镰尾姬蜂属一新种(膜翅目:姬蜂科)(英文)

本文记述镰尾姬蜂属Grypocentrus Ruthe一新种:卡镰尾姬蜂Grypocentrus kasparyani sp.nov.本种与室镰尾姬蜂G.areolaris Kasparyan相似,以下特征可与后者区别:唇基宽为长的2.7-3.0倍:眼颚距为上颚基部宽的0.10-0.15倍;触角鞭节16-18节(绝大多数为17节);卵柄较长也较细。正模,1991-06-09;配模,1993-05-30;副模:1,1991-06-09,2,2,1993-05-30;辽宁沈阳,盛茂领采。     

犁姬蜂亚科一新属二新种(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

本文记述横断山地区犁姬蜂亚科Acaenitinae一新属和二新种。模式标本保存在中国科学院动物研究所。 粗点姬蜂属Asperpunctatus新属 模式种:黑粗点姬蜂Asperpunctatus nigrus新种 本属主要特征:头:胸部均具粗而密的刻点或刻纹。唇基端缘中央具弱的突起;下唇外露部分长为宽的0.7倍;上颚二端齿几乎等长;后头脊完整。盾纵沟明显,其长超过中胸盾片的中部;胸腹侧脊抵达前胸背板后缘中凹处之下;小盾片稍隆起;并胸腹节基部     

寄生钻蛀害虫的瘦角姬蜂属(膜翅目,姬蜂科)二新种及中国已知种检索表

报道寄生天牛的瘦角姬蜂属Ischnoceros Gravenhorst,1829 2新种:天牛瘦角姬蜂I.eutetraphae sp.nov.,寄生直脊天牛Eutetrapha sedecimpunctata(Motschulsky) ;松瘦角姬蜂I.laricinus sp.nov.,寄生云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius Gebler。编制了中国已知种检索表。天牛瘦角姬蜂,新种Ischnocero s eutetraphae sp.nov.(图1 ~3)新种与北海道瘦角姬蜂I.sapporensis Uchida,1928 ,相近,可通过下列特征区别:并胸腹节基区与中区由横脊分隔,侧突高为触角第2鞭节直径的1.5 ~1.6倍;腹部第2节背板具横细纹;翅基片褐色;中足基节大部分为红褐色;中足腿节红褐色或主要为红色。北海道瘦角姬蜂:并胸腹节基区与中区合并,无横脊分隔,侧突高约等于触角第2鞭节直径;腹部第2节背板具刻点;翅基片褐黑色;中足基节和中足腿节黑色。正模♀,辽宁新宾, 546m, 2005-08-20 ,盛茂领。副模: 1♀,辽宁新宾, 546m, 2005-06-09 ,盛茂领; 1 ♂,吉林伊通, 336m,2005-05-17 ,盛茂领。寄主:直脊天牛Eutetrapha sedecimpunctata(Motschulsky)。寄主植物:紫椴Tilia amurensis Rupr.。松瘦角姬蜂,新种Ischnoceros laricinus sp.nov.(图4 ~7)本种与三峡瘦角姬蜂I.sanxiaensis Wang,1997相近,可通过下列特征区别:并胸腹节第1侧区具清晰的斜纵皱;腹部第3 ~6节背板具横细纹;产卵器鞘长为后足胫节长的1.4~1.6倍;产卵器腹瓣端部,在脊的内侧具1粗糙区。三峡瘦角姬蜂:并胸腹节第1侧区具清晰的刻点;腹部第3 ~6节背板具稠密的刻点;产卵器鞘长约为后足胫节长的1.1倍;产卵器腹瓣端部无粗糙区。正模♀,吉林大兴沟, 586m, 2005-07-02 ,盛茂领。副模: 1♀,1 ♂,吉林大兴沟, 586m, 2005-07-01 ~03 ,盛茂领; 1 ♂,辽宁新宾, 546m, 2005-06-10 ,盛茂领; 1♀,3 ♂♂,辽宁本溪, 418m, 2006-06-20 ,盛茂领。寄主:云杉花墨天牛Monochamus saltuarius Gebler。寄主植物:兴安落叶松Larix gmelinii(Rupr.)Rupr.。瘦角姬蜂属中国已知种检索表1.额具稠密的横皱……………………………………………………2额无皱………………………………………………………………32.并胸腹节基部中央具1半圆形深凹,基区两侧的纵脊平行;产卵器腹瓣端部,在纵脊的内侧具1段粗糙的纵带;后足腿节黑色……………………………暗足瘦角姬蜂I.pedipullus Sheng并胸腹节基部中央无半圆形凹,基区两侧的纵脊向前强烈分散;产卵器腹瓣光滑,无粗糙的纵带;后足腿节红色赤足瘦角姬蜂I.rusticus(Geoffroy)…………………………………………3.腹部第3 ~6节背板具稠密的刻点三峡瘦角姬蜂I.sanxiaensisWang………………………………………………………………腹部第3 ~6节背板具稠密的细横线纹…………………………44.产卵器腹瓣端部,在纵脊的内侧具1段粗糙的纵带松瘦角姬蜂,新种I.laricinus sp.nov.……………………………………产卵器腹瓣光滑,无粗糙的纵带…………………………………55.腹部第1节背板的中纵脊至少伸抵气门;第2节背板具清晰的横线纹;基节具较大的红褐斑;中足腿节红褐色或主要为红色天牛瘦角姬蜂,新种I.eutetraphae sp.nov.………………………腹部第1节背板的中纵脊至多伸达基部至气门的一半;第2节背板无横线纹;基节黑色;中足腿节黑色………………………………………北海道瘦角姬蜂I.sapporensis Uchida     

