HeLa细胞对竹红菌甲素摄取的直接观察与动态过程分析

利用荧光光谱测定方法和高灵敏度荧光显微镜成像技术研究了竹红菌甲素（ＨＡ）在Ｈｅｌａ细胞中的分布,动态过程及其影响因素和光敏损伤效应。结果显示：ＨＡ主要分布于细胞膜及胞浆中,只有很少量的ＨＡ进入细胞核中,细胞对ＨＡ的吸收,随着培养液中ＨＡ浓度的增大和保温时间的延长而增加,当保温时间超过１６小时,或当ＨＡ浓度达８７μｇ／ｍｌ以上时,细胞对ＨＡ的吸收呈现饱和趋势。保温时间在２４小时以内,对ＨＡ排出较快,     

新型数字化高灵敏度荧光显微镜及其在生物学中的应用

尽管普通荧光显微镜已广泛应用于生物医学领域,其性能上还存在一些不足,为了克服它的弱点,借助于像增强器和ＣＣＤ,将倒置生物显微镜改造为数字化高灵敏度荧光显微镜,并增加动态图像获取功能。改进后的荧光显微镜具有以下优点：（１）灵敏度极高,可探测微弱的荧光图像;（２）运用图像融合技术,实现荧光准确定位;（３）适合于观察切片和活细胞;（４）可研究细胞荧光图像的动力学特征;（５）能够给出图像上各点的坐标和对应的发光强度,具有定量显示特点;（６）图像处理软件功能完善,操作方便。利用该荧光显微镜,以吖啶橙为荧光标记物观察正常细胞和凋亡细胞的不同状态,获得良好的实验效果。     

细菌荧光酶报告基因载体构建及在Hela细胞中的表达

采用ＰＣＲ点突变技术,构建含有细菌荧光酶融合ｌｕｘＡＢ报告基因的重组哺乳动物载体ｐｃＤＮＡ３－ｌｕｘＡＢ,脂质体ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ转染和Ｇ４１８抗性筛选稳定转染的Ｈｅｌａ细胞。ＰＣＲ和酶切电泳证明构建的正确性;经稳定转染ｐｃＤＮＡ３－ｌｕｘＡＢ的Ｈｅｌａ细胞,用发光仪可测得较强的发光强度（最大值为４．１２ｍＶ／４０μｇ细胞总蛋白粗提物）。而亲本及ｐｃＤＮＡ３稳定转染的Ｈｅｌａ细胞则在本底值范围,ｐｃＤＮＡ３－ｌｕｘＡＢ稳定转染与亲本及ｐｃＤＮＡ３稳定转染的Ｈｅｌａ细胞在细胞形态和培养条件等方面无明显差异。本工作为细菌荧光酶作为报告基因在肿瘤细胞中的表达和应用建立了基础。     

细菌荧光酶报告基因载体构建及在Hela细胞中的表达*

采用ＰＣＲ点突变技术,构建含有细菌荧光酶融合ｌｕｘＡＢ报告基因的重组哺乳动物载体ｐｃＤＮＡ３－ｌｕｘＡＢ,脂质体ｌｉｐｏｆｅｃｔｉｎ转染和Ｇ４１８抗性筛选稳定转染的Ｈｅｌａ细胞。ＰＣＲ和酶切电泳证明构建的正确性;经稳定转染ｐｃＤＮＡ_３－ｌｕｘＡＢ的Ｈｅｌａ细胞,用发光仪可测得较强的发光强度（最大值为４．１２ｍＶ／４０μｇ细胞总蛋白粗提物）。而亲本及ｐｃＤＮＡ_３稳定转染的Ｈｅｌａ细胞则在本底值范围,ｐｃＤＮＡ_３<     

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜在医学研究中的应用

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（Confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM）具有高分辨率、高灵敏度、三维重建、动态分析等优点,使图像更为精确清晰和数字化。该仪器现已广泛应用于细胞生物学、生理学、病理学、遗传学和药理学等研究领域中。本文简述了激光扫描共聚焦显微镜的结构、工作原理并归纳了其在医学各领域研究中的应用。     

