毛乌素沙地中国沙棘无性系种群年龄结构动态与遗传后果研究

根据样地每木栓尺和林缘扩散效应调查以及无性系跟踪挖掘材料,分析了毛乌素沙地中国沙棘无性系各上群年龄结构动态及其遗传后果,结果表明,中国沙棘无性系种群年龄结构由增长型经过稳定型发展到衰退型,在衰退的种群中,中国沙棘能够通过无性系生长实验林窗更新恢复其稳定性或依靠林缘扩散使种群在更大的空间尺度上进行自我维持。同时,随着种群的自疏,无性系种群的组成由较多拥有较少分株的无性系向较少拥有较多分株的无性系转变,从而降低了无性系种群的基株多样性。     

不同放牧强度下矮嵩草（Kobresia humilis）无性系分株种群的动调

以矮嵩草无性系分株和分蘖分别作为其种群的基本单元,对不同放牧强度下种群的动态与调节进行了研究。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加,每分株的分蘖数、叶片数及分株个体地上生物量均增加．分蘖死亡率和叶片死亡率在各处理间差异不显著。分蘖死亡率的高峰出现在生长季末,叶片死亡率在生长初期和末期较高,而且都不属于密度制约性的死亡。矮嵩草多重种群结构水平的数量调节是由最外层次（叶片层次）的数量变化引起的,进而影响到较内层次上结构单元的大小和数量。     

不同放牧强度下矮嵩草（Kobresiahumilis）无性系分株种群的动态与调节

以矮嵩草无性系分株和分蘖分别作为其种群的基本单元,对不同放牧强度下种群的动态与调节进行了研究。结果表明：随着放牧强度的增加,每分株的分蘖数,叶片数及分株个体地上生物量增加。分初期和末期较高,而且都不属于密度制约性的死亡。矮嵩草我重种群结构水平的数量调节是由最外层次（叶片层次）的数量变化引起的,进而影响到较内层次上结构单元的大小和数量。     

长白山泥炭沼泽桧叶金发藓种群的年龄结构与生长分析

在长白山哈尼泥炭沼泽,应用“固有年际标记”,对有孢子体和无孢子体生产的桧叶金发藓种群进行了年龄结构与生长分析.结果表明,在两种群中,分株均由6个龄级组成,分株数量和生物量年龄结构均呈衰退型,有孢子体生产的种群尤为明显.总体分株生物量无显著差异（P＞0.05）,各龄分株干物质积累量均随龄级增加呈相似线性增长规律.总体分株平均高度相差6.17%（P＜0.05）,孢子体生产限制了分株高度的生长.各龄分株的平均高度均随龄级增加而呈相似线性增长规律.无孢子体生产的种群内,分株高度的变异程度仅为2.44%,体现了高度一致性对营养株存活的意义.有孢子体生产的种群内,分株高度变异系数为25.07％,分株生物量变异系数仅为8.25％,反映干物质积累量的一致性对种群实现有性繁殖的意义.两种群分株生物量与高度间呈极显著线性正相关（P＜0.001）,未表现出异速生长规律.     

斑苦竹无性系种群克隆生长格局动态的研究

采用“例逐龄级累加法”（ＲＡＡ）研究了缙云山斑苦竹无性系种群的克隆生长格局动态,以及无性系分株克隆生长型的动态趋势．结果表明,作为复轴型的斑苦竹,其无性系种群随时间进程表现为聚集程度逐渐降低的集群分布格局．在自然条件下,斑苦竹更多地表现出单轴型的繁殖趋势．应用ＲＡＡ分析植物种群,尤其是竹类植物种群前期的克隆生长格局的动态,结果可靠,具有重要的应用价值．     

仙湖苏铁种群年龄判断及年龄结构特征

根据苏铁类植株体残存的营养叶叶基数、开花痕数以及生长单元发生率等茎干特征, 建立了仙湖苏铁种群年龄判断方法,计算出该种群年龄. 进一步采用年龄结构图、年龄分布 曲线和曲线估计等方法,从基株和无性系水平探讨了仙湖苏铁种群的年龄结构特征.年龄结构 图显示,仙湖苏铁无性系种群为稳定种群,基株种群为衰退种群;年龄分布曲线和曲线估计结 果则表明仙湖苏铁无性系和基株种群均为衰退种群. 综合3种方法的分析结果,仙湖苏铁 种群为衰退种群,必须采取一定措施予以保护.     

