海南岛蚯蚓物种组成及其系统发育分析

海南岛独特的地理位置和复杂的古地理事件使其成为我国生物多样性的热点地区。已有的海南岛蚯蚓资料显示, 该岛的蚯蚓区系十分特殊, 且与大陆地区蚯蚓存在扩散与迁移。然而, 当海南岛与周围大陆断开形成独立岛屿后, 海南岛蚯蚓如何为适应海南岛的环境而逐渐形成现在岛内的分布与区系, 仍然是一个值得研究和探讨的问题。因此, 本研究在海南岛全面调查和采集蚯蚓标本, 整理海南岛地区的蚯蚓物种组成及其地理分布特征, 并联合5个线粒体基因COⅠ、COⅡ、ND1、12S rRNA和16S rRNA构建海南岛蚯蚓的分子系统发育树, 推测其分化时间和祖先分布区域, 探讨海南岛蚯蚓在岛内的分化与扩散过程。研究结果表明: (1)海南岛共有蚯蚓6科9属122种, 巨蚓科蚯蚓为优势科, 且全部为环毛类蚯蚓, 其中103种为海南岛特有种。蚯蚓物种数沿海拔呈先增加后减少的趋势, 在800‒1,000 m最大; (2)海南岛环毛类蚯蚓不同水平的遗传距离与我国巨蚓科蚯蚓的遗传距离区间基本一致。物种水平上, 美丽远盲蚓(Amynthas scitulus*)与纬向远盲蚓(A. zonarius)的基因遗传距离最小。在亚种水平, 保宁腔蚓指名亚种(Metaphire magna magna)和保宁腔蚓小型亚种(M. magna minuscula)的遗传距离均接近整体的物种水平。在种群水平, 等毛远盲蚓(A. homosetus)不同种群间遗传距离均接近整体的亚种水平; (3)海南岛环毛类蚯蚓可划分为7个类群, 其祖先于68.26 Ma开始分化, 可能起源于吊罗山。在新生代, 7个类群均得到较大发展。通过对海南岛蚯蚓组成及系统发育的梳理, 不仅为我国蚯蚓物种多样性研究提供基础资料, 也为岛屿蚯蚓物种系统发育关系分析提供科学参考。     

戴云山物种多样性与系统发育多样性海拔梯度分布格局及驱动因子

生物多样性的海拔分布格局是生态学研究的热点。海拔作为综合性因子驱动着植物群落的物种、系统发育与功能多样性的空间分布。以戴云山南坡900-1600 m森林植物群落为研究对象,探讨物种多样性、系统发育指数与环境驱动因子的相互关系以及环境因子在群落构建与多样性维持中的重要意义。结果表明：（1）森林植物群落的系统发育多样性与物种多样性沿海拔均呈现中间高度膨胀格局。（2）物种多样性Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与系统发育多样性指数呈显著正相关,表明物种多样性越高,系统发育多样性也越高。Shannon-Wiener指数与物种多样性指数（Margalef、Pielou、Simpson指数）、系统发育多样性及系统发育结构都存在显著相关性,一定程度上Shannon-Wiener指数可以代替其他指数。Pielou指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数与系统发育结构NRI （Net relatedness index）指数、NTI （Net nearest taxa index）指数存在显著正相关,表明群落优势度、均匀度与系统发育结构相关性较强。（3）土壤全磷含量是影响系统发育多样性和物种多样性的主要驱动因子,土壤含水量是影响Shannon-Wiener、Pielou、Simpson指数的最显著因子,海拔是影响群落系统发育结构的主要因素。海拔是影响系统发育结构变化的主要环境因子,而土壤因子是影响物种多样性与系统发育多样性的主要因素,进一步验证了物种多样性与系统发育多样性的高度相关,结果旨在揭示物种群落空间分布规律。     