中国长孔姬蜂属一新种记述(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

长孔姬蜂属Goedirtia Boie隶属于姬蜂亚科Ichneumoninae长孔姬蜂族Goedartiini,至目前为止,全世界共记载4种,分布于古北区和东洋区,其中分布于我国广东省的有1种,即蓝色长孔姬蜂Goedartia cyanea Heinrich。 本属主要特征为:腹部第1节基半部宽度小于厚度,背方常有隆脊。上颚宽,不向端部变窄,两个端齿长而尖;上颊隆肿。小翅室上方尖;小咏在基脉外侧;腹部第1节气门长度约为宽度的3倍;前足胫节末端外侧有一齿状突;腹部第2节背板窗疤甚大,两个窗     

扇脊姬蜂属及一新种记述（膜翅目：姬蜂科）

扇脊姬蜂属分布于古北区和东洋区的北缘。迄今为止,已定名的有３种：白颈扇脊姬蜂Ａ．ａｌｂｉｃｅｒｕｉｃａｌｉｓ Ｓｈｅｎｇ ｅｔ Ｆａｎ １９９５、尼扇脊姬蜂Ａ．ｎｉｋｋｏｅｎｓｉｓ（Ｕｃｈｉｄａ,１９３０）和黄扇脊姬蜂Ａ．ｆｌａｖｉｐｅｓ（Ｇｒａｖｅｎｈｏｒｓｔ,１８２９）,第１种分布于中国（沈阳）,第２种分布于中国（福建）和日本,第３种分布于德国。本文记述发现于中国贵州的１个新种：等扇脊姬蜂Ａｌ     

角姬蜂属一新种(膜翅目：姬蜂科)

角姬蜂属CosmoconusFoerster,1868隶属柄卵姬蜂亚科Tryphoninae[1]、柄卵姬蜂族Tryphonini。迄今为止,全世界已知23种,其中东洋区1种,古北区13种,新北区9种。我国已知3种[2,3]：中国角姬蜂C．chinensisKasparyan,1973分布于西藏;中角姬蜂C．meridionatorAubert,1963分布于内蒙古及欧洲;西藏角姬蜂C．tibeticusKasparyan,1971分布于西藏和甘肃。属征：前翅第2脉在中央上方强度锯齿形曲折;额中央有一个角状突或乳状突。本文报道来自沈阳的本属一新种。模式标本保存在林业部森林病虫害防治总站。沈阳角姬问Cosm。sshenyangensi…     

云南姬蜂亚科一新属四新种记述(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

本文报道姬蜂亚科Ichneumoninae,杂姬蜂族Joppini一新属,四新种。本新属与并区姬蜂属(Pterocormus Foerster,1850.)及裂缝姬蜂属(Chasmias Ashmead,1900.)相似,其主要区别是:本属并胸腹节第二侧区端横脊弯曲,唇基末端截形,无一宽弱齿,上颚顶端不窄,雄鞭节顶端不卷曲以及寄主等。模式标本保存在中国科学院昆明动物研究所。     

