武汉市武昌地区气传致敏花粉调查研究

应用曝片法连续３６５ｄ收集武昌地区３个调查点的气传花粉,全年共检同花粉４８６４３粒,分属２８个科,属。一年中出现２次花粉高峰,即３～４月份,８～９月份,其中优势花粉为悬铃木属（Ｐｌａｔａｎｕｓ）柏科（Ｃｕｐｒｅｓｓａｃｅａｅ）,松属（Ｐｉｎｕｓ）蒿属（Ａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａ）等;最主要的致敏花粉为蒿属,豚草属（Ａｍｂｒｏｓｉａ）对影响本地区空气中花粉飘散的因素,几种优势花粉的致敏特点及其临床意义作了初     

甘肃兴隆山国家自然保护区表土花粉组合及数量分析

提要通过对兴隆山国家自然保护区不同植物群落40个样点的表土花粉组合特征、数量分析[分层聚类分析（HCA）和降趋势对应分析（DCA）],研究了花粉组合与植物群落的关系。结果显示：1）大部分森林和部分灌丛的花粉组合与植物群落之间对应关系很好,如青杆林（云杉属组合）、辽东栎林（栎属-桦属-蒿属组合）、桦林（桦属-蒿属-沙棘属组合）和沙棘灌丛（沙棘属组合）;2）蔷薇灌丛（蒿属-蔷薇科组合）和草原（蒿属-菊科组合）的花粉组合基本上能反映群落特征;3）山杨林、糙皮桦灌丛和高山灌丛草甸的花粉组合与植物群落的对应性较差;4）云杉属花粉的长距离传播能力有限;5）栎属花粉仅在辽东栎林中含量较高;6）桦属花粉含量较高时（〉30％）能够反映桦林的存在,含量较低时（〈10％）可能当地无桦树生长;7）沙棘属和蒿属花粉具超代表性;8）豆科、禾本科和蔷薇科花粉具低代表性;9）HCA和DCA分析对于区分主要花粉类型和揭示环境梯度是有效的,但反映植被细节特征的能力有限。     

新疆中天山山间盆地表土花粉谱特征

基于中天山山间盆地58个表土样品花粉谱特征,结合植物群落样方物种调查结果,分析了该区域表土花粉与现代植被分布的对应关系。结果表明:(1)中天山山间盆地表土花粉组合与现代植被分布相一致,聚类分析结果将研究区分为5个植被带,按海拔由低到高的顺序分别对应荒漠草原带、山地草原带、山地森林带、亚高山草甸带、高山流石坡植被带。主成分分析第1轴揭示,湿度是植被带形成的重要影响因素。植被带之间花粉组合差异显著,荒漠草原带藜科-蒿属花粉组合优势明显,山地草原带则表现为蒿属-禾本科-藜科花粉组合,云杉属-蒿属-禾本科-藜科花粉组合及云杉属含量25%共同指示山地森林带的存在,亚高山草甸带花粉组合表现为莎草科-斗篷草属-蒿属-禾本科-藜科,高山流石坡植被带以蒿属-藜科-莎草科-斗篷草属-禾本科花粉组合为主。(2)蒿属、藜科、禾本科、云杉属、莎草科、斗篷草属是中天山山间盆地的代表物种,可作为古环境重建的重要参考。蒿属、藜科表现出超代表性,禾本科则相反。(3)中天山山间盆地植被带表土花粉分布及含量影响因素复杂,云杉属花粉受西风环流影响较大,蒿属、藜科花粉受人类活动影响显著。     

西藏扎布耶盐湖地区现代花粉雨的初步研究

从扎布耶盐湖和藏南地区采集的２１块表土花粉分析结果,提供了花粉与植被,花粉与亚环境之间的定性关系,在扎耶盐湖,ａ泉水沼泽,以莎草科花粉占优势。ｂ．盐盘,藜科和麻黄属花粉含量高。ｃ．山坡,分布变色锦鸡儿灌丛,表土花粉以蒿属和藜科为优势。ｄ．河流沙滩,以蒿属和禾本科花粉为主,ｅ．常年盐湖,以蒿属占优势,松属、云杉属、冷杉属、铁杉属、桦属和桤木属等乔木植物花表土中普遍存在。以松粉百分含量最高（平均２６．     

