沈阳市铁西区老工业搬迁区土壤多环芳烃的健康风险评价

采用美国能源部风险评估信息系统的暴露量化方法和美国环保局健康风险评估手册的风险表征方法,评估了沈阳市铁西区老工业搬迁区土壤中15种多环芳烃对户外劳作者的健康风险.沈阳市铁西区老工业搬迁区土壤中多环芳烃含量为290.9～8492.37μg·kg-1,搬迁区户外劳作者由于土壤中多环芳烃引起的非致癌危害指数范围为6.39×10-6 ～ 3.04×10-4,致癌风险范围为2.08×10-7 ～7.52×10-6,可判定对人体健康的危害较小.沈阳市铁西区老工业搬迁区致癌多环芳烃含量最高暴露点致癌风险值为7.52×10-6,未超过致癌风险水平上限(10-4),致癌风险尚在可接受范围内.多环芳烃中苯并(a)芘对综合致癌风险贡献最大,贡献率高达61.0％,应注意防范土壤中该污染物引起的健康危害.沈阳市铁西区老工业搬迁区户外劳作者受到的非致癌危害和致癌风险主要由经口摄入途径和皮肤接触途径贡献,两种途径对非致癌危害和致癌风险贡献率分别达到99％和100％,呼吸摄入引起的非致癌危害和致癌风险则相对较小.     

西宁市城市土壤重金属分布特征及其环境风险

依据随机布点采样方式收集了西宁市城西、城中、城东、城北4个区域155个土壤样品,利用X射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)对土壤样品中As、Cr、Co、Cu、Pb、Sr、Zn 7种重金属含量进行测定,并对其潜在生态风险和人群健康风险进行评价。结果表明,西宁市城市土壤重金属元素除了As和Zn外,其余5种元素均超出土壤背景值。从潜在生态风险指数来看,西宁市城市土壤重金属具有中等生态风险,7种重金属平均潜在生态风险指数大小顺序为:CrAsPbCoCuSrZn。4个区域的潜在生态风险指数城北区(39.7)城中区(33.3)城东区(31.5)城西区(30.6)。从健康风险来看,手-口接触仍是造成人群健康风险的主要途径,重金属儿童非致癌暴露风险均大于成人,儿童非致癌风险为城北城中城东城西区。重金属Cr的非致癌风险最大,特别是城北区和城东区重金属Cr对儿童多途径暴露的非致癌风险已超过安全阈值1。4个区域重金属致癌暴露风险为城北城东城中城西区,且Cr在城北区致癌风险指数介于10-6~10-4,会对人体产生致癌风险,应加以特别重视并采取相应保护措施。     

黔西南煤矿区村寨公路边地表灰尘有害元素风险评价

为了解煤矿区周边地表灰尘有害元素(Cr、Cu、Zn、As、Cd、Pb和Ni)污染状况,采集黔西南典型煤矿区地表灰尘36份,采用美国TCLP(toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)法提取有害元素并运用内梅罗综合污染指数法及H?kanson潜在生态风险指数法对其生态风险进行了评价。结果表明:TCLP法提取的灰尘有害元素含量占元素总量质量百分比为1.73%~21.12%;内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果为:Pb重度污染,As中度污染,Cr和Cu轻度污染,Cd和Zn处于警戒级,Ni属于安全级。潜在生态风险指数(Ei)结果表明:Cd达到强生态风险等级,As达到中等水平,其他有害元素均处于轻微生态风险水平;而综合潜在生态风险指数RI值为321.85,已达到强潜在生态风险等级。同时,利用SBET(simple bioaccessibility extraction test)法提取了灰尘样品中有害元素生物可给性含量,采用美国环保署人体暴露风险评价法对灰尘有害元素经口腔摄入造成的健康风险进行了评估。结果显示:灰尘中有害元素生物可给性含量平均值为7.32%~31.06%。人体健康风险评价结果显示:儿童及成人的灰尘有害元素致癌风险指数(TCR)分别为5.91×10~(-5)和2.15×10~(-5);对人体产生可耐受的潜在致癌风险(HQ)除As外,均不构成明显风险。儿童及成人的总非致癌风险指数(HI)分别为1.30和0.16,这对儿童会产生潜在的非致癌危害。综上,研究区村寨公路边地表灰尘中Pb、As、Cd造成危害的风险大,需引起有关部门高度关注。     