格氏栲天然林林窗植物物种多样性与系统发育多样性

林窗环境异质性导致群落物种多样性与系统发育多样性(phylogenetic diversity, PD)存在差异, 研究不同大小的林窗中群落的物种多样性与系统发育多样性有助于揭示林下生物多样性的形成及维持机制。本文以格氏栲(Castanopsis kawakamii)天然林为研究对象, 通过Pearson相关性分析与广义线性模型探讨了林窗内物种多样性与系统发育多样性间的相互关系及其环境影响因素。结果表明: (1)大林窗(面积 > 200 m²)植物种类及多度均高于中林窗(50 m² ≤ 面积 < 100 m²)、小林窗(30 m² ≤ 面积 < 50 m²)和非林窗(面积 = 100 m²)。大林窗群落系统发育结构趋于发散, 中、小林窗和非林窗群落系统发育结构受到生境过滤和竞争排斥综合作用。(2)群落系统发育多样性指数与物种丰富度(species richness, SR)、Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener指数均呈显著正相关, 这与林窗内稀有种种类组成多于优势种有关。(3)林窗面积对物种多样性存在显著正效应; 土壤全氮含量对系统发育多样性和系统发育结构存在显著正效应。林窗形成提高了格氏栲天然林群落物种多样性和系统发育多样性, 林窗面积与土壤全氮共同驱动了格氏栲天然林林窗物种多样性和系统发育多样性的变化。     

毛乌素沙地植被不同恢复阶段植物群落物种多样性、功能多样性和系统发育多样性

进入21世纪以来, 中国荒漠化恢复取得显著成效, 荒漠化、沙化土地面积持续减少, 植被覆盖度大幅提升, 但关于植被恢复过程中生物多样性如何变化的研究不足, 这制约着对荒漠化恢复成效的全面评估。本文基于群落调查和叶功能性状(叶片厚度、叶片干物质含量、比叶面积和叶片密度)的测定, 分析了毛乌素沙地不同恢复阶段(半固定沙地、固定沙地、结皮覆盖沙地和草本植物覆盖沙地)的植物群落物种多样性、功能多样性和系统发育多样性特征。结果表明: (1)多数叶功能性状的系统发育信号不显著, 表明环境因子对研究区植物功能性状的塑造作用很强。(2)对于α多样性, 结皮覆盖沙地的物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener多样性, H)、物种丰富度(S)、功能丰富度(FRic)及系统发育多样性(PD)指数均显著低于其他恢复阶段, 而其他3个阶段间无显著差异; 这些指数间均显著正相关, 表明物种多样性、功能多样性和系统发育多样性在植被恢复过程中协同变化。(3) β多样性指数随恢复阶段间隔增加而逐渐增大, 表明物种组成、功能属性及系统发育关系随植被恢复持续变化, 且半固定沙地到固定沙地的群落物种组成、功能属性及系统发育关系更替最快, 导致群落间差异最大。(4)固定沙地、结皮覆盖沙地和草本植物覆盖沙地群落系统发育结构均趋向于发散, 表明竞争排斥是群落构建的主要驱动力; 而半固定沙地群落系统发育结构无一致规律, 表明群落构建可能受到生境过滤和竞争排斥的综合作用。研究结果可为植被建设与管理提供参考, 为毛乌素沙地生态保育和生物多样性的保护提供科学依据。     

中国跳鼠总科物种系统发育与分布格局

中国分布有跳鼠总科(Dipodoidea)动物3科12属22种,是世界上跳鼠总科物种丰富度最高的国家之一.近年来,随着新种的发现和分类地位的修正,我国跳鼠总科物种的系统发育关系和分布格局也亟待更新.本文通过GenBank下载12个特定基因,串联构建基因矩阵,以贝叶斯法和最大似然法重建22个物种的系统发育树,明确了我国跳...     

