不同苜蓿(Medicago sativa L.)品种光合速率对光和CO2浓度的响应特征

以6个紫花苜蓿（Medicago sativa L.）品种为对象,用Licor-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了紫花苜蓿光合作用对光、CO2的响应曲线,阐述了光合作用对光和CO2浓度的响应特征。结果表明,各品种光合速率随光强或CO2浓度的提高而增大均可用指数方程来模拟,并得出一些光合响应特征参数：表观量子效率、羧化效率、光补偿点、近光饱和点、暗呼吸速率、光呼吸速率、CO2补偿点、CO2饱和点等,品种间差异显著;巨人201＋Z、路宝具较高的近光饱和点、表观量子效率及羧化效率,较低的CO2补偿点,是具有较高的光能生产潜力的苜蓿品种;秋眠级数与表观量子效率、羧化效率、光补偿点、近光饱和点、暗呼吸速率、光呼吸速率均成不同程度的负相关,与CO2补偿点、CO2饱和点成微弱正相关,均未达到显著水平。     

七子花苗期光合日进程及光响应

对七子花苗期光合日进程及光响应进行了研究,结果表明:(1)净光合速率的日进程曲线呈双峰型,胞间CO2浓度的日进程基本与净光合速率相反,中午胞间CO2浓度增高表明净光合速率午间降低主要受非气孔限制因素的影响。暗呼吸速率日进程呈单峰曲线,中午最高。光能利用效率以上午7∶00为最高,中午最低,以后又逐渐上升。(2)净光合速率最适温度为25～30℃,高光合有效辐射和高温下光抑制加剧。(3)29℃下饱和光强为890μmolm 2s 1,表观量子效率为0.0325,光补偿点为44μmolm 2s 1;随着光合有效辐射的增强,气孔阻力减小,但光合有效辐射过高,气孔阻力却有所上升。(4)在29℃的饱和光强下,羧化效率为0.0351,CO2补偿点为173μmolmol 1,低于或高于饱和光强,羧化效率下降,CO2补偿点升高。     

栲树冠层光合生理特性的空间异质性

森林冠层在能量传输、光合有效辐射和微气象等方面的差异可导致冠层光合生产力空间分布的变化.叶片光合生理特性在空间上的差异对精确估算森林冠层的初级生产力十分重要.本文以亚热带常绿阔叶林优势种---栲树(Castanopsis fargesii)为对象,研究叶片光合生理特性在冠层空间上的变化.结果表明:1)在垂直方向上,冠层北向叶的饱和光合速率(Amax)、光饱和点(LSP)和CO2羧化效率(CCE)均表现为上部>中部>底部,且依次平均降低19.4%、18.1%和37.1%;光补偿点(LCP)、光下暗呼吸(Rd)以及冠层南向叶的饱和光合速率、光饱和点和CO2羧化效率均表现为上部>底部>中部,上部比中部和底部高出12.3%~71.4%;表观量子效率(AQY)表现为底部>上部>中部,底部分别是顶部和中部叶的1.2和1.3倍;2)在水平方向上,冠层上部和底部南向叶的饱和光合速率、光饱和点和CO2羧化效率比北向叶高0.9%~31.5%;冠层中部北向叶的饱和光合速率等6个参数比南向叶高9.6%~63.2%.因此,在冠层水平上模拟和估算植物生产力时,必须考虑冠层光合生理特性的空间差异.     

茄子嫁接苗与自根苗光合特性比较

对茄子嫁接苗与自根苗的光合生理特性进行了比较研究。结果表明,不同时期嫁接苗功能叶片的净光合速率（Pn）均显著高于自根苗;茄子嫁接苗与自根苗功能叶片的Pn日变化均呈“双峰”曲线,但嫁接苗的“午休”程度较自根苗轻;嫁接苗比自根苗有较低的光补偿点（LCP）和CO2补偿点（CCP）,较高的光饱和点（LSP）和CO2饱和点（CSP）;有较低的光合冷限温度和较高的光合热限温度,光合最适温度两者之间没有明显的差别;有较高的光饱和、CO2饱和及最适温度时的Pn;嫁接苗Pn高是因为嫁接苗胞间的光合反应的底物浓度大（Ci高）,表观量子效率（AQY）、羧化效率（CE）和光合能力（A350）高的缘故。     