某大型化工场地土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)污染现状与风险评价

以东北某大型化工场地为研究区域,采集了18个剖面点,4个土层,共计95个土壤样品;使用GC/MS检测了16种PAHs。本研究主要分析PAHs在该场地浅层(0～3 m)土壤的分布特征及在土壤剖面中的垂直分布特征,采用终生致癌风险进行了健康风险评价。结果表明:浅层土壤∑PAHs范围为0.13～553.5 mg·kg~(-1),均值67.0 mg·kg~(-1),化学品公司和热电厂周围土壤样点中PAHs含量相对较高; 0～3、4～7 m土壤层中PAHs以中环4环为主,8～11 m土壤层PAHs以低环2～3环为主。场地中未受扰动的土壤样品PAHs浓度随土壤深度增加而减小,受扰动的样点在深度大于16 m仍有较高浓度的PAHs。根据我国《土壤环境质量建设用地土壤污染风险管控标准》,BaP浓度超出一类建设用地筛选值60.6倍。健康风险评估显示,场地ILCRs值为9.6×10~(-11)～7.2×10~(-5),具有潜在致癌风险。     

白银市不同功能区土壤重金属污染特征及其健康风险评价

调查了白银市生活区、工业区、交通区、公园绿地和山区5个功能区表层土壤中重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn含量,并采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和健康风险表征模型评价重金属污染水平及对人体的健康风险。结果表明,白银市各功能区土壤Cu、Cd、Hg、Pb和Zn含量显著高于甘肃土壤背景值,且工业区土壤Cu含量超过了国家土壤质量二级标准。内梅罗综合指数表明:各功能区污染程度表现为工业区交通区公园绿地生活区山区;除山区外,各功能区受Hg、Zn、Pb和Cd污染较严重,其中以Hg污染最为严重。健康风险表征模型表明:重金属对儿童的HI(总非致癌风险)和TCR(总致癌风险)均大于成人,各功能区HI和TCR均表现为工业区、生活区交通区公园绿地山区;土壤As、Cr和Pb是各功能区非致癌风险最主要的3个贡献因子;土壤As和Cr是各功能区致癌风险最主要的2个贡献因子。     

天津城市公园灰尘重金属污染健康风险评价

分析了天津市中心城区41个代表性公园灰尘样品的重金属含量,借助健康风险评价模型,对天津市公园灰尘重金属的污染状况进行了健康风险评价。结果表明,天津市公园灰尘在不同程度上受到了重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的污染,其中,重金属Cu、Pb、Cr、Cd和Ni的含量平均值分别为113.18、63.32、103.18、1.14和40.58 mg·kg-1,均高于天津市土壤重金属元素的背景值。健康风险评价模型计算表明,人体经手-口接触行为直接摄入是公园灰尘暴露风险的主要途径,重金属日平均暴露剂量依次为手-口直接摄食剂量皮肤吸收剂量呼吸道吸入剂量。本研究的5种重金属元素对人体造成的慢性非致癌风险值依次表现为:CrPbCuNiCd,对人体不会造成危害,儿童的非致癌风险大于成人。致癌重金属的致癌风险依次为NiCrCd,均低于癌症风险阈值,尚未形成致癌风险。     

贵阳市主干道降尘中的多环芳烃及其健康风险评估

用GC-MS方法测定了贵阳市主干道32个降尘样品中13种多环芳烃(PAHs),并运用美国能源部和美国环保局的方法对其健康风险进行了评估。结果表明,贵阳市主干道降尘中PAHs的含量范围为1291~9215μg·kg-1,平均值为4006μg·kg-1,在国内外同类样品中处于中等水平。主成分分析结果表明,降尘中PAHs主要源于机动车尾气的排放和家庭燃煤的燃烧。健康风险评估结果显示,降尘中PAHs的非致癌危害和致癌风险主要由呼吸途径贡献。PAHs的综合非致癌危害指数远小于1,但综合致癌风险值是一般可接受致癌风险值的10倍以上,说明PAHs的致癌风险不容忽视,其中BaP和DBA对综合致癌风险的贡献最大,应引起关注。     