沈阳地区气传致敏花粉探讨

本文报道在沈阳地区1965—1985年间于空气中间断收集大气花粉5年,共收花粉玻片1100张,花粉45780粒,属于24科37属或种。其中9种(或属)超过千粒,为优势种类花粉。每年沈阳市大气中花粉出现两个高峰,一个为春季(四、五月),另一个为夏秋季(七八月)。通过长期观察发现,花粉种类和数量每年虽有不同,伹差异不大,唯有豚草花粉消长明显。大气中花粉种类及数量的变化往往受到气温、国家有关绿化政策以及社会风气的影响。花粉与过敏症关系十分密切,我们采用17种花粉制成浸液为病人皮试和治疗。皮试结果阳性率最高的为蒿属花粉,其次为其它夏秋花粉,春季花粉阳性率不高,致敏性不强。用花粉浸液对过敏症者进行免疫治疗,收到一定的疗效。     

角蒿属(紫葳科)的花粉形态

对角蒿属(Incarvillea Juss.)14个种(4变种,2居群)的花粉进行了扫描电镜观察。角蒿属花粉形态较为相似,为单粒花粉,花粉粒扁球形至近球形,外壁表面同时具有近刺状和穴状两种纹饰。大小在28～51μm之间,萌发孔为多沟型,6～10沟,沟长度不等,沿赤道分布,一些种类中沟多少弯曲使萌发孔成螺旋状,沟末端在极面上多少连接形成合沟。角蒿属内种间花粉形态上的相似性说明了角蒿属应为一单系类群,而对于角蒿属下单元划分及种间的系统有着有限的意义,波罗花亚属花粉明显大于其它两个属,花粉形态特征也显示了它与角蒿亚属关系较近。同时,研究结果不支持将角蒿属放在硬骨凌霄族(Tecomeae)。     

草原地区气传花粉可诱发应变性鼻炎

为探讨草原地区气传花粉与应变性鼻炎(AR)之间的关系,本研究选取临床诊断为AR的患者353例为研究对象,均接受16种吸入性过敏原皮肤点刺试验(SPT)。同时,采用重力沉降法对2015年当地花粉监测,显微镜下计数每日主要气传致敏花粉数量。研究表明,353例受试者中317例(89.80%)皮肤点刺试验阳性。吸入性过敏原阳性率前5位为:大籽蒿(74.99%)、葎草(61.93%)、灰黎草(58.53%)、豚草(56.25%)、榆树(47.15%)。夏秋花粉阳性率显著高于春季花粉(83.29%vs 63.46%,p0.001)。花粉监测显示锡林浩特地区气传致敏花粉主要为蒿属、藜科,分别占全年花粉总量的54.16%和30.71%。花粉分布的最高峰月份为7~8月份。本研究表明,草原地区AR常见致敏原为夏秋季花粉,为多重过敏原,且该草原地区主要气传花粉为蒿属与AR患者SPT主要致敏原一致。草原地区气传花粉在AR发病中的起着重要作用。     

新疆赛里木湖流域表土花粉组合与现代植被关系研究

通过对新疆赛里木湖流域现代植被调查及不同植被带的53个表土样品花粉鉴定分析,深入研究了该区域表土花粉组合与现代植被的关系。研究结果表明:表土花粉组合可反映出该流域植被的总体特征,赛里木湖流域不同植被带内花粉组合差异显著,依据花粉谱特征可以分为草原带、针叶林带、森林灌丛带、亚高山草甸带、荒漠草原带、草原灌丛带、荒漠植被带;云杉属、蒿属、藜科、禾本科含量高、变化明显,可作为该流域古环境重建的重要参考依据;蒿属/藜科(A/C)比值可以用来区分荒漠植被带和荒漠草原带,荒漠植被带A/C值平均为0.62,荒漠草原带A/C值平均为1.55,1是两者之间的界值;云杉属花粉含量≥30%时可认为该样品来自于云杉林,云杉属-蒿属-禾本科等花粉组合表明森林(灌丛)的存在,亚高山草甸以蒿属-禾本科-云杉属组合为主,(荒漠)草原(灌丛)以蒿属-藜科-禾本科为主,藜科-蒿属是荒漠植被的建群种。     

