环境因子对硬骨鱼类性腺发育成熟及其排卵和产卵的调控

对影响硬骨鱼类性腺发育成熟及其排卵和产卵的诸多环境因子进行了综述（如水温、光照、降雨和水流、水体化学因子、水体生物因子以及环境污染（环境胁迫）等）,并对其调控机制进行了阐述,侧重强调了环境胁迫对硬骨鱼类生殖的影响,旨在从生态学角度为保护鱼类种质资源提供对策。     

鱼类肌间骨发育分子调控机制及遗传选育研究进展

鱼类的肌间骨(Intermuscular bones, IBs), 又称肌间小骨, 是分布于鱼体两侧肌隔中及连接在椎体上的小骨, 仅存在于低等真骨鱼类中。随着鱼类的系统演化, 肌间骨的数目和形态也发生着由无到多再到无、由简单到复杂再到简单的变化。中国的大宗淡水鱼类都存在一定数目的肌间骨, 严重影响了其食用和加工价值。鉴于鱼类肌间骨重要的系统进化科学研究价值及产业意义, 近年来国内外水产研究者围绕鱼类肌间骨分子调控机制和遗传育种开展了系列研究, 文章对此进行了系统的阐述, 并对其发展前景进行了分析, 可为肌间骨发生发育分子机制及少/无肌间骨鱼类新品种的遗传选育研究提供基础资料。     

不同盐碱度水体的鱼类区系结构及主要经济鱼类生长的比较

通过对内陆１５个盐碱度不同的典型水体中鱼类区系结构的主要经济鱼类生长的比较和分析,阐述了盐碱度对鱼类区系和鱼类生长的影响。比较和分析结果表明,鱼类的区系结构、种类数量和生长速度与水体盐碱度的高低有着密切关系,盐碱度高的水体其鱼类的生长速度较慢。将水体的ＰＨ值、盐度、碱度、硬度、电导率等几项盐碱指标与鱼类的种类数量进行逐步回归和相关分析。结果显示水体中鱼类现有的种类数量与盐碱指标的关系为：ＬＯＧ（现     

鱼类垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽的研究进展

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽 (Pituitaryadenylatecyclaseactivatingpolypeptide ,PACAP)是 1 989年首次在绵羊下丘脑发现的具有广泛生物活性的多肽 ,是促胰液素 /胰高血糖素家族新成员[1 ] 。在哺乳类 ,分离出两种活性的PACAP ,即PACAP 38和 2 7;PACAP 38由 38个氨基酸组成 ,PACAP 2 7是PACAP 38氨基端的 2 7个氨基酸残基 ,哺乳类PACAP 38和 2 7产生于同一前体分子 ;组织中PACAP 2 7的含量要比PACAP 38少的多[2 ] 。在哺乳类 ,PACAP及其受体分布十分广泛 ,具有多种生理功能。在低等脊椎动物尤其鱼类 ,最初PACAP研究…     

湖泊食鱼性鱼类渔业生态学的理论与方法

食鱼性鱼类是指鱼类群落中以鱼类为食的鱼类,它们处于较高的营养级,是水生态系统中主要的顶级消费者。食鱼性鱼类渔业是北美湖泊渔业的主要方式,已形成了比较完善的理论与方法。一些研究表明,食鱼性鱼类的放养通过营养串联效应（Trophiccascadingeffect）有改善湖泊水质的作用[1－2]。我国有关湖泊食鱼性鱼类渔业生态学研究还非常有限。长江中、下游湖泊水深一般不超过sin,自然条件下水草茂密。由于湖区人口密集,这些湖泊的渔业利用强度一般很高[3]。人工放养营养级较低而渔产量较高的经济鱼类如草鱼、鲢、鳙、鲤等,是这些湖泊主要…     

