石刁柏愈伤组织根和芽分化过程中POD和SOD活性的变化

研究了石刁柏愈伤组织根和芽分化过程中可溶性蛋白质含量,过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）,超氧物岐化酶（ＳＯＤ）和非特异性酯酶（ＮＳＥ）活性变化的规律,结果表明：（１）在根和芽分化过程,可溶性蛋白质量增加,第８～１０ｄ增至高峰时,分别为愈伤组织的１．９８倍（根）和２．１９倍（芽）,随着根和芽进一步生长,可溶性蛋白质含量下陈,（２）在根（第１０ｄ）和芽（第８ｄ）形成时,ＰＯＤ活性达到最高水平,分别为１．９２和２．     

成熟香蕉果实活性氧与乙烯形成酶活性的关系

香蕉果实成熟过程,随着活性氧产生速率从低水平→迅速跃升→高峰→下降的变化,其乙烯形成酶活性及乙烯产生也经历了基本同步的过程,显示了三者之间具有某种内在联系。外源超氧阴离子自由基（O2）能使乙烯形成酶（EFE）活性及乙烯产生出现跃升和高峰的时间明显提前;超氧歧化酶（SOD）则使EFE活性及乙烯产率明显下降。进一步说明了在香蕉果实成熟过程中,O2可能是引起EFE活性及乙烯产生迅速上升的原因之一,而过氧化氢（H2O2）则被证明与EFE活性及乙烯产生没有直接的关系。     

植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)在细胞分化中的作用

烟草、丹参和甜叶菊愈伤组织在分化过程中一般都出现两个PAL活性高峰。第一高峰在培养第一、二、三天中出现;第二高峰在第十一天前后出现。前者在分化或不分化培养基中都存在,似与组织分化无关,后者只在分化条件下才有,似可作为组织启动分化的指示酶。分化程度不同的组织,PAL活性有很大差异,即将或刚分化的组织活性最高,随着分化的进程活性趋于降低,老化的组织甚至丧失活性。PAL活性、木质素合成和管状份子形成之间有着紧密的相关性。     

光叶楮扦插生根的吲哚乙酸氧化酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化物酶活性变化研究

对光叶楮扦插生根过程中吲哚乙酸氧化酶（IAAO）、多酚氧化酶（PPO）、过氧化物酶（POD）3种酶进行了动态跟踪分析。结果表明：IAAO活性在扦插初期逐渐上升,第10d上升到高峰,之后下降再上升,第30d达到新高峰,然后迅速下降;前25d POD活性变化规律与IAAO相似,但30d以后活性一直上升;PPO活性在扦插前期缓慢上升,第20d上升到了最高点,此后变化不大。还研究了IAAO、PPO、POD与不定根的发生和发展关系,认为光叶楮扦插生根可分为愈伤组织形成期、根诱导期和根的伸长期3个阶段,愈伤组织形成期3种酶活性都呈上升趋势,根诱导期IAAO和POD的活性达到高峰;而根伸长期IAAO和POD活性下降,PPO活性上升。     

密环菌激发子诱导猪苓细胞产生活性氧及其相关酶的变化

研究了蜜环菌激发子处理猪苓细胞后活性氧及产生及相关酶的变化。结果表明：蜜环菌激发子分别处理猪铃菌丝和菌核后,都能引起活性氧迸发,且出现两个迸发高峰,高峰期分别在加入激发子后约10min和90min。与此同时,猪铃菌丝酶活性也发生相应变化,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）活性下降,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性没有变化,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）活性出现先下降后上升的趋势。     

多胺与枇杷果实冷害的关系

应用薄层－荧光法测定多胺含量研究其与枇杷（Ｅｒｉｏｂｏｔｒｙａ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃａ Ｌｉｎｄｌ．ｃｖ．Ｄａｈｏｎｇｐａｏ）果实冷害的关系。果实在℃下贮藏时,精胺（ＳＰＭ）和亚精胺（ＳＰＤ）含量逐渐下降,但ＳＰＭ在２周后迅速回升并于第３周时达到高峰,随后又迅速下降,ＳＰＭ在３周后反弹上升。腐胺（ＰＵＴ）含量在前２周缓慢上升,２周后迅速积累并于第３周时形成高峰,随后也迅速下降,贮藏３周后的果实出现明显产     