桂花光合特性的光温响应

对丹桂光合特性光温响应的研究结果表明：1）净光合速率最适温度为24～28℃,在22～42℃之间,净光合速率、胞间CO2浓度、气孔导度和水分利用效率与温度的关系为二次多项式方程,暗呼吸速率和蒸腾速率与温度成线性关系;2）在控制条件下,随着温度的升高,光补偿点升高,光饱和点、表观量子效率、最大净光合速率下降.在自然条件下,丹桂光合日进程出现明显的光合“午休”,“午休”主要由非气孔限制引起,表观量子效率和光化学效率下降表明光抑制是午间非气孔限制形成和发展的深层原因.     

大田威廉斯香蕉叶片光合特性研究

用Li-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统研究大田威廉斯香蕉叶片光合日变化、光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线,运用非直角双曲线模型并结合SPSS软件的非线性回归估算其光合作用参数.结果表明,香蕉叶片光合日进程呈单峰曲线,没有明显的午休现象,最大净光合速率出现在10:20左右;光饱和点与光补偿点分别为778.19和61.09mol/m2.s,表观量子效率为0.0414;CO2饱和点与补偿点分别为608.97和72.13μmol/mol,羧化效率为0.094,此外,对影响香蕉光合速率的主要环境因子分析表明,在土壤供水充分的条件下,限制光合速率的因子是光合有效辐射而非气孔导度.     

两种土壤含水率下匙羹藤的光合及水分利用率的初步研究

采用便携式LI-6400光合测定系统,对生长于两种土壤含水率下的当年生匙羹藤光合特性及其水分利用率进行研究。结果表明:(1)匙羹藤叶片的光饱和点(LSP)200～400μmol.m-2.s-1,光补偿点(LCP)12.1880～12.5593μmol.m-2.s-1,表观量子利用效率(α)0.0472～0.0508mol.mol-1,为阳生植物,但具有较强的弱光利用能力。(2)叶片CO2补偿点为70.97～73.75μmol.mol-1,CO2饱和点在1115.51～1687.99μmol.mol-1,羧化效率7.35×10-3～8.64×10-3μmol.m-2.s-1,表明匙羹藤为C3型植物。(3)上午10:00左右和下午4:00左右是匙羹藤水分利用率的最高时段。(4)含水率高时饱和净光合速率(Pm)、表观光合量子利用效率(α)、光饱和点都比含水率低时高,但光补偿点却比含水率低时低,说明匙羹藤利用弱光的能力较强,能有效地利用全日照的强光,光合潜力较大,生长较好;含水率低时匙羹藤的CO2补偿点较低,说明匙羹藤能利用较低的外界CO2浓度;最大水分利用效率较高,表明含水率低时匙羹藤的节水潜力较大。     

低温弱光对茄子幼苗光合特性的影响

以4～5叶的 二苠 茄幼苗为试材,研究了其在低温弱光 10℃/5℃昼/夜,光强60、120μmol·m-2·s-1 胁迫7d并恢复7d后的光合特性变化.结果表明,低温弱光胁迫后茄子幼苗的净光合速率、气孔导度和叶绿素含量显著降低;光补偿点、光饱和点、光饱和时的Pn、表观量子产额降低;CO2补偿点升高,CO2饱和点、CO2饱和时的Pn、光合能力、CO2羧化效率降低;以低温下较强光照时 120μmol·m-2·s-1 的变化幅度较大;恢复7d后各项指标仍然不能恢复到对照水平.试验条件已对茄子幼苗叶片光合机构的结构和活性造成了不可恢复的伤害.     

垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠的气体交换参数对光的响应

以垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠为实验材料,用CIRAS-2型光合仪测定并计算垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(E)、胞间(CO2)、浓度(Ci)、气孔导度(Gs)、光饱和点、光补偿点、表观量子效率等光合参数,对两者的光合特性进行比较。结果表明,随着光强的升高,垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠的净光合速率和气孔导度都随着光强的增强而升高;垂丝海棠光补偿点较低、光饱合点较高,表明垂丝海棠对强光的适应性较强;垂丝海棠的表观量子效率比木瓜海棠的高,说明垂丝海棠叶片转化光能的效率高于木瓜海棠,并且对弱光的利用能力较强。这些数据为垂丝海棠和木瓜海棠在园林绿化中的合理配置与栽培提供了理论依据。     

低温弱光对辣椒幼苗光合特性与光合作用启动时间的影响

以辣椒(Capsicum annuumL.)幼苗为试材,研究了偏低温弱光(19℃/12℃昼/夜,90μmol?m-2?s-1)和临界低温弱光(15℃/8℃昼/夜,90μmol?m-2?s-1)胁迫10 d后的光合特性与光合作用启动时间的变化.结果表明:无论是在偏低温弱光还是在临界低温弱光下,辣椒幼苗的光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、光饱和时的光合速率(Amax)和表观量子产额(AOY)下降;CO2补偿点(CCP)升高,而CO2饱和点(CSP)、CO2饱和时的光合速率(Amax)以及羧化效率(CE)下降;温度补偿点(TCP)降低;光合作用启动时间(STP)延长.在偏低温弱光下,辣椒幼苗有着更高的光与CO2利用能力和利用效率,光合作用启动时间较短,但温度补偿点较高.     

亚热带10种蕨类植物光响应模型拟合及光合特性研究

通过合适的光响应模型来准确计算植物光合参数是研究植物光合特性的重要手段。为深入了解亚热带蕨类植物的光合特性,采用直角双曲线模型、非直角双曲线模型、指数模型和直角双曲线修正模型等4种常用光响应模型分别对10种亚热带蕨类植物进行光响应曲线拟合。通过分析决定系数(R~2)、均方根误差(RMSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)、光饱和点(LSP)、光补偿点(LCP)、最大净光合速率(P_nmax)、暗呼吸速率(R_d)和表观量子效率(AQE)等9种参数,探讨亚热带蕨类植物的光响应模型拟合效果及其光合特性。结果表明：直角双曲线修正模型和非直角双曲线模型对本研究10种亚热带蕨类植物的拟合效果较好,其中直角双曲线修正模型的LSP拟合效果最好,非直角双曲线模型的拟合精度最高。光合参数的聚类分析和TOPSIS(Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to an Ideal Solution)综合评价法表明,10种亚热带蕨类植物的光合特性既具有相似性又存在物种特异性。黑鳞耳蕨(Polystichum makinoi(Tag...     

Carbon dioxide emission from bamboo culms

Bamboos are one of the fastest growing plants on Earth, and are widely considered to have high ability to capture and sequester atmospheric carbon, and consequently to mitigate climate change. We tested this hypothesis by measuring carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from bamboo culms and comparing them with their biomass sequestration potential. We analysed diurnal effluxes from Bambusa vulgaris culm surface and gas mixtures inside hollow sections of various bamboos using gas chromatography. Corresponding variations in gas pressure inside the bamboo section and culm surface temperature were measured. SEM micrographs of rhizome and bud portions of bamboo culms were also recorded. We found very high CO₂ effluxes from culm surface, nodes and buds of bamboos. Positive gas pressure and very high concentrations of CO₂ were observed inside hollow sections of bamboos. The CO₂ effluxes observed from bamboos were very high compared to their carbon sequestration potential. Our measurements suggest that bamboos are net emitters of CO₂ during their lifespan.     

Gas exchanges of three co-occurring species of Cypripedium in a scrubland in the Hengduan Mountains

Gas exchanges and related leaf traits of three co-occurring species of genus Cypripedium (C. yunnanense Franch., C. guttatum SW., and C. flavum P.F. Hunt et Summerch.) were investigated in a scrubland at 3 460 m a.s.l. in the Hengduan Mountains. The considered species had similar photosynthetic responses to photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) and air temperature. The photosynthetic capacity (P _max), carboxylation efficiency (CE), apparent quantum efficiency (AQE), PPFD-saturated rate of electron transport (J_max), respiration rate (R _D), and leaf nitrogen content per unit area (LNC) of C. guttatum were higher than those of C. yunnanense and C. flavum. The highest P _max of C. guttatum was related to the highest LNC and the lowest ratio of intercellular CO₂ concentration to atmospheric CO₂ concentration (C _i/C _a). However, no significant differences in stomatal conductance (g _s) and relative stomatal limitations (RSL) were observed among the three species. Hence biochemical limitation had a dominant role in P _max differences among the considered species.     