松嫩平原全叶马兰种群无性系分株的建成及其年龄结构

全叶马兰（Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz.)为根蘖型多年生草本菊种植物。在生长季后期,新生肉质细根向地表生长形成根蘖芽,根蘖芽成株后形成主根。经过对大量样本观察。创建了按形态特征对根蘖型草本植物种群无性系分株和芽的年龄划分方法,以及对主根生活年限的估计方法。分株年龄是按主根芽再生的次数划分,新根蘖芽成株为1a,1a分株死亡后从主根再萌生的分株为2a,2a分株死亡后从主根再萌生的分株为3a。新根蘖芽为0a芽,其它龄级与分株的龄级相一致,即1a分株主根芽为1a芽,2a分株主根芽为2a芽,在松嫩平原割草草场,全叶马兰种群由3个龄级无性系分株组成,呈稳定型年龄结构。分株主根的生活年限最多为4年,分株的生产力种群水平以2a最高,个体水平以1a最低,并随着龄级的增加呈增长趋势,其中,在生长季初期以3a分株的生产力最高,进入中期以后则1a最低,并随着龄级的增加呈增长趋势。其中,在生长季初期以3a分株的生产力最高,进入中期以后则1a分株的相对生长速率最大,用秋末新生根蘖数量和现时种群数量可以较准确预报翌年种群数量和年龄结构。芽库中潜在种群数量是现时种群数量的2倍以上,但不意味着种群将发生疯长,而是为替补所做的充分准备。     

松嫩平原全叶马兰种群无性系分株的建成及其年龄结构

全叶马兰(Kalimeris integrifolia Turcz.)为根蘖型多年生草本菊科植物.在生长季后期,新生肉质细根向地表生长形成根蘖芽.根蘖芽成株后形成主根.经过对大量样本观察,创建了按形态特征对根蘖型草本植物种群无性系分株和芽的年龄划分方法,以及对主根生活年限的估计方法.分株年龄是按主根芽再生的次数划分,新根蘖芽成株为1 a,1 a分株死亡后从主根再萌生的分株为2 a,2 a分株死亡后从主根再萌生的分株为3 a.新根蘖芽为0 a芽,其它龄级与分株的龄级相一致,即1 a分株主根芽为1 a芽,2 a分株主根芽为2 a芽.在松嫩平原割草草场,全叶马兰种群由3个龄级无性系分株组成,呈稳定型年龄结构.分株主根的生活年限最多为4年.分株的生产力种群水平以2 a最高,个体水平则以1 a最低,并随着龄级的增加呈增长趋势.其中,在生长季初期以3 a分株的生产力最高,进入中期以后则1 a分株的相对生长速率最大.用秋末新生根蘖数量和现时种群数量可以较准确预报翌年种群数量和年龄结构.芽库中潜在种群数量是现时种群数量的2倍以上,但不意味着种群将发生疯长,而是为替补所做的充分准备.     

不同群落中米氏冰草和羊草的年龄结构动态

米氏冰草和羊草都是根茎型禾草,是典型的无性系植物。采取单位面积挖掘取样法,对呼伦贝尔沙地植被次生演替过程中的米氏冰草和羊草种群分株年龄结构进行调查。结果表明,在单生和混合群落中,米氏冰草分株分别由3和4个年龄级组成,羊草均由2个年龄级组成;米氏冰草分株数量和生物量年龄结构变化基本一致,即随着生长年限的延长,呈减少低龄级和增加高龄级比例的趋势,使单生群落中始终为增长型,但接近于稳定型,混生群落中由增长型变为稳定型。羊草分株数量和生物量年龄结构在连续2a均为明显的增长型。羊草各龄级平均单株生产力均高于米氏冰草,平均是米氏冰草的5.2倍。米氏冰草和羊草种群分株年龄结构的变化,蕴含着米氏冰草种群的优势地位将被羊草种群取代的趋势。     