黄河三角洲石油化工区农田土壤-玉米体系PAHs的分布特征及风险评价

为明确黄河三角洲石油开采区表层土壤和玉米中多环芳烃（PAHs）的含量及其污染水平,采集农田土壤和玉米各71个样品,检测农田土壤和玉米各部位中16种PAHs含量,并采用内梅罗指数法和健康风险评价模型评估了农田土壤中多环芳烃的生态健康风险。结果表明,农田土壤、玉米根、茎和叶中多环芳烃的含量分别为256.6-1936、291.4-680.9、324.9-527.9、289.5-2400 μg/kg。农田土壤中多环芳烃以4-6环为主。多环芳烃在玉米根茎叶富集系数大小排序为：叶 > 茎 > 根。玉米不同组织中PAHs浓度与相应农田土壤中PAHs浓度的进行相关分析结果表明,农田土壤中PAHs含量与玉米根、茎中PAHs含量均存在极显著正相关关系,相关系数分别为0.98（P<0.01）、0.98（P<0.01）,表明玉米根和茎的多环芳烃主要来源于农田土壤中,农田土壤中PAHs的含量影响着PAHs在玉米根茎中的积累和分布。玉米叶中PAHs含量与农田土壤中PAHs含量与玉米根、茎中PAHs含量不存在相关关系,表明玉米叶中多环芳烃并非来自土壤中PAHs的迁移,可能来源于大气。内梅罗指数结果表明,农田土壤PAHs达到了中度污染,其中BaA、Pyr和BbF达到了偏重污染;健康风险评价结果表明,农田土壤PAHs对儿童和成人的平均非致癌风险分别为0.44和0.12（均小于1）,表明农田土壤多环芳烃对成人和儿童的非致癌风险是可接受;农田土壤PAHs对儿童和成人的平均致癌风险分别为3.6×10^-5、9.0×10^-6,没有超过致癌风险水平上限（10^-4）,致癌风险尚在可接受范围内。3种暴露途径中,皮肤接触是土壤PAHs的最主要暴露方式,其次是经口摄食,吸入暴露途径甚微,可忽略不计。PAHs对儿童健康的威胁风险要大于成人,所以应尽可能避免儿童直接接触或误食土壤等其他介质的污染物。     

废弃冶炼厂重金属镉向周边的扩散及其风险评价

废弃工矿区及周边地区重金属等污染物的生态风险隐患较高,了解其污染特征对防止污染源扩散十分关键。本研究按地形、水流走向等布点,采集了64个0～20 cm表层土壤样品,应用反距离权重插值(IDW)和数理统计相结合的方法,以及地累积指数评价法,探究湖南长沙某废弃冶炼厂重金属Cd向周边的扩散及土壤Cd污染的风险。结果表明:废弃冶炼厂周边土壤中有不同程度的Cd富集现象,其Cd含量在0.09～6.96 mg·kg-1,平均1.18mg·kg-1,超过当地土壤Cd背景值,是《土壤环境质量农用地土壤污染风险管控标准(试行)》中风险筛选值的2.95倍,地积累指数平均值达中重度污染水平。IDW插值结果表明:污染高值区主要分布在调查区东部原废水排放小溪两侧,且与废弃冶炼厂距离越远,小溪两侧土壤的Cd含量逐渐降低;在沿风向分布上,亦有随冶炼厂距离越远土壤Cd含量越低的趋势;不同土地利用方式下,土壤Cd含量呈现为园地水田菜地裸露地。研究结果为工矿源重金属排放管理提供了依据。     