中国草原区主要群落类型花粉组合特征

现代表土花粉组合与植被关系研究是推断过去植被演化的基础。对中国草原区 39个样点进行植被调查及表土花粉分析的研究结果表明 ,表土花粉组合可反映出草原植被的总体特征。大多数样品中乔木花粉百分比低于 5 %。蒿属、藜科是草原区所有样品花粉组合中最主要的成分 ,两者在花粉组合中所占比例多大于 5 0 % ,且人类活动越强或气候越干旱 ,蒿属、藜科花粉所占百分比越高。花粉组合不能反映群落结构特征 ,如建群种、结构、盖度等的差异在花粉组合中表现不出来。即使以禾本科为建群种的草原群落 ,禾本科花粉所占比例也多低于 10 %。花粉浓度在草原区花粉与植被关系研究中意义不明确。典型草原与荒漠草原花粉组合存在明显区别 ,无倾向性对应分析 (DCA)分析表明 ,典型草原区样品在第一排序轴的排序值多高于 0 ,荒漠草原区样品的排序值小于 0 ;典型草原区藜科花粉百分比一般低于 2 5 % ,花粉类型多样性指数大于 2 ,当蒿藜占花粉总数的 5 0 %以上时 ,蒿藜比值大于 2。荒漠草原区藜科花粉含量多高于 2 5 % ,蒿藜比值多为 0 .5～ 2 ,花粉类型多样性指数多为 1～ 2。蒿属花粉属超代表性 ,但在蒿类建群的群落中 ,蒿属花粉多低于其在植被中的百分比     

广西南宁空气中孢粉及其致敏性研究

本文通过空气中的孢粉调查,选用32种花粉对呼吸道过敏患者进行皮肤敏感试验,既阐明了南宁市空气中孢粉散布的基本规律,讨论空气中花粉含量与气候的关系,也明确了该市主要致敏花粉是蒿属、禾本科、藜科及桑科植物的花粉,为呼吸道过敏性疾病的预防、诊断及治疗提供了重要依据。     

Digestibility of columnar cacti pollen grains in the glosophagine bats Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae (Chiroptera: Phyllostomidae)

We examined the protoplasmic assimilation of columnar cacti pollen grains in two species of Venezuelan desert glosophagine bats, Glossophaga longirostris and Leptonycteris curasoae, by determining the amount of empty (digested) pollen grains found in their fecal samples. To determine the amount of empty pollen grains, the fecal samples were stained to differ between empty and full (non-digested) pollen grains. The number of empty and full pollen grains observed in the fecal samples were corrected using the amount of aborted pollens present (before anthesis) in flowers of the columnar cacti species (Subpilocereus repandus, Stenocereus griseus and Pilosocereus tillianus) used by bats as food in the study site; G. longirostris and L. curasoae digested 64.2% and 71.3% of all the pollens fed, respectively. These high values confirm the importance of pollen in the diet of these bats, given its high nitrogen level.     

Shape and Size Modification of Recent Pollen Grains under Acetolysis

In this paper, the shape and size modification of recent pollen grains have been studied. 63 species of recent pollen grains that belongs to 55 genera, 26 families were observed before and after the acetolysis treatment with LM. The length of polar axis and equatorial axis and the thickness of exine were measured from about 20 pollen grains for each species (the thickness of exine were only measured for acetolysed pollen grains). The significance of shape and size modification was examined with the statistical method "ttest". From this investigati0n it can be concluded that: The pollen modification in size and shape 'was related to aperture type, pollen size, wall thickness and sculpture depth. Pantoporate, spheroidal pollens and small perporlate pollens usually change little in there size and shape after acetolysis. The size of colpate pollens was generally increased, or their shape changed. The size or shape change usually got bigger as the pollen size, wall thickness and sculpture depth became bigger and bigger. Oblate pollens were apter to change their size and shape than prolate pollens. The P/E ratio of most colpate pollens became a little bigger after acetolysis.     