水盐梯度下克里雅河流域芦苇光合响应特征

选择新疆克里雅河流域地下水埋深不同的样点芦苇为材料,采用Li-6400便携式光合系统仪对各样点芦苇的光合响应特征进行实地测定,探讨其适应干旱胁迫和盐胁迫环境的光合机理。结果显示:(1)在干旱区,当地下水位大于2m时,芦苇的光饱和点、表观量子效率、光呼吸速率随地下水位的下降显著降低,而水分利用效率却随着地下水位的下降呈上升趋势;随着地下水位的下降,芦苇的羧化效率、最大净光合速率、CO2饱和点显著下降,水分利用效率随之增大;1.6m地下水位的芦苇相对于2.7m地下水位下芦苇的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点、暗呼吸速率分别下降19.98%、40.61%、37%、74.56%。(2)在盐胁迫下芦苇的光合参数整体低于受干旱胁迫的参数;盐胁迫下的芦苇水分利用效率大于受干旱胁迫环境。(3)与陆生环境下的芦苇相比,渍水条件下芦苇的最大净光合速率、光饱和点、光补偿点分别下降41.32%、14.56%、55.55%。研究表明,提高空气CO2供应量可降低水分利用效率从而缓解芦苇盐胁迫伤害,并且可通过调节气孔开闭程度显著增加水生芦苇最大净光合速率,这种变化是植物自身对环境因素变化的生理性反馈和适应性选择对策的结果。     

Influence of irradiance on photosynthesis and PSII photochemical efficiency in maize during short-term exposure at high CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentration

This work aimed to evaluate if gas exchange and PSII photochemical activity in maize are affected by different irradiance levels during short-term exposure to elevated CO₂. For this purpose gas exchange and chlorophyll a fluorescence were measured on maize plants grown at ambient CO₂ concentration (control CO₂) and exposed for 4 h to short-term treatments at 800 μmol(CO₂) mol⁻¹ (high CO₂) at a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of either 1,000 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (control light) or 1,900 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ (high light). At control light, high-CO₂ leaves showed a significant decrease of net photosynthetic rate (P _N) and a rise in the ratio of intercellular to ambient CO₂ concentration (C _i/C _a) and water-use efficiency (WUE) compared to control CO₂ leaves. No difference between CO₂ concentrations for PSII effective photochemistry (Φ_PSII), photochemical quenching (q_p) and nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ) was detected. Under high light, high-CO₂ leaves did not differ in P _N, C _i/C _a, Φ_PSII and NPQ, but showed an increase of WUE. These results suggest that at control light photosynthetic apparatus is negatively affected by high CO₂ concentration in terms of carbon gain by limitations in photosynthetic dark reaction rather than in photochemistry. At high light, the elevated CO₂ concentration did not promote an increase of photosynthesis and photochemistry but only an improvement of water balance due to increased WUE.     

Large‐scale variations in the vegetation growing season and annual cycle of atmospheric CO2 at high northern latitudes from 1950 to 2011