松嫩平原野古草种群构件结构动态

野古草是根茎型无性系禾草,在松嫩平原草甸经常形成单优种群落。采用单位面积挖掘取样、分株按营养繁殖世代划分龄级、根茎按实际生活年限划分龄级的方法,对松嫩平原单优群落和混生群落的野古草种群构件结构进行了调查与分析。结果表明,在生长季初期两群落野古草种群均以春性分株和根茎芽占优势,且分株及芽构件结构相对稳定,芽库的输出率单优群落为80.4%,混生群落为62.5%;整个生长季分株由2—3个龄级组成,1a分株数量是2a的2.9—10.2倍,其生物量各月份所占比例平均为93%,随着龄级的增加依次明显减少,呈增长型年龄结构;根茎由3—4个龄级组成,根茎累积长度及生物量均以2a占绝对优势,为稳定型年龄结构;分株生产力1a明显高于2a,对种群贡献最大;根茎贮藏力除个别月份以3a、4a最高外,两群落大部分以2a最高,在生长季后期,1a根茎物质积累的速率最快。     

Regulation of clonal growth and dynamics of Panicum virgatum (Poaceae) in tallgrass prairie: effects of neighbor removal and nutrient addition

Clones of the perennial grass Panicum virgatum were studied on the Konza Prairie in northeast Kansas to determine the effects of neighbors, nutrient availability, and physiological integration on ramet population dynamics and clonal growth and architecture. Opposite halves of established clones in the field were subjected differentially to treatments including neighbor removal and nitrogen addition, with intact or severed rhizome connections between halves. Neighborhood competition strongly influenced clone architecture and expansion rates. Removal of neighbors resulted in a >;95% increase in radial clone expansion, intraclonal ramet densities, ramet population growth rates, ramet biomass, and percent of stems flowering, averaged over a 4-year period relative to halves or clones with intact competitors. Plant responses suggest that effects of interclonal neighbors are mediated through alteration of the light environment in the clone canopy and water availability. Addition of nitrogen did not affect lateral spread or clone structure, but resulted in significant increases in ramet size, flowering, and seed production. ANOVA revealed no significant effect of rhizome severing or treatment × severing interactions, suggesting that the size of the integrated physiological unit is much smaller than clone size and/or that physiological integration had no effect on clone responses to environmental heterogeneity at the scale of the diameter of established clones.     

Clonal genetic structure and diversity in populations of an aquatic plant with combined vs. separate sexes

Clonality is often implicated in models of the evolution of dioecy, but few studies have explicitly compared clonal structure between plant sexual systems, or between the sexes in dioecious populations. Here, we exploit the occurrence of monoecy and dioecy in clonal Sagittaria latifola (Alismataceae) to evaluate two main hypotheses: (i) clone sizes are smaller in monoecious than dioecious populations, because of constraints imposed on clone size by costs associated with geitonogamy; (ii) in dioecious populations, male clones are larger and flower more often than female clones because of sex‐differential reproductive costs. Differences in clone size and flowering could result in discordance between ramet‐ and genet‐based sex ratios. We used spatially explicit sampling to address these hypotheses in 10 monoecious and 11 dioecious populations of S. latifolia at the northern range limit in Eastern North America. In contrast to our predictions, monoecious clones were significantly larger than dioecious clones, probably due to their higher rates of vegetative growth and corm production, and in dioecious populations, there was no difference in clone size between females and males; ramet‐ and genet‐based sex ratios were therefore highly correlated. Genotypic diversity declined with latitude for both sexual systems, but monoecious populations exhibited lower genotypic richness. Differences in life history between the sexual systems of S. latifolia appear to be the most important determinants of clonal structure and diversity.     

中国沙棘克隆生长对灌水强度的响应

为了解中国沙棘克隆生长调节对土壤水分资源供应水平的响应规律并寻找最佳灌水强度,研究了种群生长量、生物量、子株数量、克隆器官延伸能力、克隆器官分枝级数等种群参数与同灌水强度的关系。结果表明：（1）种群参数增幅与灌水强度之间呈二次抛物线关系,即种群参数增幅随着灌水强度的增加先升后降。小于最佳灌水强度,种群参数增幅随着灌水强度的增加而上升;大于最佳灌水强度,种群参数增幅随着灌水强度的增加而下降。（2）不同种群参数增幅最大时的最佳灌水强度具有一定差异,种群及其构件生物量的最佳灌水强度为每月4.0次、相当于本地年均降水量的2.0倍,子株数量、克隆器官延伸能力、克隆器官分枝级数增幅的最佳灌水强度为每月3.0次、相当于本地年均降水量的1.5倍。（3）适当灌水能够促进中国沙棘种群生长、提高克隆繁殖能力,但在一定灌水强度下生长和繁殖之间存在权衡关系,而种群生长和生物量积累之间、克隆子株数量与克隆器官延伸能力和克隆器官分枝级数之间则有协同作用。（4）在不同土壤水分资源供应水平下,中国沙棘主要通过个体大小、种群生物量分配、子株数量、克隆器官延伸能力、克隆器官分枝强度等调节做出响应,这些调节直接影响种群的稳定性和克隆的持久性。     

Modelling the morphological response to nutrient availability in the clonal plant Trientalis europaea L.