用共聚焦显微镜观察ACh及ATP对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞Ca^2＋的调控

用激光扫描共聚焦显微镜研究了一般公认的耳蜗传出神经递质乙酰胆碱（ＡＣｈ）和三磷酸腺苷（ＡＴＰ）对豚鼠耳蜗外毛细胞（ＯＨＣｓ）胞内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度（Ｃａ＾２＋）的作用,ＯＨＣｓ用Ｃａ＾２＋敏感荧光染料Ｆｌｕｏ－３着色,胞内Ｃａ＾２＋的分布以细胞底部稍强。ＡＣｈ在ＯＨＣ底部引起Ｃａ＾２＋的缓慢上长并维持在一个较高水平。ＡＴＰ在整个ＯＨＣ引起一个急剧的Ｃａ＾２＋升高,升高幅度在ＯＨＣ顶部最大。随着ＡＴ     

用Bac—to—Bac杆状病毒表达系统高效表达绿色荧光蛋白标记的HBVe抗原

通过基因工程操作,使乙型肝炎病毒ｅ抗原（ＨＢｅＡｇ）基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因（ＧＦＰ）融合,用新型Ｂａｃ－ｔｏ－Ｂａｃ杆状病毒表达系统在昆虫细胞中高效表达了ＨＢｅＡｇ－ＧＦＰ双功能融合蛋白。经ＥＬＩＳＡ法和荧光显微镜观察证实,表达产物既能发射易于检测的绿色荧光,又具有ＨＢＶ的ｅ抗原活性,为免疫诊断新方法的建立进行了有益的探索。     

用Bac-to-Bac杆状病毒表达系统高效表达绿色荧光蛋白标记的HBVe抗原

通过基因工程操作,使乙型肝炎病毒ｅ抗原（ＨＢｅＡｇ）基因与绿色荧光蛋白基因（ＧＦＰ）融合,用新型Ｂａｃ－ｔｏ－Ｂａｃ杆状病毒表达系统在昆虫细胞中高效表达了ＨＢｅＡｇ－ＧＦＰ双功能融合蛋白。经ＥＬＩＳＡ法和荧光显微镜观察证实,表达产物既能发射易于检测的绿色荧光,又具有ＨＢＶ的ｅ抗原活性,为免疫诊断新方法的建立进行了有益的探索     

激光共聚焦显微技术在植物学中的应用

激光扫描共聚焦显微镜（Ｌａ－ｓｅｒ　Ｓｃａｎｎｉｎｇ　Ｃｏｎｆｏｃａｌ　Ｍｉｃｒｏｓｃｏｐｅ,ＬＳＣＭ）是近年来发展起来的一种新型高精度显微镜,它在荧光显微镜成像基础上加装了激光扫描装置,使用可激发的荧光探针对样品进行标记,利用计算机进行图像采集处理,从而可得到样品内部细微结构的荧光图像。目前此种显微技术不仅用于观察经固定的各种细胞和组织结构,而且还可对活细胞的形态、结构,离子实时动态等进行观察和定量荧光测定,以及定量图像分析。另外,该仪器还具备样品断层扫描,三维图像重建的独特功能。因此,共聚焦…     

用细菌/杆状病毒系统在昆虫细胞中表达GFP与HCV抗原融合蛋白

用细菌／杆状病毒（Ｂａｃ－ｔｏ－Ｂａｃ）系统在昆虫细胞中高效表达了绿色荧光蛋白（ＧＦＰ）与ＨＣＶ抗原的双功能融合蛋白,经ＥＬＩＳＡ测定和荧光显微镜观查证实,表达产物既能发射易于检测的绿色荧光,又具有ＨＣＶ的抗原活性,实现了用绿色荧光蛋白等分子标记抗原,为免疫诊断新方法的建立打下了理论基础．     