鄱阳湖溶解态重金属空间分布格局及风险评估

采用ICP-MS定量研究了鄱阳湖溶解态重金属As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn空间分布特征,并对其引起的健康风险进行了评价。结果表明,鄱阳湖溶解态As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn的水平均符合国家Ⅰ、Ⅱ类饮用水质标准;鄱阳湖溶解态重金属的空间分布格局为As和Cr在整体上呈现北部大于南部,Cu为北部和南部高,中部低,Pb和Zn均呈现南部大于北部,而Cd的空间分布规律不明显。风险评估结果显示,鄱阳湖As、Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的风险水平小于国际辐射防护委员会(International Commission on Radiation Protection;ICRP)的推荐值(5×10~(-5)a~(-1)),但是Cr的风险水平(4.74×10~(-5)a~(-1))接近了ICRP推荐值,且由As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Pb和Zn引起的健康总风险达到了5.88×10~(-5)a~(-1),超过了ICRP推荐值。鄱阳湖由Cr和As引起的健康风险之和占总风险比例达到99.72%,是主要的健康污染物,需引起风险决策部门的重视。     

Assessment of Human Health Risk for an Area Impacted by a Large-Scale Metallurgical Refinery Complex in Hunan,China

Due to accelerated urbanization and reform of industrial structure in China, polluting industries in major cities have been closed or relocated. Consequently, large numbers of industrial sites were generated and the contaminated soils on and around these sites may pose risks to humans. This case study presents an estimation of human health risks for an area that is mainly impacted through air dispersion and deposition from a large-scale metallurgical refinery complex in Zhuzhou city, Hunan Province, China. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by the contaminants were estimated under future industrial and residential land use scenarios. The result shows that adverse health effects may occur primarily through ingestion of soils contaminated with As, Cd, and Pb. The total carcinogenic risks of multiple contaminants for a large area exceed the acceptable risk level of 1 × 10^?5, and several localized hotspots, where the total hazard index exceeds 1 were identified. Soils in the Tongda site pose the highest carcinogenic risks and non-carcinogenic hazards. It is concluded that potential human health risks exist under the proposed redevelopment scenarios, and development of risk-based remediation strategies is recommended.     

Potential Health Risk of Reused Creosote-Treated Old Railway Ties at Recreational Sites in Korea

Old creosote-treated railway ties reused at recreational sites in Korea are potential hazards, due to the presence of harmful substances in creosote, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). In such sites, PAHs in ties can be leached or emitted, and human exposure might then occur. In this study, the concentrations of 16 PAHs in soil, air, and tie surfaces in old creosote-treated railway ties reused in recreational sites were investigated, and the potential health risk of the ties was evaluated through two exposure scenarios: a recreational scenario (ingestion of and dermal contact with soil and inhalation of soil particles) and a playground scenario (ingestion after contact and dermal contact with ties). For the recreational scenario, the health risks of PAHs were safe; however, for the playground scenario, the carcinogenic risk of ingestion after contact, and dermal contact with benz(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene on the tie surfaces, exceeded the acceptable risk level (10^–6). For the carcinogenic risks of ingestion after contact with ties, the probabilities of cancer development were 8 and 5 in one million people for benz(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene, respectively. The carcinogenic risks for dermal contact with ties were 2.4 × 10^–6 and 1.4 × 10^–6 for benz(a)anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene, respectively.     

Health risk assessment of some heavy metals in urban community garden soils of Baghdad City,Iraq

The objective of this study is the evaluation of health risk of heavy metals in soils of urban community gardens of Baghdad City in Iraq. The soil samples were collected from 14 community gardens and analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn. The non-carcinogenic hazard index (HI) and carcinogenic risk index (RI) were utilized to evaluate human health risk of heavy metals. The health hazard evaluation showed that there is no non-carcinogenic hazard in light of the fact that the HI values were beneath the threshold value (HI < 1). The HI for children and adults has a descending order of Cd < Cr < Cu < Ni < Pb < Zn. The carcinogenic RI values for Cd, Cr and Ni were over the unacceptable threshold value (RI < 1 × 10^?4), demonstrating that there is a serious carcinogenic risk for children and adults in the study area. The carcinogenic RI for children and adults has a descending order of Cr < Cd < Ni. These findings give environment administrators and leaders data on whether therapeutic activities are required to decrease exposure.     