We combine satellite and ground observations during 1950–2011 to study the long‐term links between multiple climate (air temperature and cryospheric dynamics) and vegetation (greenness and atmospheric CO₂ concentrations) indicators of the growing season of northern ecosystems (>45°N) and their connection with the carbon cycle. During the last three decades, the thermal potential growing season has lengthened by about 10.5 days (P < 0.01, 1982–2011), which is unprecedented in the context of the past 60 years. The overall lengthening has been stronger and more significant in Eurasia (12.6 days, P < 0.01) than North America (6.2 days, P > 0.05). The photosynthetic growing season has closely tracked the pace of warming and extension of the potential growing season in spring, but not in autumn when factors such as light and moisture limitation may constrain photosynthesis. The autumnal extension of the photosynthetic growing season since 1982 appears to be about half that of the thermal potential growing season, yielding a smaller lengthening of the photosynthetic growing season (6.7 days at the circumpolar scale, P < 0.01). Nevertheless, when integrated over the growing season, photosynthetic activity has closely followed the interannual variations and warming trend in cumulative growing season temperatures. This lengthening and intensification of the photosynthetic growing season, manifested principally over Eurasia rather than North America, is associated with a long‐term increase (22.2% since 1972, P < 0.01) in the amplitude of the CO₂ annual cycle at northern latitudes. The springtime extension of the photosynthetic and potential growing seasons has apparently stimulated earlier and stronger net CO₂ uptake by northern ecosystems, while the autumnal extension is associated with an earlier net release of CO₂ to the atmosphere. These contrasting responses may be critical in determining the impact of continued warming on northern terrestrial ecosystems and the carbon cycle.     

Seasonal response of photosynthesis to elevated CO2 in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) over two growing seasons

Trees growing in natural systems undergo seasonal changes in environmental factors that generate seasonal differences in net photosynthetic rates. To examine how seasonal changes in the environment affect the response of net photosynthetic rates to elevated CO₂, we grew Pinus taeda L. seedlings for three growing seasons in open-top chambers continuously maintained at either ambient or ambient + 30 Pa CO₂. Seedlings were grown in the ground, under natural conditions of light, temperature nd nutrient and water availability. Photosynthetic capacity was measured bimonthly using net photosynthetic rate vs. intercellular CO₂ partial pressure (A-C_i) curves. Maximum Rubisco activity (Vc_max) and ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate regeneration capacity mediated by electron transport (J_max) and phosphate regeneration (PiRC) were calculated from A-C_i curves using a biochemically based model. Rubisco activity, activation state and content, and leaf carbohydrate, chlorophyll and nitrogen concentrations were measured concurrently with photosynthesis measurements. This paper presents results from the second and third years of treatment. Mean leaf nitrogen concentrations ranged from 13.7 to 23.8 mg g^?1, indicating that seedlings were not nitrogen deficient. Relative to ambient CO₂ seedlings, elevated CO₂ increased light-saturated net photosynthetic rates 60–110% during the summer, but < 30% during the winter. A relatively strong correlation between leaf temperature and the relative response of net photosynthetic rates to elevated CO₂ suggests a strong effect of leaf temperature. During the third growing season, elevated CO₂ reduced Rubisco activity 30% relative to ambient CO₂ seedlings, nearly completely balancing Rubisco and RuBP-regeneration regulation of photosynthesis. However, reductions in Rubisco activity did not eliminate the seasonal pattern in the relative response of net photosynthetic rates to elevated CO₂. These results indicate that seasonal differences in the relative response of net photosynthetic rates to elevated CO₂ are likely to occur in natural systems.     

香樟凋落叶分解过程对两种间作作物生长和光合特性的影响

采用盆栽试验方法,探讨了香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)凋落叶不同土壤添加水平(0 g/盆为CK、25 g/盆、50 g/盆,100 g/盆)对受体作物小白菜(Brassica chinensis)、莴笋(Lactuca sativa)幼苗生长和光合特性的影响。结果显示:(1)香樟凋落叶分解对两种作物的地径、株高、生物量、叶片数和叶面积均有明显的抑制作用,且抑制效应随凋落叶添加量的增加而增强,但随着分解时间的延长其抑制作用逐渐减弱甚至表现为促进作用。(2)香樟凋落叶分解对两种作物的光合色素含量均有明显的抑制效应,并随凋落叶添加量的增加抑制作用增强,且持续时间延长。(3)经凋落叶处理的两种作物叶片净光合速率(P_n)、气孔导度(G_s)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、水分利用率(WUE)总体上均低于CK,而胞间CO₂浓度(C_i)在各凋落叶处理下均高于CK。(4)随着土壤中凋落叶量的增加,两种作物在光饱和以及CO₂饱和状态下的最大净光合速率(P_{n max})、表观量子效率(AQY)、羧化速率(CE)、光呼吸速率(R_p)和暗呼吸速率(R_d)均不断下降,而光补偿点(LCP)、光饱和点(LSP)、CO₂饱和点(CSP)、CO₂补偿点(CCP)因受体作物的不同,表现出不同的变化趋势。研究表明,土壤中香樟凋落叶分解释放的化感物质,能通过降低受体作物的光合色素合成和光合能力,限制其营养生长,最终影响生物量积累;相对于莴笋,小白菜对香樟凋落叶分解产生的化感胁迫效应具有更强的耐受性,可能更适宜在香樟林间种植。     

