 10 July 1997 / Accepted: 28 July 1997     

发根农杆菌LBA9402 Bin19转化红豆草及再生转基因植株

用含pBin19和pRi1855的发根农杆菌菌株对红豆草下胚轴切段进行遗传转化,种苗年龄和下胚轴切段的预培养时间明显影响转化频率.纸电泳分析表明70%的发状根培养系能够合成农杆碱.发现发状根诱导愈伤组织比发状根具有更强的再生力;发状根切段在含0-9.05μmol/L2,4-D和0-2.22μmol/L6-BA的MS培养基上诱导产生愈伤组织,然后在不含植物激素和卡那霉素的MS培养基上进行再生试验.愈伤组织诱导培养基中的植物激素组成和浓度显著影响愈伤组织后期的再生植株能力.再生频率和每块愈伤组织的芽点发生数随愈伤组织诱导培养基中2,4-D浓度的增加(4.52-9.05μmol/L)而下降,随6-BA浓度增加(0-2.22μmol/L)而上升.在附加4.52μmol/L2,4-D和2.22μmol/L6-BA的MS培养基上,愈伤组织的诱导频率只有14.2%,但愈伤组织在MS0培养基上的再生频率高达58.1%,每块愈伤组织的芽点发生数平均为37.2.对来自8个发状根系的32株再生植株进行Southern分子杂交分析,25株整合有不同拷贝的nptⅡ基因.     

Alkaloid production in Duboisia hybrid hairy root cultures overexpressing the pmt gene

Putrescine:SAM N-methyltransferase (PMT) catalyses the N-methylation of the diamine putrescine to form N-methylputrescine, the first specific precursor of both tropane and pyridine-type alkaloids, which are present together in the roots of Duboisia plants. The pmt gene of Nicotiana tabacum was placed under the regulation of the CaMV 35S promoter and introduced into the genome of a scopolamine-rich Duboisia hybrid by a binary vector system using the disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain C58C1 carrying the rooting plasmid pRiA4. The presence of the foreign gene in kanamycin-resistant hairy roots and its overexpression were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot analysis respectively. The N-methylputrescine levels of the resulting engineered hairy roots increased (2-4-fold) compared to wild type roots, but there was no significant increase in either tropane or pyridine-type alkaloids.     

曼陀罗植物内生真菌产生物碱菌株的筛选研究

本文从植物曼陀（Datura arborea）中分离得到77株内生真菌。对它们分别进行菌株发酵,发酵产物经乙醇浸提,采用TLC和生物碱显色方法,观察到菌株Ym311977、Ym312023呈生物碱阳性反应。结合HPLC分析结果,表明该生物碱并非曼陀罗植物中的主要生物碱成份。经鉴定,Ym311977属镰孢菌属（Fusarium sp．）,Ym312023属毛壳菌属（Chaetomium sp．）。     

Growth responses and Hyoscyamine content ofDatura innoxia under the influence of coal-smoke pollution

This study evaluated the impact of pollution on growth responses inDatura innoxia. Coal-smoke emissions were produced by the Badarpur Thermal Power Plant in Delhi, India. At the polluted site, the size of roots and leaves as well as the number of branches and leaves per plant increased, but shoot lengths and leaf areas were lower, compared with control plants. The net photosynthesis rate, stomatal resistance, and the amount of pigments (chlorophyll a, b, and carotenoids) were less in pollution-affected plants, while stomatal conductance and intercellular CO₂ concentration were higher in these plants. Explants from both sites (polluted and non-polluted), grown in vitro on various combinations of auxin (2,4-D, NAA) and cytokinin (BAP, KN), showed the maximum response on a medium containing NAA (0.1 mg L^-1) with BAP (5.0 mg L^-1). Hyoscyamine content was higher in all parts (root, stem, leaf, and regener-ants) of the polluted plants.