Sensitivity to mugwort pollen allergens (Artemisia vulgaris)

The author has found that 42% of patients with pollinosis had positive skin reactions with mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris) pollen allergens. The majority of tested patients (139 out of 187) were also allergic to grass pollens. However, hypersensitivity to mugwort pollen allergens was isolated and did not accompany grass pollen allergy. The symptoms of pollinosis appeared in this group later than in patients sensitive to grass pollen allergens only (over 21 years of age in 71%). Bronchial asthma was diagnosed in 40% of these patients and allergic skin reactions in 25%. Sensitivity to mugwort pollen allergens was accompanied by the sensitivity to pollen allergens of Graminae family of plants in 80% of cases. The author suggests that sensitivity to mugwort pollen allergens is the second most frequent cause of the pollinosis and is diagnosed too rarely. Failures of desensitization in patients sensitive to pollen allergens of Graminae family of plants may often result from coexisting sensitivity to mugwort pollen allergens as this sensitivity produces not only season but perennial clinical symptoms in nearly 50% of patients. The author discusses also botanical relations and cross-reactions in allergy to mugwort and ragweed pollen allergens.     

西葫芦的单花粉蛋白电泳

对西葫芦（ＣｕｃｕｒｂｉｔａｐｅｐｏＬ．）的单花粉进行了蛋白电泳分析,结果表明在西葫芦花粉发育的不同阶段,其蛋白电泳图谱存在明显差异,结合细胞学观察结果,对这些差异进行了讨论。同时对同一杂合个体同一雄花相同发育阶段的不同花粉粒的蛋白电泳结果表明,它们之间也存在着差异。     

北京城区气传花粉季节分布特征

研究北京城区气传花粉种类、数量及季节消长规律,为防治花粉症及建设合理城市绿地提供有效资料.应用Burkard采样器于2010年12月31日至2011年12月31日对北京城区气传花粉浓度进行监测,并对花粉浓度进行统计学分析.研究结果显示,2011年北京城区的花粉季节从3月20日起始,至10月18日截止,持续213d,占全年天数的58％;全年花粉含量月分布呈现两个高峰,第1个高峰为3-4月,主要花粉为木犀科、杨属、柳属等树木花粉,占全年花粉总量的30％;第2个高峰为8-9月,主要花粉为菊科、藜科及苋科等莠草花粉,占全年花粉总量的50％;2011年度北京城区最具代表性的气传花粉来自于菊科,比重占了收集到气传花粉的35％.研究结果还表明,秋季的气传花粉致敏性强,所以北京花粉症的高发季节主要集中在秋季,以8-9月为最高,其中有95％的病人在此期间出现花粉症症状.花粉浓度及飘散规律受当地植被状况及气候等多种因素影响,因此,北京城区空气中气传花粉飘散种类、数量及季节分布规律的调查结果,可以为本地区花粉症防治及绿化品种的选择提供可靠依据.     

Trends and threshold exceedances analysis of airborne pollen concentrations in Metropolitan Santiago Chile