Photosynthetic capacity of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) trees during the first year of carbon dioxide enrichment in a forest ecosystem

Our objective was to assess the photosynthetic responses of loblolly pine trees (Pinus taeda L.) during the first full growth season (1997) at the Brookhaven National Lab/Duke University Free Air CO₂ Enrichment (FACE) experiment. Gas exchange, fluorescence characteristics, and leaf biochemistry of ambient CO₂ (control) needles and ambient + 20 Pa CO₂ (elevated) needles were examined five times during the year. The enhancement of photosynthesis by elevated CO₂ in mature loblolly pine trees varied across the season and was influenced by abiotic and biotic factors. Photosynthetic enhancement by elevated CO₂ was strongly correlated with leaf temperature. The magnitude of photosynthetic enhancement was zero in March but was as great as 52% later in the season. In March, reduced sink demand and lower temperatures resulted in lower net photosynthesis, lower carboxylation rates and higher excess energy dissipation from the elevated CO₂ needles than from control needles. The greatest photosynthetic enhancement by CO₂ enrichment was observed in July during a period of high temperature and low precipitation, and in September during recovery from this period of low precipitation. In July, loblolly pine trees in the control rings exhibited lower net photosynthetic rates, lower maximum rates of photosynthesis at saturating CO₂ and light, lower values of carboxylation and electron transport rates (modelled from A–C_i curves), lower total Rubisco activity, and lower photochemical quenching of fluorescence in comparison to other measurement periods. During this period of low precipitation trees in the elevated CO₂ rings exhibited reduced net photosynthesis and photochemical quenching of fluorescence, but there was little effect on light- and CO₂-saturated rates of photosynthesis, modelled rates of carboxylation or electron transport, or Rubisco activity. These first-year data will be used to compare with similar measurements from subsequent years of the FACE experiment in order to determine whether photosynthetic acclimation to CO₂ occurs in these canopy loblolly pine trees growing in a forest ecosystem.     

The analysis of photosynthetic performance in leaves under field conditions: A case study using Bruguiera mangroves

In this report, we analyze the photosynthetic capacity and performance of leaves under field conditions with a case study based on the mangroves Bruguiera parviflora and B. gymnorrhiza. Using a tower through a closed canopy at a field sight in North Queensland and portable infra-red gas analyzers, a large data set was collected over a period of 11 days early in the growing season. The set was used to analyze the relationship between net photosynthesis (P_net) and light, leaf temperature, stomatal conductance and intracellular CO₂ (C_i).There are three objectives of this report: (1) to determine photosynthetic potential as indicated by the in situ responses of P_net to light and stomatal conductance, (2) to determine the extent to which photosynthetic performance may be reduced from that potential, and (3) to explore the basis for and physiological significance of the reduction.The results indicate that even under harsh tropical conditions, the mangrove photosynthetic machinery is capable of operating efficiently at low light and with maximal rates of more than 15 mol CO₂ m^-2 s^-1. Though stomata were more often limiting than light, in any single measurement the average reduction of P_net from the maximum value predicted by light or conductance responses was 35%. Analysis of single leaf light and CO₂ responses indicated that photosynthetic performance was under direct photosynthetic, or non-stomatal, control at all light and conductance levels. Capacity was adjustable rapidly from a maximum value to essentially nil such that C_i varied inversely with P_net from ca. 150 L L^-1 at the highest rates of CO₂ exchange to ambient at the lowest.