物种多样性和系统发育多样性对阔叶红松林生产力的影响

生物多样性与生态系统功能间的关系已成为生态学研究的热点问题之一,其中植物多样性对森林生产力的驱动作用受到广泛关注,而其潜在驱动机制还存在很大争议.本研究依托黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区典型阔叶红松林9 hm^2森林动态监测样地,利用2005年和2015年的调查数据,采用线性回归和结构方程模型探究不同空间尺度下物种多样性和系统发育多样性对森林生产力的影响.结果表明:物种多样性和系统发育多样性与生产力均呈正相关,随着空间尺度的增大,物种多样性对生产力的作用强度逐渐增强,而系统发育多样性对生产力的作用逐渐减弱;小尺度下系统发育多样性对生产力的影响大于物种多样性.生产力还受到非生物因素影响,在不同尺度下土壤因子与生产力均呈显著正相关,并且随着尺度的增大,土壤因子对生产力的作用逐渐占据主导地位.在今后研究中应将进化信息与生态系统功能相联系,可为其他多样性度量提供额外的解释力,同时还应考虑空间尺度及非生物因素的影响,为深入了解森林生产力的驱动机制提供科学依据.     

广西地区喀斯特与非喀斯特山地森林树木物种多样性及系统发育结构比较

以广西地区植被调查集资料总共365个群落样方(样方面积在300—1000 m2,50%左右为400 m2)为基础,将样方分为海拔≤1000 m喀斯特和非喀斯特森林以及海拔1000 m的非喀斯特森林三类生境,探讨这3种生境森林物种丰富度和群落系统发育结构差异及其与年均温的关系。结果表明,海拔≤1000 m非喀斯特森林含有4种以上的科比海拔1000 m非喀斯特森林多24科,比喀斯特森林多18科,其中樟科、壳斗科、山茶科、杜鹃花科等都是两种非喀斯特森林生境的重要组成科;大戟科为喀斯特森林含有种数最多的科,其中出现在非喀斯特森林的山茶科和杜鹃花科等没有在喀斯特森林出现。森林物种多样性及系统发育指数与年均温不相关或相关不强;海拔≤1000 m的喀斯特与非喀斯特森林的Gleason物种多样性指数没有显著差异,而海拔1000 m的非喀斯特森林的Gleason指数比另外两种生境显著高。海拔≤1000 m非喀斯特森林系统发育多样性PD指数比中山地带的非喀斯特生境的森林高。喀斯特森林和海拔1000 m非喀斯特的绝大部分样地以及海拔≤1000 m的非喀斯特大部分样地都表现出系统发育结构聚集,推测生境过滤在广西地区喀斯特和非喀斯特森林群落构建中发挥着主要作用。但是喀斯特和海拔1000 m的非喀斯特两种生境森林群落发生系统发育发散的比例都比海拔≤1000 m的非喀斯特森林低,揭示生境过滤在这两个生境更为明显。     

中国樟科厚壳桂属系统发育与物种多样性研究

本研究利用形态性状和2个分子标记（ITS和RPB2）,对国产厚壳桂属（Cryptocarya）物种进行系统发育研究,并简要分析其物种多样化的成因。结果显示,形态和分子证据均支持将国产厚壳桂属物种划分为两个组：离基三出脉组和羽状脉组。云南、海南、广西和广东地区可能是国产厚壳桂属物种分化的“摇篮”,这些地区分布着我国90%以上的厚壳桂属物种。大多数国产厚壳桂物种形态特征十分相似,分子序列也没有显著差异,推测可能是近期物种快速分化形成所致。     

青藏高原北部戈壁植物群落物种、功能与系统发育β多样性分布格局及其影响因素

戈壁荒漠广泛分布于全球干旱和极旱区域, 是我国陆地生态系统的重要组成部分。由于自然环境恶劣和交通条件限制, 目前有关戈壁植物群落物种、功能和系统发育等多维度β多样性形成机制的系统研究还很缺乏, 严重制约着对戈壁植物多样性维持机制的认知。本文以青藏高原北部61个典型戈壁生境植物群落为研究对象, 通过构建系统发育树和测量8个关键功能性状, 获取戈壁生境的物种、功能和系统发育β多样性, 比较3个维度β多样性格局与零模型的差异, 同时量化环境距离和地理距离对其的相对影响, 以探讨戈壁植物多样性的形成机制。结果显示: (1)戈壁植物的物种、功能和系统发育β多样性均表现出显著的距离衰减效应; (2)戈壁植物的物种、功能和系统发育β多样性均表现为非随机的格局; (3)由于功能性状趋同进化, 植物功能和系统发育β多样性变化趋势并不一致; (4)环境差异对植物3个维度β多样性均有着比空间距离更为重要的影响, 且土壤含水量、地表砾石盖度等局域生境因素的影响比气候更为强烈。以上结果表明, 戈壁植物的β多样性可能主要由局域生境过滤作用控制, 且不同维度的β多样性分布格局并不一致。     