鱼类的嗅觉

介绍了鱼类嗅囊的构造和功能,阐明了鱼类的嗅觉对其发育变态以及觅食、集群、避敌、求偶、繁殖和定向等生态活动,具有重要的生物学意义,以及鱼类嗅觉在渔业上的利用。     

鱼类转基因研究

本文综述了鱼类转基因研究的意义、鱼类基因转移研究的特点、转基因鱼的构建及检测技术、我国鱼类转基因研究的进展和鱼类基因转移研究中存在的主要问题。     

两种发育型鱼类卵母细胞成熟过程中促精核发育现象的研究

采用实验细胞学技术,比较研究了红鲤精核在雌核发育鱼类(银鲫)和两性融合发育鱼类(红鲤、彩鲫)卵母细胞成熟各阶段中的发育状况,结果表明:在两性融合发育鱼类中,当卵母细胞发育到胚泡破裂期吋,精核开始解凝发育,及至第一次成熟分裂中期后阶段,高度解凝的精核才开始原核化,相应地,在雌核发育银鲫中,精核也只有在与胚泡物质接触后,才能开始解凝,并且在三极纺锤体形成后期初步原核化,但与两性融合发育鱼类相比,精核的原核化程度明显降低。这些实验结果初步揭示,在两性融合和雌核发育鱼类卵中均可产生促精核解凝和原核化的两类因子(SNDFs和SPDFs),其中SNDFs的活性表达起始于卵母细胞胚泡破裂时期,而SPDFs活性则产生于第一次成熟分裂中期后或三极纺锤体形成后阶段,并且两性融合发育鱼类卵中的SPDFs活性远远高于雌核发育鱼类卵母细胞。     

拉萨河鱼类调查及保护

拉萨河是雅鲁藏布江最大的支流, 其鱼类区系为隶属于裂腹鱼亚科、条鳅亚科和科的13 种鱼类以及裂腹鱼属的一个自然杂交种。最近十几年, 由于人类活动的影响, 导致了大量的外来鱼类进入拉萨河水体。文章介绍了2004 年至2006 年对拉萨河鱼类进行采样调查的情况。目前在拉萨河, 鱼类组成包括以往记录的14 种鱼类: 拉萨裂腹鱼Schizothorax waltoni (Regan)、异齿裂鱼 S. o’connori (Lloyd)、巨须裂腹鱼S.macropogon (Regan)、双须叶须鱼 Ptychobarbus dipogon (Regan)、尖裸鲤 Oxygymnocypris stewartii (Lloyd)、拉萨裸裂尻鱼Schizopygopsisyounghusbandi younghusbandi Regan、异齿裂腹鱼和拉萨裂腹鱼的一个自然杂交种、异尾高原鳅Triplophysa stewartii (Hora)、细尾高原鳅T. stenura (Herzenstein)、西藏高原鳅T. tibetana(Regan)、东方高原鳅T. orientalis (Herzenstein)、斯氏高原鳅T. stoliczkae (Steindachner)、短尾高原鳅T.brevicauda (Herzenstein)、黑斑原Glyptosternum maculatum (Regan); 8 种外来鱼类: 鲫Carassius auratus(Linnaeus)、麦穗鱼Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel)、泥鳅Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor)、黄黝鱼Hypseleotris swinhonis (Gunther)、鲤Cyprinus (C.) caupio Linnaeus、草鱼Ctenopharyngodon idellus(Cuvier et Valenciennes)、银鲫Carassius auratus gibelio (Bloch)、鲇Silurus asotus Linnaeus; 2 个未定种。调查结果表明拉萨河鱼类资源面临的两个主要问题是过度捕捞导致鱼类资源的减少和小型化以及外来鱼类入侵。文章针对这些情况作了分析和探讨, 并对土著鱼类的保护与合理利用提出了一些建议: 合理捕捞、严格禁渔期、控制外来鱼类、保护栖息地等。       

博斯腾湖鱼类资源组成、体长与体重关系及生长状况

博斯腾湖为西北高原地区湖泊,1958年开始商业化渔业生产,1962年开始鱼类引种工作,半个多世纪以来湖区鱼类资源组成处于不断的变动当中。本文围绕湖区鱼类群落组成动态、当前鱼类的体长与体重关系及种群生长状况开展研究,于2019年春季(4月)、夏季(8月)、秋季(10月),通过渔具采样和渔获物调查相结合的方法,在博斯腾湖共发现鱼类17种,隶属于4目8科,其中?(Hemiculter leucisculus)、池沼公鱼(Hypomesus olidus)、鲫(Carassius auratus)为优势种,鱼类资源结构小型化问题严重。描述了15种鱼类体长-体重关系与生长情况,其中12种鱼类为正异速生长,3种鱼类为负异速生长,优势鱼类的体长-体重关系式参数b值范围2. 95～3. 56,决定系数r2值范围0. 874～0. 997。本研究所得结果可为博斯腾湖鱼类资源保护与可持续利用提供基础资料和科学支撑。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418