生物超微弱发光的两维探测

本文介绍了自行研制的二套系统及其应用。1．高灵敏荧光显微镜系统,该系统探测灵敏度达到10－6lx量级,比普通CCD系统提高了104倍,系统用宽量程照度计对微弱光成象性能进行了标定,在给出细胞荧光图象的同时,可以给出每一象元的发光强度,并可给出视觉更易分辨的光强的三维显示和伪彩色图象。在该系统上得到了分红菌甲素在Hela细胞中的分布图象,Hela细胞加入竹红菌甲素后的光照损伤及抗氧化剂维生素E等对细胞的保护图象。2．光子计数成象系统,该系统灵敏度达10-8lx量级,可探测到单个光子及其分布,在其上得到了绿豆芽,树叶,昆明鼠,人手及手指的超微弱发光的光子图象,并用统计理论进行了信号检验。     

Time resolved imaging microscopy. Phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence imaging.

An optical microscope capable of measuring time resolved luminescence (phosphorescence and delayed fluorescence) images has been developed. The technique employs two phase-locked mechanical choppers and a slow-scan scientific CCD camera attached to a normal fluorescence microscope. The sample is illuminated by a periodic train of light pulses and the image is recorded within a defined time interval after the end of each excitation period. The time resolution discriminates completely against light scattering, reflection, autofluorescence, and extraneous prompt fluorescence, which ordinarily decrease contrast in normal fluorescence microscopy measurements. Time resolved image microscopy produces a high contrast image and particular structures can be emphasized by displaying a new parameter, the ratio of the phosphorescence to fluorescence. Objects differing in luminescence decay rates are easily resolved. The lifetime of the long lived luminescence can be measured at each pixel of the microscope image by analyzing a series of images that differ by a variable time delay. The distribution of luminescence decay rates is displayed directly as an image. Several examples demonstrate the utility of the instrument and the complementarity it offers to conventional fluorescence microscopy.     

绿豆芽超微弱发光的二维图像探测

采用微通道板像增强研制了一种能探测极弱光图像的超高灵敏度光电探测系统,能够探测到０．５Ｐｈｏｔｏｎｓ／ｍｍ２·ｓ（阴极灵敏度）的极弱发光图像,是目前弱光图像探测器中灵敏度最高的。应用上述的光电探测系统,进行了绿豆芽超微弱发光二维图像探测的研究,首次得到了以下结论：１．绿豆发芽时存在超微弱发光现象,发光强度在１０４－１０５Ｐｈｏｔｏｎｓ／ｓ·ｃｍ２的范围内;２．子叶和幼叶的发光高于幼茎的发光;３．在避先保持１０分钟豆芽发光衰减至稳定后,绿豆芽仍能维持一定的发光。上述结论为超微弱发光现象的生物学理论研究和医学及环境保护中的应用提供了实验依据。     

Microscopic investigations of the interaction of proteins with surfaces

The application of light microscopy to the study of protein-surface interactions is described with several examples showing its versatility. Extensive use is made of image analysis algorithms to extract quantitative information from the digital images and it is shown how this can shed light on the processes taking place on the surface. Amongst the surfaces investigated are siloxane films on silicon wafers, glucose oxidase/poly(ethyleneglycol) films cast onto glass slides and glucose oxidase entrapped in electropolymerised poly(phenyleneoxide) films on platinum. Parameters that can be measured include: surface loading, surface heterogeneity, distribution of enzyme activity, surface mobility and film porosity. Both reflected light and fluorescence microscopy were used to characterise the surfaces and it was concluded that not only does light microscopy offer a powerful tool for the characterisation of surfaces but it may also provide an interface between bioelectronic materials and conventional computing machinery.     

A new and permanent staining method for starch granules using fluorescence microscopy

A fluorescence technique has been developed for observing starch granules in plant tissues. Sections are stained with a mixture of dyes which we have named F.A.S.G.A. from the initials of the Spanish names of its components (fucsina, alcian blue, safranina, glicerina, agua), and viewed by epifluorescence microscopy. The starch granules fluoresce greenish yellow, allowing the degradative state to be observed. Cell structures which do not fluoresce are also differentiated. The stain permits identification of other structures when examined by visible light microscopy and is relatively resistant to fading over time.     