云南哀牢山原生林及次生林群落附生地衣物种多样性与分布

附生地衣是森林附生植物的重要类群之一, 在维护森林生态系统的物种多样性以及水分和养分循环等方面发挥着重要作用。作者于2005年12月至2006年5月利用树干取样法调查了云南哀牢山徐家坝地区原生山地常绿阔叶林及其次生群落栎类萌生林、滇山杨(Populus bonatii)林和花椒(Zanthoxylum bungeanum)人工林中525株不同种类和径级树木距地面 0–2.0 m处附生地衣的组成和分布, 并收集了各个群落地面上凋落的地衣, 分析了林冠层附生地衣的物种组成。研究结果表明, 该区森林中附生地衣物种比较丰富。共收集到附生地衣61种, 分属17科29属, 其中原生林、栎类萌生林、滇山杨林和花椒人工林分别有51、53、46和23种。在树干距地面 0–2.0 m位置, 各群落中的附生地衣组成明显不同;但在林冠层中, 各群落内的附生地衣基本相似。原生林中附生地衣种类较多, 但分布不均匀。树干附生地衣的Shannon-Wiener和Simpson多样性指数以栎类萌生林最高, 分别为2.71和0.89;花椒林和滇山杨林次之, 分别为2.43–2.45和0.88–0.89;原生林最低, 为1.25和0.67。树干方位、宿主种类和宿主径级等都对附生地衣的物种组成和多样性有着重要影响, 附生地衣更多地出现于树干南向方位, 云南越桔(Vaccinium duclouxii)的附生地衣最为丰富, 胸径5.0–25.0 cm的树木上附生地衣较多。哀牢山山地森林群落中丰富的附生地衣种类及物种多样性在维系本区山地森林生态系统生物多样性格局方面具有重要的作用。     

A new species of fossorial natricid snakes of the genus Trachischium Günther, 1858 (Serpentes: Natricidae) from the Himalayas of northeastern India

A new species of natricid snakes, Trachischium apteii sp. nov. is described from the northeastern Indian State of Arunachal Pradesh. The new species differs from its congeners in the following suite of characters: dorsal scales in 15:15:15 rows, SVL 293–299 mm, higher ventral count 143–150, very faint dorsal longitudinal lines, absence of yellow patch on the neck and the belly being pale yellow. Preliminary discussion on the phylogenetic position of the members of the genus Trachischium is presented. This discovery of a new snake species advocates the need for dedicated surveys to document biodiversity across Arunachal Pradesh and the neighbouring States of northeastern India.     

Genetic and metabolic diversity of Trichoderma: a case study on South-East Asian isolates