嗜蛛姬蜂族一新属──长胫姬蜂属记述(膜翅目:姬蜂科)(英文)

嗜蛛姬蜂族Ｐｏｌｙｓｐｈｉｎｃｔｉｎｉ隶于姬蜂科Ｉｃｈｎｅｕｍｏｎｉｄａｅ瘤姬蜂亚科Ｐｉｍｐｌｉｎａｅ,全部为蜘蛛的寄生蜂。自１９２０年建立以来,我国已知１３属１３０种。本文记述采自四川灌县和浙江西天目山的嗜蛛姬蜂族的一新属,长胫姬蜂属 Ｌｏｎｇｉｔｉｂｉａ　ｇｅｎ．ｎｏｖ．及属模：中华长胫姬蜂 Ｌｏｎｇｉｔｉｂｉａ　ｓｉｎｉｃａ　ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．。本新属特征是：唇基六边形,其外角有一小齿突,端部凹陷,端缘平截;中胸盾片光滑,后方中央具均匀细毛;胸腹侧脊长,上端接近于翅基下脊;并胸腹节前半部有不明显中纵脊,侧纵脊基半部不明显,端横脊缺;前中足腿节不肿大;后足特别细长,后足长为腹长的１．７倍,后足基节长为厚的２．８倍,后足胫节长为端宽的１５倍;小脉在亚端部曲折。模式标本保存于浙江农业大学昆虫标本室。     

中国暗色姬蜂属纪要(姬蜂科:犁姬蜂亚科)

暗色姬蜂属Phaenolobus Foerster的主要特征是:上颚均匀弯曲,上端齿约等于下端齿;后头脊上方中央间断;并胸腹节具明显的分脊和皱纹;肘间横脉位于第二迥脉的内侧,后小脉通常在中部的上方曲折;腹部第1节腹板的隆肿光滑无毛,腹部末端位于第1节背板气门之前;产卵器约等于后足胫节的0.75—1.6倍。目前全世界共有8种,主要分布在     

中国阿格姬蜂属记述Ⅰ(膜翅目:姬蜂科)

阿格姬蜂属 Agrypon 为肿跗姬蜂亚科 Anomalinae 格姬蜂族 Gravenhorstiini 中的一个小属,1976年英国I. D. Gauld将弧脊姬蜂属Trichonotus并入本属,因此阿格姬蜂属至目前为止,全世界已知约有90种以上,其中约有48种分布在古北区和东洋地区。据文献记载有8种分布在我国,即:A. anxius(Wesmael)(辽宁),A. flaveolatum(Gravenhorst)(东北),A. facetum Enderlein,A. kikuchii (Uchida), A. sulcosum Uchida, A. suzukii(Matsumura), A. tainensis(Uchida), A. tamahonus(Uchida)(台湾)。 本文记述在我国四川、云南地区发现的9个新种。模式标本均保存中国科学院动物研究所。     

A worldwide phylogenetic classification of the Poaceae (Gramineae)