A New and Permanent Staining Method for Starch Granules Using Fluorescence Microscopy

A fluorescence technique has been developed for observing starch granules in plant tissues. Sections are stained with a mixture of dyes which we have named F.A.S.G.A. from the initials of the Spanish names of its components (fucsina, alcian blue, safranina, glicerina, agua), and viewed by epifluorescence microscopy. The starch granules fluoresce greenish yellow, allowing the degradative state to be observed. Cell structures which do not fluoresce are also differentiated. The stain permits identification of other structures when examined by visible light microscopy and is relatively resistant to fading over time.     

GFP-mTn融合蛋白对蓝猪耳生活细胞微丝骨架的标记

用农杆菌介导法将嵌合基因GFP-mTn(mTn是微丝结合蛋白Talin的微丝结合域,可以显示活体细胞中微丝的结构)导入蓝猪耳.经激光共聚焦显微镜观察了转基因植株的各种不同组织中融合蛋白的表达和分布情况.在叶片的表皮细胞、保卫细胞、根部的皮层细胞中有融合蛋白的不同程度表达.但仅在保卫细胞中微丝标记状况良好,显示基因表达的组织特异性.经光诱导处于开放态的气孔的保卫细胞微丝呈网状结构,在细胞内无规则分布;经黑暗诱导处于关闭态的气孔保卫细胞中微丝束沿保卫细胞纵轴排列,呈卷曲状分布,并观察到螺旋和环状的微丝结构.在转基因植株的其他部位,例如茎表皮细胞、根毛细胞和花粉粒中,未检测到目的基因的表达.本研究获得的转基因植株为研究气孔运动过程中微丝动态变化提供了有用的材料.     

Coherent scattering in multi-harmonic light microscopy

By focusing a pulsed laser beam into a sample, harmonic up-conversion can be generated as well as multi-photon excited fluorescence. Whereas multi-photon excited fluorescence microscopy is well established, the use of multi-harmonic generation for three-dimensional image contrast is very recent. Both techniques can provide similar resolution and, for adequate radiating source density, comparable signal levels, allowing them to be combined in a single versatile instrument. However, harmonic generation differs fundamentally from fluorescence generation in that it is coherent and produces radiation patterns that are highly sensitive to phase. As such, multi-harmonic generation microscopy provides a unique window into molecular spatial organization that is inaccessible to fluorescence.     

The value of the fluorescence histochemistry of biogenic amines in neurotoxicology

Conclusions Acid- and aldehyde-induced fluorescence offers a highly sensitive and specific instrument for the histochemical demonstration of biogenic amines. This technique can be used to advantage for the selective identification of those neuronal structures that contain biogenic amines, namely the peripheral postganglionic sympathetic neurones and the central aminergic neuronal systems.Structural changes of impaired aminergic neurones can be ascertained from their fluorescence microscope image and correlated with light and electron microscopical observations, so that selective neurotoxic changes, such as sympathetic denervation of organs, can be detected and the reversibility of these changes tested.The degree of functional and structural changes occurring in the above neuronal systems can be easily quantified by means of microfluorimetry.The histochemical approach is restricted by the necessity of using fresh and specially fixed tissues. The possibility of numerous pitfalls in the interpretation of histochemical reactions requires the simultaneous use of other optical methods, such as light and electron microscopy, or the testing of the uptake of exogeneous amines or their precursors, whenever the occurrence of neurotoxic effects is to be assessed.     

Three-dimensional imaging by deconvolution microscopy

Deconvolution is a computational method used to reduce out-of-focus fluorescence in three-dimensional (3D) microscope images. It can be applied in principle to any type of microscope image but has most often been used to improve images from conventional fluorescence microscopes. Compared to other forms of 3D light microscopy, like confocal microscopy, the advantage of deconvolution microscopy is that it can be accomplished at very low light levels, thus enabling multiple focal-plane imaging of light-sensitive living specimens over long time periods. Here we discuss the principles of deconvolution microscopy, describe different computational approaches for deconvolution, and discuss interpretation of deconvolved images with a particular emphasis on what artifacts may arise.