We have used isolates of Trichoderma spp. collected in South-East Asia, including Taiwan and Western Indonesia, to assess the genetic and metabolic diversity of endemic species of Trichoderma. Ninety-six strains were isolated in total, and identified at the species level by analysis of morphological and biochemical characters (Biolog system), and by sequence analysis of their internal transcribed spacer regions 1 and 2 (ITS1 and 2) of the rDNA cluster, using ex-type strains and taxonomically established isolates of Trichoderma as reference. Seventy-eight isolates were positively identified as Trichoderma harzianum/Trichoderma inhamatum (37 strains) Trichoderma virens (16 strains), Trichoderma spirale (8 strains), Trichoderma koningii (3 strains), Trichoderma atroviride (3 strains), Trichoderma asperellum (4 strains), Hypocrea jecorina (anamorph: Trichoderma reesei; 2 strains), Trichoderma viride (2 strains), Trichoderma hamatum (1 strain), and Trichoderma ghanense (1 strain). Analysis of biochemical characters revealed that T. virens, T. spirale, T. asperellum, T. koningii, H. jecorina, and T. ghanense formed clearly defined clusters, thus exhibiting species-specific metabolic properties. In biochemical character analysis T. atroviride and T. viride formed partially overlapping clusters, indicating that these two species may share overlapping metabolic characteristics. This behavior was even more striking with T. harzianum/T. inhamatum where genotypes defined on the basis of ITS1 and 2 sequences overlapped significantly with adjacent genotypes in the biochemical character analysis, and four strains from the same location (Bali, Indonesia) even clustered with species from section Longibrachiatum. The data indicate that the T. harzianum/T. inhamatum group represents species with high metabolic diversity and partially unique metabolic characteristics. Nineteen strains yielded three different ITS1/2 sequence types which were not alignable with any known species. They were also uniquely characterized by morphological and biochemical characters and therefore represent three new taxa of Trichoderma.     

Prokaryotic diversity in one of the largest hypersaline coastal lagoons in the world

Araruama Lagoon is an environment characterized by high salt concentrations. The low raining and high evaporation rates in this region favored the development of many salty ponds around the lagoon. In order to reveal the microbial composition of this system, we performed a 16S rRNA gene survey. Among archaea, most clones were related to uncultured environmental Euryarchaeota. In lagoon water, we found some clones related to Methanomicrobia and Methanothermococcus groups, while in the saline pond water members related to the genus Haloarcula were detected. Bacterial community was dominated by clones related to Gamma-proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Synechococcus in lagoon water, while Salinibacter ruber relatives dominated in saline pond. We also detected the presence of Alpha-proteobacteria, Pseudomonas-like bacteria and Verrucomicrobia. Only representatives of the genus Ralstonia were cosmopolitan, being observed in both systems. The detection of a substantial number of clones related to uncultured archaea and bacteria suggest that the hypersaline waters of Araruama harbor a pool of novel prokaryotic phylotypes, distinct from those observed in other similar systems. We also observed clones related to halophilic genera of cyanobacteria that are specific for each habitat studied. Additionally, two bacterioplankton molecular markers with ecological relevance were analyzed, one is linked to nitrogen fixation (nifH) and the other is linked to carbon fixation by bacterial photosynthesis, the protochlorophyllide genes, revealing a specific genetic distribution in this ecosystem. This is the first study of the biogeography and community structure of microbial assemblages in Brazilian tropical hypersaline environments. This work is directed towards a better understanding of the free-living prokaryotic diversity adapted to life in hypersaline waters.     

Shifting ditypic site analysis: Heuristics for expanding the phylogenetic range of nucleotide sequences in Sankoff analyses

Summary We describe and illustrate a simple heuristic approach to the Sankoff methods for construction of parsimonious evolutionary trees from nucleotide sequence data. The procedure is intended to permit more valid inferences, particularly from relatively short sequences, concerning relationships among taxa separated for long time intervals. The procedure is based on the freat variability of evolutionary plasticity among sites in the molecules and removes from consideration the more highly variable sites. Editing is accomplished after classifying sites in carefully aligned arrays of sequences. Only “ditypic sites,” i.e., sites observed in only two evolutionary states within the array, are used in making phylogenetic inferences. This strategy makes possible the construction of good approximations to the most parsimonious Steiner strees, by means of efficient programs that require “dense species arrays,” i.e., species sets that differ from each other by relatively small numbers of differences in conservative sites. The technique is illustrated with 5S and 5.8S rRNA sequence data from published catalogs.     