Based on recent molecular and morphological studies we present a modern worldwide phylogenetic classification of the ± 12074 grasses and place the 771 grass genera into 12 subfamilies (Anomochlooideae, Aristidoideae, Arundinoideae, Bambusoideae, Chloridoideae, Danthonioideae, Micraioideae, Oryzoideae, Panicoideae, Pharoideae, Puelioideae, and Pooideae), 6 supertribes (Andropogonodae, Arundinarodae, Bambusodae, Panicodae, Poodae, Triticodae), 51 tribes (Ampelodesmeae, Andropogoneae, Anomochloeae, Aristideae, Arundinarieae, Arundineae, Arundinelleae, Atractocarpeae, Bambuseae, Brachyelytreae, Brachypodieae, Bromeae, Brylkinieae, Centotheceae, Centropodieae, Chasmanthieae, Cynodonteae, Cyperochloeae, Danthonieae, Diarrheneae, Ehrharteae, Eragrostideae, Eriachneae, Guaduellieae, Gynerieae, Hubbardieae, Isachneae, Littledaleeae, Lygeeae, Meliceae, Micraireae, Molinieae, Nardeae, Olyreae, Oryzeae, Paniceae, Paspaleae, Phaenospermateae, Phareae, Phyllorachideae, Poeae, Steyermarkochloeae, Stipeae, Streptochaeteae, Streptogyneae, Thysanolaeneae, Triraphideae, Tristachyideae, Triticeae, Zeugiteae, and Zoysieae), and 80 subtribes (Aeluropodinae, Agrostidinae, Airinae, Ammochloinae, Andropogoninae, Anthephorinae, Anthistiriinae, Anthoxanthinae, Arthraxoninae, Arthropogoninae, Arthrostylidiinae, Arundinariinae, Aveninae, Bambusinae, Boivinellinae, Boutelouinae, Brizinae, Buergersiochloinae, Calothecinae, Cenchrinae, Chionachninae, Chusqueinae, Coicinae, Coleanthinae, Cotteinae, Cteniinae, Cynosurinae, Dactylidinae, Dichantheliinae, Dimeriinae, Duthieinae, Eleusininae, Eragrostidinae, Farragininae, Germainiinae, Gouiniinae, Guaduinae, Gymnopogoninae, Hickeliinae, Hilariinae, Holcinae, Hordeinae, Ischaeminae, Loliinae, Melinidinae, Melocanninae, Miliinae, Monanthochloinae, Muhlenbergiinae, Neurachninae, Olyrinae, Orcuttiinae, Oryzinae, Otachyriinae, Panicinae, Pappophorinae, Parapholiinae, Parianinae, Paspalinae, Perotidinae, Phalaridinae, Poinae, Racemobambosinae, Rottboelliinae, Saccharinae, Scleropogoninae, Scolochloinae, Sesleriinae, Sorghinae, Sporobolinae, Torreyochloinae, Traginae, Trichoneurinae, Triodiinae, Tripogoninae, Tripsacinae, Triticinae, Unioliinae, Zizaniinae, and Zoysiinae). In addition, we include a radial tree illustrating the hierarchical relationships among the subtribes, tribes, and subfamilies. We use the subfamilial name, Oryzoideae, over Ehrhartoideae because the latter was initially published as a misplaced rank, and we circumscribe Molinieae to include 13 Arundinoideae genera. The subtribe Calothecinae is newly described and the tribe Littledaleeae is new at that rank.     

Importance of biological and abiotic factors for geochemical cycling in a freshwater eutrophic lake

Here we report the results of a comprehensive biogeochemical monitoring of Rostherne Mere in 1998, including changes in dissolved oxygen, organic carbon and nitrogen, nitrate/nitrite, ammonia, Al, Na, S, K, Mg, Ca, Si, Fe, Mn, orthophosphate, particulate N & P, suspended solids, temperature, pH, chlorophyll-a and zooplankton. The results demonstrated the major influence of primary producers on the overall geochemical cycling of N, P and Si, and suggested that the significance of zooplankton might have been previously underestimated. For major anions and cations, however, the influence of biota on lake water concentrations appeared to be negligible, reflecting the fact that these chemicals were present far in excess of plankton requirements. Thus changes in concentrations of Ca, K, Na, Mg and S were rather limited and must have reflected changes in hydrological and meteorological parameters. K, however, demonstrated a transitional pattern, reflecting some influence of biological uptake. During the stratification period, the slow processes of bacterial decomposition in the hypolimnion gradually released chemicals contained in the materials accumulated in the bottom layer, remarkably increasing the concentrations of dissolved compounds of those elements present in amounts comparable with the pool stored in the sedimenting detritus (e.g. orthophosphate P, ammonia N, Si and DOC). The decomposition also resulted in a drop in the redox potential, followed by partial denitrification and chemical release from the sediments. The hypolimnion of the Mere was confirmed to remain at the stage of Mn release, characterised by accumulation of DOC, orthophosphates, ammonia and initial stages of denitrification. High levels of P released from the sediments during the stratification period suggest that the lake’s recovery after sewage diversion might be further delayed.     

贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层的再研究

本文详细描述了贵州罗甸纳水上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)剖面的生物地层和年代地层,其牙形刺序列自上而下可详细划分为：Streptognathodus isolatus, S. wabaunsensis, S. tenuialveus, S. firmus, Idiognathodus nashuiensis , Streptognathodus simulator, S. guizhouensis , S. gracilis-S, excelsus , S. cancellosus , S. clavatulus , S. nodocarinatus , Idiognathodus podolskensis , Mesogondolella clarki -Idiognathodus robustus , Diplognathodus ophanus-D, ellesmerensis, Idiognathoides ouachitensis, Streptognathodus expansus, Idiognathoides sulcatus parva, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus bassleri, Idiognathodus primulus-Neognathodus symmetricus, Neognathodus symmetricus, Idiognathoides corrugatus-I, pacificus, I. sinuatus, I. sulcatus sulcatus, Declinognathodus noduli ferus 和 Gnathodus bilineatus bollandensis 等带。 Declinognathodus noduliferus 和 Streptognathodus isolatus 的首次出现分别代表上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)和二叠系的开始。根据牙形刺和有孔虫的序列,罗甸纳水剖面的上石炭统(宾夕法尼亚亚系)地层自下而上可划分为罗苏阶(Luosuan)、滑石板阶(Huashibanian)、达拉阶(Dalaan)和马平阶(Mapingian),并可与俄罗斯的巴什基尔阶(Bashkirian)、莫斯科阶(Moscovian)、卡西莫夫阶(Kasimovian)和格舍尔阶(Gzhelian),北美的莫罗阶(Morrowan)、阿托克阶(Atokan)、得梅因阶(Desmoinesian)、密苏里阶(Missourian)和弗吉尔阶(Virgilian)进行对比。另外,本文也详细讨论了剖面中的石炭系中间界线及石炭-二叠系界线。     

From the creation of the Veterinary Schools to the evolution of the notion of contagion in the 19th and 20th centuries

The creation of the Veterinary Schools in the 18th century would reveal a plethora of scientists, some of whom would be the precursors of Pasteur, some rivals, others followers collaborators or friends of the Master. Among the precursors let us name Chabbert, Huzard, Girard, Delafond, Renault, Toussaint, Galtier ; among the rivals: Chauveau, Arloing, Cornevin and Thomas; among the followers, collaborators or friends of Pasteur: Bouley, at first a resolute spontaneist, then the most fervent in defense of Pasteur (President of the Academy of Medicine and of the Academy of Sciences) and Nocard, Director of the School in Alfort, an important collaborator of Pasteur. Later, there was Leclainche, who created the International Office of Epizootics, and who was President of the Academy of Sciences; Guérin, who with Calmette developed the BCG vaccination; Ramon, the father of anatoxins (vaccines against diphtheria, and tetanus, combined vaccines, adjuvants to immunity). Thus, the creation of the Veterinary Schools contributed not only to the evolution of the notion of contagion, to the amelioration of animal health and the economics of agricultural production, but also to serious advances in human care, and to the protection of public health.     

Accumulation of Minerals by Leccinum scabrum from Two Large Forested Areas in Central Europe: Notecka Wilderness and Tuchola Forest (Pinewoods)

Leccinum scabrum sporocarps and associated topsoils from two areas in Poland have been characterized for contents and bioconcentration potential of Ag, Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, Sr and Zn. Topsoil and fruitbody element composition varied between the two study sites, most likely as a result of local soil geochemistry. Element content of the labile fraction in topsoil from both sites followed the ‘pseudo‐total’ fraction and median values (mg kg^?1 dry matter) were: K 380 and 340, Mg 760 and 840, P 1100 and 920, Al 3800 and 8100, Ag 0.31 and 0.28, Ba 28 and 37, Ca 920 and 790, Cd 0.23 and 0.23, Co 2.0 and 1.7, Cu 3.2 and 3.6, Fe 2800 and 6300, Mn 280 and 180, Na 99 and 110, Ni 7.8 and 8.8, Pb 12 and 18, Rb 1.3 and 2.1, Sr 4.8 and 4.0 and Zn 22 and 19, respectively. Only for some elements such as K, Mg, Al, Ag, Ca, Co, Mn, Na, Ni, Sr and Zn we found concentration differences between the two study sites for the caps of sporocarps. With the exception of Al, Mn, Na and Pb, stipes showed a similar tendency. Caps had a higher concentration of K, Rb, P, Mg, Al, Ag, Cu, Fe, Zn, Cd, Pb and Ni compared to stipes, while Na, Ba and Sr contents were higher in stipes. The comparison of soil and fruitbody concentrations indicates that L. scabrum bioconcentrate some elements while others are bioexcluded.     