Distribution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in soil surrounding a lead and zinc smelting plant in Zanjan,Iran

One of the problematic issues in soil pollution studies is heavy metal particles which are produced by mines and smelting units and spread through wind action and/or runoff. Pollution and health risk assessment of cadmium, lead, zinc, copper, and nickel in soil around the lead and zinc smelting factory was carried out in Zanjan City, Iran. Contamination factor (Cf), pollution load index (PLI), geoaccumulation index (Igeo), hazard quotient (HQ), hazard index (HI), and carcinogenic risk were pollution and human health risk assessment metrics in this study. Based on the Iranian soil guideline value, soil samples in the studied areas were contaminated the least by copper and nickel and the most by cadmium. PLI results showed that soils near the production line were heavily or extremely heavily polluted. The results of Cf and Igeo showed that lead and zinc were the most important contaminants. Health risk assessment indicated that lead and cadmium in soil were the main contaminants, which pose both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks to human health; carcinogenic risk levels were unacceptably high (above 1 × 10^?4). It can be concluded that mining and smelting activities degrade soil quality in this region and the soil pollution might be extended to farming areas.     

Health Risks of Metals in Soil,Water, and Major Food Crops in Hamedan Province,Iran

Food, drinking water, soil, and air are the main routes of exposure to trace metals, thus the assessment of the risks posed to humans by these elements is important. Wheat, potatoes, and maize are very important parts of the Iranian diet. The objectives of this study were to estimate the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks of Hg, Pb, Cd, Cr, Se, As, and Ni to adults and children via soil, water, and major food crops consumed in Hamedan Province, northwest Iran, using the total non-cancer hazard quotient (THQ) and cancer risk assessment estimates. Total non-cancer hazard of Ni and Hg, were greater than 1, and total cancer risk of As and Pb was greater than 1 × 10^?6. Food consumption was identified as the major route of human exposure to metals, and consuming foodstuff threatens the health of the studied population. In Hamedan Province, consumption of wheat is the main source of intake of metals from foodstuff for adults, and in children, the soil ingestion route is also important.     

Assessment of potential health risk of heavy metals in soils from a rapidly developing region of China

Soil heavy metal contamination is a major environmental concern, and health risk associated with heavy metals is not fully explored. A combination of spatial analysis and Monte Carlo simulation was successfully used to identify the possible sources and health risk of cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and copper (Cu) in soils collected from a rapidly developing region of China. It was found that mean concentrations of Cd (0.17 mg/kg ), As (8.74 mg/kg ), Hg (0.15 mg/kg ), Pb (27.28 mg/kg ), and Cu (33.32 mg/kg ) were greater than the soil background values. Accumulation and spatial variability of heavy metals were significantly affected by anthropogenic activities and soil properties. The risk assessment indicated that non-carcinogenic risk was not significant. However, 95% of the total cumulative carcinogenic risk of children was greater than 1E-05, implying high potential carcinogenic risk with As and Pb representing the major contributors. Ingestion of heavy metals in the soils was the main exposure pathway compared with the inhalation and the dermal exposure. Concentration of heavy metals in the soils, particulate emission factor, and dermal exposure ratio were the major parameters affecting health risk. This study highlights the importance of assessment of soil direct exposure health risk in studying heavy metal exposures.     

Pollution and health risk assessment of heavy metals in urban soil in China

The pollution and potential health risk due to lifetime exposure to heavy metals in urban soil of China were evaluated, based on the urban soil samples collected from published papers from 2005 to 2014. The contamination levels were in the order of Cd > Hg > Cu > Zn > Pb >As > Ni > Cr, and Hg and Cd fell into the category of “moderately contaminated” to “heavily contaminated.” The non-carcinogenic risk for different populations varied greatly, among which children faced high risk, and then the adult female and adult male followed. The hazard index (non-carcinogenic risk) higher than 1.00 occurred in Shanghai, Gansu, Qinghai, Hunan, and Anhui, whereas most of those in northern and western China had low risks. For the carcinogenic risk, Anhui and Ningxia provinces had urban soils exceeding the safe reference (1 × 10^?6–1 × 10^?4). Qinghai and Gansu had high carcinogenic risks since their risk indexes were much closer to the reference, and the others were in low risk.     