The morphological responses to changes in environmental quality shown by many clonal plants have been interpreted as an expression of foraging behaviour, as they allow the ramets to become concentrated in more favourable microhabitats. The morphological response to increased nutrient availability in the pseudoannual plant Trientalis europaea was studied in a field experiment. The response was largely size-dependent and consistent with enhanced clonal growth. Fertilized ramets produced more tubers and a larger main tuber. In contrast, stolon length was not affected by the treatment. A spatially explicit simulation model calibrated with data from the field experiment examined the population dynamics of T. europaea ramets in a spatially hetereogeneous, temporally constant, environment. The model showed that T. europaea was effective at concentrating its ramets in favourable patches, but this process was strongly influenced by patch size. The analysis of this response at the clone level showed that ramet aggregation was mainly due to the enhanced performance of clones located initially in the favourable patches, or clones that located a favourable patch by chance. In these clones, the simultaneous increase of ramet size and survival accelerated the production of ramets. The temporal and spatial scale at which the aggregation of ramets in favourable patches was manifested suggests that the effectiveness of the morphological response in T. europaea is favoured by a high spatio-temporal predictability in the environment. Overall, the model emphasized the important role of population dynamics in understanding the nature of the foraging response.     

Floral distribution,clonal structure,and their effects on pollination success in a self-incompatible <Emphasis Type="Italic">Convallaria keiskei</Emphasis> population in northern Japan

In plant species, when clonal growth produces a patchy structure and flowering ramets are clustered, the amount of pollen contributing to reproductive success is often regulated by pollinator efficiency and geitonogamy. The spatial population structure may influence reproductive success. We examined the clonal structure, the spatial ramet distribution, and their combined effects on fruit set in a natural population of the insect-pollinated, self-incompatible clonal herb, Convallaria keiskei, in northern Japan. The number of shoots, flowers, and fruits in 1-m² quadrats were counted at every 5 m grid point in an established 100 × 90-m study plot. From all the quadrats where shoots existed, leaf samples were collected for allozyme analysis. Using the two spatial parameters of flowering ramet densities and genotypes, we then constructed individual-based fruit-set models. A total of 236 quadrats contained shoots, and 135 contained flowering ramets, which indicated expanded distribution of this plant throughout the study plot, while shoots, flowers and fruits all showed clustering distributions. Allozyme analysis of 282 samples revealed 94 multilocus genotypes. The largest clone extended to more than 40 m, whereas 56 genotypes were detected in only one sample. Several large clones and many small clones were distributed close to each other. Fine-scale spatial modelling revealed that the neighbouring flower numbers of different genotypes, compared with local genet or flower diversity, more influenced fruit set, in which the range of the neighbour was 14.5 m. These findings indicate that the compatible pollen dispersed by insect pollinators has a significant effect on sexual reproduction, in this C. keiskei population. Consequently, the spatial structure, which includes both genet distribution and clonal expansion by ramets, had a significant effect on pollination success.     

佛坪国家级自然保护区秦岭箭竹克隆结构的SSR分析

利用SSR分子标记技术分析了佛坪国家级自然保护区秦岭箭竹(Fargesia qinlingensis)的克隆多样性和克隆结构,以探讨小尺度范围内秦岭箭竹自然居群遗传变异的分布特征,对该种开花特性、高山地区生态环境维护和大熊猫的保护提供重要依据。结果表明7对SSR引物共扩增出79个位点,其中多态性位点77个,多态位点百分率(PPB)为97.47%。秦岭箭竹的142个分株共形成107个克隆,最大克隆可达5 m。克隆多样性略高于其他克隆植物的平均值(D=0.62,G/N=0.17,E=0.68),基因型比率(G/N)、Simpson指数(D)、平均克隆大小(N/G)和Fager均匀性指数(E)分别为0.7535、0.9680、1.3271和0.5109。克隆空间结构分析表明秦岭箭竹的克隆构型为密集型,各克隆呈镶嵌性分布,同一克隆的分株排列紧密。克隆聚类分析表明各克隆之间聚类不明显,总体上来自同一样地的克隆被聚为一类。空间自相关分析显示在空间距离为36 m范围内,分株比基株有更显著的空间遗传结构,空间自相关系数r的取值范围分别为0.084—0.626和0.024—0.288,说明克隆繁殖在一定程度上限制了空间遗传结构的范围。样地内秦岭箭竹个体在空间距离小于44 m时存在显著的正相关空间结构,特别是在4 m处表现出最大的空间自相关系数(r=0.626),表明空间距离相距4 m内的个体最有可能属于同一克隆,4 m比5 m更能表现出清晰的克隆结构,X-轴截距为52.280,代表了秦岭箭竹不规则克隆的平均最小长度。秦岭箭竹的克隆多样性和克隆结构与初始苗补充、花粉散播方式和微环境差异有关。     