山东临朐中中新世山旺组紫藤属(豆科)荚果化石的再观察

豆科紫藤属Wisteria约有5-6个现生种,间断分布于中国、日本和美国的温带地区,但化石记录表明,该属在新近纪可能广泛分布于捷克、荷兰、格鲁吉亚阿布哈兹、保加利亚、罗马尼亚、俄罗斯远东、日本和中国。因此,研究紫藤属化石有助于深入认识它的早期演化、分类、多样性、古生态和生物地理,其中荚果化石的分类价值和演化意义尤为显著。文中基于对产自山东临朐中中新世山旺组的山旺紫藤W.shanwangensis荚果化石的再观察,并结合紫藤属3个现生种——紫藤W.sinensis、藤萝W.villosa和多花紫藤W.floribunda的荚果发育特征,讨论这些化石的分类、演化、发育和埋藏学意义。结果进一步证明,山旺紫藤荚果化石与国产的2个现生种——紫藤和藤萝的荚果更为相似,呈倒披针形、种子较少和室间缢缩明显。比较而言,日本和美国产的紫藤属现生种——多花紫藤和美国紫藤W.frutescens的荚果呈线形、种子较多和室间缢缩不明显,而且日本中新世和上新世报道的紫藤属荚果化石与多花紫藤的荚果更为相似。然而,中国和日本报道的紫藤属荚果化石迄今都没发现被毛,这与现生种中最原始的美国紫藤的荚果相似,而与东亚紫藤属现生种密被绒毛的荚果形成显著差别。因此,中国、日本和美国的紫藤属种类可能早在中新世就已经发生了形态地理分化,而荚果无毛或许是该属演化过程中一个比较原始的性状;紫藤属现生种荚果在发育的中、后期果壁上具有与纵轴方向成锐角的倾斜纤维纹饰,它们在荚果完全成熟后导致果瓣沿缝线开裂并卷曲,卷曲的果瓣放入水中又能恢复平整。值得注意的是,山旺紫藤荚果化石果壁上也发现了类似的倾斜纤维纹饰,这表明它们在脱落保存时处在发育的中、后期,这一发育时期脱落的荚果更有可能保存为化石记录;山旺紫藤荚果化石果壁的碳质残片中还富含硅藻类,近似于远距直链藻Melosira distans和颗粒直链藻M.granulata这些浮游相的、生活在深水区的优势种。因此,山旺紫藤荚果脱离母体后可能沉积在湖水较深的地方,而且它也可能是在成熟开裂的状态下脱落,瓣片本来卷曲,被短程搬运至湖中,又在湖水的浸泡下恢复平整状态,而后经沉积物掩埋后形成化石。     

Notulae de Ranunculaceis sinensibus (ⅩⅩⅢ)