硝酸银和乙烯利对黄瓜叶片中3种氧化还原酶同工酶和酶活性影响的比较

黄瓜经300 mg*L-1硝酸银和200 mg*L-1乙烯利处理后,叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)两种同工酶的酶谱带数和酶活性均明显受到诱导,而过氧化氢酶(CAT)几乎不受影响.两种药剂处理的POD和SOD酶谱和活性变化有明显差异,硝酸银诱导两种酶带和活性高峰出现早,而乙烯利则能诱导更多的酶带数.两种药剂诱导POD和SOD有同时增强表达的效果.     

酶促和非酶促抗氧化系统在玉米胚脱水耐性获得中的作用

以发育中的玉米胚为材料,研究了玉米胚脱水耐性的发育变化及其与抗氧化系统之间的关系。结果表明,授粉后18d的胚获得萌发能力,但不耐脱水;授粉后36d的胚开始获得耐脱水能力,并随着发育逐渐增加。随着发育,胚的超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶（DHAR）的活性逐渐降低,过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性逐渐增加。授粉后16～22d的玉米胚中检测不到抗坏血酸,24d后胚中抗坏血酸的含量显著增加;还原性谷胱甘肽含量在整个发育过程中逐渐增加。脱水胚的SOD、APX和DHAR的活性比对照（未脱水）胚低,而GR和CAT活性在发育早期比对照胚低,在发育中、后期高于对照胚。脱水胚的抗坏血酸和还原性谷胱甘肽含量明显低于对照胚。胚中丙二醛的含量随着发育逐渐下降,脱水胚的丙二醛含量显著高于对照。这些结果说明CAT活性和谷胱甘肽含量的增加以及脂质过氧化产物丙二醛含量的下降与玉米胚脱水耐性的获得密切相关。     

紫花芒花芽生长发育规律

用环剥摘叶法和石蜡切片法对紫花芒花芽生长发育规律进行研究,结果表明:紫花芒花芽生理分化期开始于末次梢停长后1 ～6周(11月初) ,到11月23日为止,75 %以上的芽完成了生理分化。形态分化始期为末次梢停长后3 ～4周(11月中旬) ,到第二年1月中下旬止,持续时间为60 ～75 d。从10月30日到11月6日为花芽未分化期或是处于叶芽期,11月16日至次年1月4日为花芽分化前期,11月16日至次年1月8日为花序分化期,12月21日至次年1月8日为花序第一分枝分化期,12月21日至次年1月14日为花序第二分枝分化期,1月8日至1月26日,开始花序基部的小花花器官的分化,先是花萼、花瓣的分化,接着为雄蕊、雌蕊、蜜盘的形成,此为花器官分化期。     

板栗雏梢分化期内源激素的动态变化特征

以3个品种板栗上部芽为材料,采用石蜡切片法确定板栗雏梢分化进程,再运用高效液相色谱(HPLC)对雏梢分化期内源激素含量进行分析,探讨板栗内源激素与花芽分化的关系.结果表明:板栗雏梢分化进程可划分为冬前花序原基分化期、休眠期、冬后花序原基分化期、花簇苞片原基分化期和花簇原基分化期5个时期.在板栗整个雏梢分化过程中,各品种芽内源ZT含量总体呈"M"形双峰曲线变化,分别在11月中旬和翌年1月中旬出现峰值;芽内源GA3含量也总体呈双峰曲线变化,分别在冬前花序原基分化期(10月中旬)和冬后花序原基分化期(翌年2月中旬)达到峰值;内源ABA含量在冬前花序原基分化期达到最大值,之后呈逐渐下降,于1月中旬降到一个较低的水平并一直维持至花簇原基分化期(3月中旬).内源激素GA3/ZT值从9月中旬开始持续下降,于冬前花序原基分化过后下降到低水平状态并保持至花簇原基分化期.可见,在整个板栗雏梢分化过程中,较高浓度GA3有利于花序原基的分化,低水平的ABA有利于休眠期的解除和冬后花序原基的分化;内源激素GA3和ZT间的平衡关系在板栗雏梢分化的过程中起着重要的调控作用.     