Botryosphaeriaceae associated with Acacia heterophylla (La Réunion) and Acacia koa (Hawaii)

Acacia koa and A. heterophylla are commonly occurring native trees on the Hawaiian Islands and La Réunion, respectively. A recent phylogenetic study suggested that A. heterophylla renders A. koa paraphyletic, and that the former likely arose from the Hawaiian Islands around 1.4 million years ago. An intriguing question is whether their microbiota is similar, although they occur naturally in two very distant geographical locations. In this study, we compared the fungi in the Botryosphaeriaceae isolated from natural populations of A. koa and A. heterophylla. These fungi were chosen because they commonly occur on woody plants and some are important pathogens. They are also known to have been moved globally on asymptomatic plant materials. Isolates were identified based on comparisons of DNA sequence data for the rDNA-ITS, TEF1-α and β-tubulin loci. Ten Botryosphaeriaceae species were identified, of which four species were specific to A. koa from the Hawaiian Islands and five to A. heterophylla in La Réunion. Only one species, Neofusicoccum parvum, which is known to have a wide global distribution, was common to both hosts. The overall results of this study suggest that although A. koa and A. heterophylla share a recent evolutionary history, they have established independent microbiota, at least in terms of the Botryosphaeriaceae.     

微生物生态学一种新研究方法-T-RFLP技术

T RFLP是建立在PCR基础之上一种新的微生物生态学研究方法。该方法克服了传统微生物培养方法的限制、应用快速、灵敏度高且输出定量的数据结果 ,被广泛应用到菌种鉴定、群落对比分析、群落中系统发育种群多样性的评估等领域。目前我国仍没有关于此方法应用的相关报道 ,但作为一种研究微生物群落特征的理想方法 ,T RFLP已经越来越受到相关研究人员的重视。该文主要介绍了该方法的基本原理、阐述了该方法的关键技术及其应用发展现状。     

泛青藏高原高寒植物多样性的形成与演化

泛青藏高原地区拥有全球最丰富的高寒植物多样性,是生物多样性热点地区中的热点,也是研究地球环境演化与生物多样性演变过程的理想地区。该地区已经开展了大量谱系地理、生物地理学和进化生态学研究,对我们认识该地区的生物多样性演化及其维持机制具有重要意义。随着对青藏高原各地块构造演化历史研究的加深,该地区的生物多样性研究已经逐步迈入到地质-气候-生物过程的交叉研究。本文分析了青藏高原及其周边地区地质构造演化的最新研究进展,区分了青藏高原腹地、喜马拉雅和横断山,然后从青藏-喜马拉雅-横断山地区高寒植物多样性的起源及演化节奏、高寒植物的成分来源和区系交流以及高寒植物多样化的驱动因素等3方面总结了该地区高寒植物多样性的演化历史。最后,我们进一步提出在洲际或全球尺度上探讨不同地区高寒植物多样性演化历史的异同和联系,以及对高寒植物适应性进化策略的研究,以期深入理解高寒植物多样性分布格局的成因及其维持机制。     

higher-order phylogeny of plasmodial slime molds (Myxogastria) based on elongation factor 1-A and small subunit rRNA gene sequences

The Myxogastria are common soil microorganisms with a life cycle comprised of a plasmodial trophic stage and large fruiting bodies generally visible with the unaided eye. Until now, their classification has been based exclusively on a combination of morphological, ultrastructural, and developmental characters. Our study is the first attempt to examine phylogenetic relationships among these taxa using molecular data. Partial small-subunit ribosomal RNA and/or elongation factor 1-alpha gene sequences were obtained from eleven, mostly field-collected species representing the five orders of Myxogastria. Nineteen sequences were obtained and subjected to phylogenetic analysis together with 10 sequences available from GenBank. Separate and combined analyses of the two data sets support the division of Myxogastria into three distinct groups. The most basal clade consists of the Echinosteliales, an order considered to have affinities with Protostelia. The three species examined possess unpigmented or slightly pigmented spores. The second group consists of Liceales and Trichiales, taxa characterized by the presence of clear, but pigmented, spores. The third group consists of the two remaining orders, Physarales and Stemonitales, both possessing dark spores. This suggests that spore pigmentation is an evolutionarily conservative character in myxogastrians, and that the simple morphology of echinostelids is not a derived feature.