Integration in the clonal plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriophorum angustifolium</Emphasis>: an experiment with a three-member-clonal system in a patchy environment

A clonal plant in heterogeneous environments is usually expected to profit from resource exchange via a clonal network where ramets placed in contrasting environments can specialise so to acquire the most abundant resources. An experiment was designed using the three member clonal system of Eriophorum angustifolium, which consisted of one parent ramet growing in a resource poor environment and two offspring: one was limited in growth by nutrients while the other was light limited; the contrast in availability of limited resources between the offspring ramets was high, medium or none, with the system either connected or severed. The total resource availability was the same in all treatments. We proposed four possible scenarios for the system: offspring ramets will share resources via the deficient parent ramet, and the whole clone will profit from the contrasting environment (scenario 1); offspring ramets will support exclusively the parent ramet, and the whole clone will profit from a homogeneous environment (scenario 2); offspring ramets will stop the export of the limiting resource to the parent ramet, with split and connected treatments not differing (scenario 3); and offspring ramets will exhaust the carbon stored in the biomass of the parental ramet; offspring ramet will profit from connection (scenario 4). In the experiment, the limiting resources were sent to the strongest sink (scenario 2). The parent ramet growing in a deficient environment received the highest support in the treatment where both offspring ramets were growing in the same conditions (no-contrast treatment). Production of new shoots, but not biomass of whole clone, was supported in a homogenous environment. The experiment revealed that multiple stresses might prohibit free exchange of limiting resources via the clonal network and supports the idea that experimental studies on more complex clones are essential for understanding the costs and benefits of clonal growth.     

南方红豆杉无性系种群结构和动态研究

研究了元宝山南方红豆杉克隆种群的结构和动态．结果表明,种群S1～S6级个体均存在,S1、S2级个体占总个体数的64％．从元宝山南方红豆杉种群的大小级结构图看,结构呈较规则的金字塔形;南方红豆杉无性系幼树幼苗的贮备较为丰富,种群的年龄结构呈较规则的金字塔形,存活曲线近于倒J形;种群大小级动态指数Vpi=38．26％,考虑外部干扰时,Vpi′：6．38％>0,表现为稳定型种群．南方红豆杉种群更新的主要途径是无性繁殖,种群的数量动态主要受克隆内部调节机制以及外部环境的影响．生存分析结果表明,种群幼树幼苗的生存状态不稳定,死亡的可能性很大,而成年个体的生存状态则较为稳定．     

Differential effects of water depth and sediment type on clonal growth of the submersed macrophyte <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vallisneria natans</Emphasis>

The response of clonal growth and ramet morphology to water depth (from 60 to 260 cm) and sediment type (sand versus organic clay) was investigated for the stoloniferous submersed macrophyte Vallisneria natans in an outdoor pond experiment. Results showed that water depth significantly affected clonal growth of V. natans in terms of clone weight, number of ramets, number of generations, clonal radius and stolon length. V. natans showed an optimal clonal growth at water depths of 110–160 cm, but at greater depths clonal growth was severely retarded. A high allometric effect was exhibited in ramet morphology. Along the sequentially produced ramet generations, ramet weight and plant height decreased while stolon length and the root:leaf weight ratio increased. When using ramet generations as covariate, sediment type rather than water depth more strongly affected the ramet characteristics. For plants grown in clay, ramet weight, ramet height and stolon length were greater, and plants exhibited lower root:leaf weight ratio. These data suggest that water depth and sediment type have differential effects on clonal growth of V. natans: Water depth appears primarily to affect numerical increase in ramets and spatial spread, whereas sediment type mainly affects biomass accumulation and biomass allocation. Handling editor: S. M. Thomaz