Shapes of curves of pH-dependence of reactions

A simple case is considered in which the rate of a two-step reaction depends on pH because the intermediate formed in the first step has to gain (or lose) a proton before it can react in the second step, and in which the rate-determining step therefore changes with pH. The curves of reaction rate against pH are shown to be symmetrical, and the sharpest peak possible has a width at half its height of 1.53pH units, i.e. of 2log(3+2 radical2). Any particular curve for this situation proves to be identical with a curve that could be generated for the pH-dependence of a single-step reaction in which the rate is proportional to the concentration of a particular ionic form of a reactant. Curves for the latter situation, however, can have forms impossible for the former case in which the rate-determining step changes, but only if the protonations that activate and deactivate the reactant are co-operative. The peak can then become even sharper, and its width at half its height can fall to 1.14pH units, i.e. to 2log(2+ radical3).     

Overview of mechanisms of action of lycopene

Dietary intakes of tomatoes and tomato products containing lycopene have been shown to be associated with decreased risk of chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases in numerous studies. Serum and tissue lycopene levels have also been inversely related to the risk of lung and prostate cancers. Lycopene functions as a very potent antioxidant, and this is clearly a major important mechanism of lycopene action. In this regard, lycopene can trap singlet oxygen and reduce mutagenesis in the Ames test. However, evidence is accumulating for other mechanisms as well. Lycopene at physiological concentrations can inhibit human cancer cell growth by interfering with growth factor receptor signaling and cell cycle progression specifically in prostate cancer cells without evidence of toxic effects or apoptosis of cells. Studies using human and animal cells have identified a gene, connexin 43, whose expression is upregulated by lycopene and which allows direct intercellular gap junctional communication (GJC). GJC is deficient in many human tumors and its restoration or upregulation is associated with decreased proliferation. The combination of low concentrations of lycopene with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 exhibits a synergistic effect on cell proliferation and differentiation and an additive effect on cell cycle progression in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line, suggesting some interaction at a nuclear or subcellular level. The combination of lycopene and lutein synergistically interact as antioxidants, and this may relate to specific positioning of different carotenoids in membranes. This review will focus on the growing body of evidence that carotenoids have unexpected biologic effects in experimental systems, some of which may contribute to their cancer preventive properties in models of carcinogenesis. Consideration of solubility in vitro, comparison with doses achieved in humans by dietary means, interactions with other phytochemicals, and other potential mechanisms such as stimulation of xenobiotic metabolism, inhibition of cholesterogenesis, modulation of cyclooxygenase pathways, and inhibition of inflammation will be considered. This review will point out areas for future research where more evidence is needed on the effects of lycopene on the etiology of chronic disease.     

Determination of stoichiometry of radioiodination of proteins

A sensitive method for the detection of small quantities of hydrophobic antioxidant free radical scavengers such as butylatedhydroxytoluene (BHT) and butylatedhydroxyanisole (BHA) in aqueous samples is described. The procedure involves extraction of the hydrophobic free radical scavenger into an organic solvent phase, followed by the subsequent reaction of an aliquot of this extract with the stable cation radical tris(p-bromophenyl)amminium hexachloroantimonate (TBACA). In experiments with BHT and BHA, the loss of TBACA absorbance at 730 nm was found to be linearly proportional to the amount of antioxidant added, with quantities of BHT as small as 200 pmol being easily detectable. In aqueous suspensions of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles, assays of the aqueous BHT concentration showed that BHT partitioned strongly into the membrane phase, achieving very high BHT/phospholipid ratios. For a given concentration of BHT, partitioning into the membrane phase was greater in large, multilamellar liposomes than in either small, single-walled vesicles or in purified rat brain synaptic vesicle membranes. Direct assay of BHT and BHA in phospholipid membranes, however, was complicated by a nonspecific interaction between TBACA and the phospholipid.