Widespread environmental contamination in agricultural soils and human health risk at the vicinity of an oil refinery site

In this research, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic human health risks due to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated via three exposure pathways: accidental ingestion of soil, dermal contact of soils, and contaminated vegetable ingestion. To determine the contaminant concentrations in soil, samples were collected from areas adjacent to the Tehran oil refinery, located in Shahr-e-Ray city, Iran. Analyses of the samples indicated that the average of PAHs concentration in the soil samples were greater than clean-up level guidelines. Cancer risk of contaminants due to ingestion of cultivated vegetables that are sold in Tehran markets was significant in comparison with other exposure pathways. Moreover, the total cancer risk for 5th percentile, 95 upper confidence limit, and 95th percentile concentration of contaminants were 5.69E-04, 8.78E-02, and 2.13E-01, classifying the site as having a significant cancer risk potential. Furthermore, non-carcinogenic health risk analyses for the contaminants demonstrated hazard index of less than 1. Remediation of the soils is highly recommended to eliminate the potential cancer risks and prevent the contamination of the food chain for approximately 10 million Tehran residents.     

Contamination level and potential health risk assessment of hexavalent chromium in soils from a coal chemical industrial area in Northwest China

Abstract

This study aimed to evaluate the total Cr and Cr(VI) contamination levels and assess the possible health risk of Cr(VI) in soils from a coal chemical industrial area in Northwest China. The contamination factor (CF) was used to calculate the total Cr and Cr(VI) contamination levels in soils from the study area. The highest concentration of Cr(VI) (69.58?mg/kg) was found in the top soil (0–20?cm) with the distance of 10 m to the coal cinder heap. The carcinogenic risk (CR) and hazard quotient (HQ) were estimated for health risk to workers by using “Chinese Technical Guidelines for Risk Assessment of Contaminated Sites (HJ 25.3-2014).” The results showed that the soils from the study area were moderately polluted by the total Cr and Cr(VI). There was no serious non-CR (HQ < 1). However, the CR values of Cr(VI) were significantly higher than the threshold value, indicating that workers are facing serious threat of Cr(VI). Inhalation (70.32%) was the main exposure pathway to CR, followed by dermal contact (20.64%), and then ingestion (9.04%). These results provide basic information of Cr(VI) pollution control and environment management in coal chemical industrial areas.     

Toxic metal ion in seafood: Meta-analysis of human carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic threat assessment,a geomedical study from Dhamra and Puri,Odisha

The investigation revealed the adverse health threats on human beings from toxic metals via ingestion of seafood from two contaminated sites in Odisha. Bioaccumulation through food chain was presented as tissue metal concentrations. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic health hazards were estimated by Target Hazard Quotient (THQ) and Target Cancer Risk (TCR) following USEPA referred safe metal intake limit. THQ of Metals like Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb in both sites showed >1, indicating a severe non carcinogenic health threat to humans from the investigated metals. THQ of Cu, Zn, Fe, Cr and Hg showed < 1, implying the least possible deleterious health effects. Cr was the most significant carcinogenic pollutant in both sites. The marine fish consumption of Dhamra site might cause extra 7 cases of cancer per 10000 populations due to higher Cr level (cancer risk 6.7 × 10^?3). Carcinogenic risk of Ni and Pb were below the tolerable range of 10E-4. The presence of Cd in sea foods elevated cancer risks in both sites. The metal pollution index (MPI) indicated, the highest toxic metal bio accumulation was contributed by Arius arius species. Ilisha megaloptera and Lates calcarifer from Dhamra and Puri showed highest hazard index (HI) suggesting unaccountable non-carcinogenic health threat.