(1) In this paper, differences among the five genera constituting the tribe Cimi cifugeae of the family Ranunculaceae are discussed. Beesia, the first genus, with compound cymes and flowers bearing neither petals nor staminodes, is different from the other four genera with simple or compound racemes and flowers bearing either petals or staminodes, and may occupy a primitive position within the tribe. As to the other four genera, Souliea is characterized by the stem without basal leaf but with 2～5 sheath-like cataphylls, the sepals being deciduous but not caducous, moderate in size and petaloid, the petals being much smaller than sepals, but pink in color and more or less petaloid, the pollen grains being pan tocolpate or pantoporate, the carpels being 1～3 per flower, when mature forming dry linear follicles conspicuously reticulate on the surface and dehiscent along the ventral suture, and the seeds being reticulate-foveolate on the surface. These diagnostic characters indicate clear ly that Souliea might have deviated from the lineage formed by the next three genera, i. e. Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea, which have their own well-recognizable diagnostic characters. Anemopsis is characterized by the normally developed basal leaf, the racemose inflorescence with sparse and few long pedicellate flowers, the sepals 7～10 in number, mod erate in size, and petaloid, the petals slightly smaller than sepals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 2～4 per flower, stalked, when mature forming dry oblong follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds with scaly membranous wings. Cimicifuga is distinguished by the normally developed basal leaf, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepa ls, the organs of the second floral whorl sometimes with empty sterile anthers being stamin odes not petals, the tricolpate pollen grains, the carpels 1～8 per flower, when mature form ing dry oblong or ovoid follicles with transverse veins on the surface, and the seeds usually with scaly membranous wings. The last genus Actaea is different by the basal leaf trans formed into a small scale, the caducous, small, often sepaloid sepals, the organs of the sec ond floral whorl being clawed petals, the pollen grains with 3(4～6) colpi, carpel 1 per flow er, when mature forming a fleshy indehiscent berry smooth on the surface and without any veins, the seeds roughish or slightly rugose, neither foveolate nor winged on the surface, and the advanced most asymmetric karyotype. According to the diagnostic characters given above, we believe that Beesia, Souliea, Anemopsis, Cimicifuga, and Actaea do represent five independent genera, and the treatment of the tribe Cimicifugeae including these five genera in it by Hutchinson (1923), Janchen (1949) and some other authors, has precisely shown the taxonomic diversity within the tribe. We are therefore unable to accept the treatment published by Compton et al. (1998) to lump the two genera, Souliea and Cimicifuga, into the genus Actaea. (2) Compton et al. (1998, 1997) found out that the Chinese plants previously identified by various authors as Cimicifuga foetida L., in which the terminal and lateral racemes of the compound raceme flower more or less simultaneously, differ from the true C. foetida L. in northern Asia, in which the terminal raceme of the compound raceme flowers before the lateral ones, and thus restored the species name Cimicifuga mairei Lévl. , which was formerly reduced to the synonymy of C. foetida L. , for the Chinese plants. After examining the specimens collected from Siberia and from Southwest China we failed to find out any other differences in both vegetative and reproductive organs between the plants of the two regions, and we consider that it is better to treat the populations in Southwest and Central China as a geographical variety of Cimicifuga foetida L. A new combination, Cimicifuga foetida L. var. mairei (Lévl.) W. T. Wang & Zh. Wang, is thus made. (3) 3 species of Delphinium, 1 species and 1 variety of Clematis are described as new.     

Identification of asymmetrically winged samaras from the Western Hemisphere

A key is presented for use in identifying asymmetrically winged fruits (samaras) with either proximal or distal locules. It aids identification based on dispersed fuit morphology and can be used to identify undetermined extant herbarium specimens or fossil fruits to the correct extant family and genus. The 39 genera from 11 families (Aceraceae, Anacardiaceae, Fabaceae, Malpighiaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Polygalaceae, Polygonaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Trigoniaceae, Ulmaceae) are distinguished on the basis of wing venation, size of fruit, presence and position of attachment surface, presence and type of subsidiary wings on the ovary wall. ornamentation, size and shape of the ovary, locule position, shape of locule cross section, style position and ornamentation, distinction between ovary wall and wing, and angle of attachment between individual samaras. The developmental origins of some of these features are discussed.     

鸟类核型研究Ⅶ.雉科10种鸟类

本文报道了雉科10种鸟的核型,并依据核型的DNA比较数据提出了对雉科中亚科分类的新观点。     

Wetlands of the Pacific Island region

The wetlands of 21 countries and territories of the Pacific Islands region are reviewed: American Samoa, Cook Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, Kiribati, Marshall Islands, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tokelau, Tonga, Tuvalu, Vanuatu, and Wallis and Futuna. The regions’ wetlands are classified into seven systems: coral reefs, seagrass beds, mangrove swamps, riverine, lacustrine, freshwater swamp forests and marshes. The diversity of species in each of these groups is at near global maxima at the west of the region, with decline towards the east with increasing isolation, and decreasing island size and age. The community structure is unique in each country, and many have endemic species with the habitat isolation that epitomises this island region. There remain, however, some serious gaps in basic inventory, particularly in freshwater biodiversity. Threats to wetlands include introduced freshwater species, loss of wetlands adjacent to urban growth, downstream effects of mining and land clearance, and over-use of mangrove, seagrass and coral reef resources by predominant subsistence economies that remain in this region. Only five countries are signatories to the Ramsar convention on wetlands, and this only recently with seven sites. Wetland managers have identified the need for community education, baseline surveys and monitoring, better legislation and policy for wetland management, and improved capacity of local communities to allow the wise use of their wetlands.