Pollen is one of the primary causes of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in urban centers. In the present study, the concentrations of 39 different pollens in the Santiago de Chile metropolitan area over the period 2009–2013 are characterized. The pollen was monitored daily using Burkard volumetric equipment. The contribution of each type of pollen and the corresponding time trends are evaluated. The concentrations of the pollens are compared with the established threshold levels for the protection of human health. The results show that the total amount of pollen grains originating from trees, grasses, weeds and indeterminate sources throughout the period of the study was 258,496 grains m-3, with an annual average of 51,699 ± 3,906 grains m-3 year-1. The primary source of pollen is Platanus orientalis, which produces 61.8% of the analyzed pollen. Grass pollen is the third primary component of the analyzed pollen, with a contribution of 5.82%. Among the weeds, the presence of Urticacea (3.74%) is remarkable. The pollination pattern of the trees is monophasic, and the grasses have a biphasic pattern. The trends indicate that the total pollen and tree pollen do not present a time trend that is statistically significant throughout the period of the study, whereas the grass pollen and weed pollen concentrations in the environment present a statistically significant decreasing trend. The cause of this decrease is unclear. The pollen load has doubled over the past decade. When the observed concentrations of the pollens were compared with the corresponding threshold levels, the results indicated that over the period of the study, the pollen concentrations were at moderate, high and very high levels for an average of 293 days per year. Systematic counts of the pollen grains are an essential method for diagnosing and treating patients with pollinosis and for developing forestation and urban planning strategies.     

Oleaceae in Trieste (NE Italy): aerobiological and clinical data

Oleaceae pollen concentrations in the Trieste area are low (<10%) compared to the total number of airborne pollen grains, with only one pollination peak at the beginning of June when the Oleaceae concentration reached 62% of the total pollen count in 1992. This peak was due to an exceptionally high pollination of olive trees in 1992, when airborne pollen concentration rose to 1357 pollen grains/m³ on June 3. Sensitization toOlea increased from 1989 to 1993, when it was present in 23.4% of symptomatic patients, but the role ofOlea in inducing allergic respiratory symptoms is difficult to evaluate because almost all patients were sensitized to other pollens, and in particular to Gramineae: only four subjects were sensitized toOlea alone (1.4%). Despite the low Oleaceae pollen counts, this pollinosis is increasing, probably because of increased cultivation ofOlea in recent years. However, although skin prick test positivity is common in polysensitized patients, its role in inducing sensitization and symptoms is presently less important than that of other pollens.     

西藏和北极巴罗地区菊科植物几个属的花粉

对西藏和北极巴罗地区菊科4个属(蒿属、飞蓬属、风毛菊属和千里光属)17个种的花粉形态进行了光学和扫描电子显微镜的观察、比较。结果表明这两个地区菊科4个属的花粉粒大多为球形或近球形,少数是扁球形或长球形。萌发孔的类型均为三孔沟。但在花粉大小、萌发孔形状、外壁厚度以及表面纹饰等方面存在差异。通过对这两个地区菊科植物花粉形态的观察有可能为菊科分化、迁移,以及化石孢粉的研究提供参考资料。     

In vitro pollen germination in Hypericum perforatum L. and Hypericum rumeliacum Boiss

In vitro pollen germination and pollen tube growth investigations are valuable tools used in identification of the effects of environmental factors and genotypic differences on pollen viability, pollen germination and tube elongation. In this study pollen viability, in vitro pollen germination capacity, abnormality ratios and tube length in germinated pollens of Hypericum perforatum L. and H. rumeliacum Boiss. were investigated. Both of these species has spheroid-shaped and tricolporate pollen grains. The diameters of Hypericum perforatum and H. rumeliacum pollens were found as 24 +/- 3 microm and 19 +/- 2 microm, respectively. Pollen viability of H. perforatum and H. rumeliacum was found as 83% and 72%, respectively. The germination percentages were found as 12.85% for H. perforatum and 64.42% for H. rumeliacurm. Tube lengths in germinated pollens of both taxa were measured approximately as 95.25 +/- 38 microm in H. perforatum and 165.92 +/- 53 microm in H. rumeliacium 4 h after inoculation. In germinated pollen grains of H. perlbratum and H. rumeliacumn abnormality percentages were determined as 13.23% and 43.97%, respectively. In germinated pollens of these two species, highly significant (P < 0.00001) differences in in vitro germination percents and abnormality percents were observed. Abnormalities such as swollen tube tip, branched tube, spiralled tube and excessive tube formation were observed in pollen tubes. The results of this study showed that there were obvious differences in pollen germinability between these two species growing under the same environmental conditions.