东海普通波水蚤种群特征与环境关系研究

根据1997～2000年东海23°30′～33°N、118°30′～128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,对东海浮游桡足类普通波水蚤(Undinula vulgaris)自然种群特征与环境的关系进行研究,并与1979～1980年资料进行比较.结果表明,普通波水蚤优势度、平均丰度、出现频率和占浮游桡足类总丰度的百分比均有显著的季节变化,其中秋季分别为0.09、556 ind·100 m^-3、93.69％和9.90％,夏季为0.03、86 ind·100 m^-3、68.49％和4.08％,冬季为0.02、42 ind·100 m^-3、53.85％和3.80％,春季为0.01、16 ind·100 m^-3、34.35％和2.31％.普通波水蚤在东海的优势性主要表现在秋季.与20年前同海域研究结果相比,近年春、夏和秋3季普通波水蚤在东海浮游桡足类中的重要性有所降低,而冬季有所增加.冬季的增加可能与全球气候变暖相关.底层水环境变化是影响普通波水蚤种群数量分布的主要因子,说明该种数量变化与暖流势力有密切关系.普通波水蚤对沿岸水团和低温环境敏感,其高丰度分布区是暖流位置的良好指示.作为秋季东海重要的桡足类浮游动物,普通波水蚤在东海海洋渔业中有重要意义.     

海南岛西北沿岸海域浮游桡足类的分布及群落特征

为了解昌江沿岸海域生态系统的现状,探讨海域环境因素对浮游动物的生存环境造成的影响。本文根据2008年11月至2009年7月在海南西部昌江沿岸水域21个测站、4个季度月调查所获的浮游桡足类样品数据,对该海域浮游桡足类群落结构、分布、季节变化及影响因素进行了分析。本调查共鉴定出桡足类44种,隶属4目17科24属,其中秋季25种,冬季23种,春季22种,夏季23种。本次调查共发现优势种6种,分别是微刺哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)、亚强次真哲水蚤(Subeucalanus subcrassus)、锥形宽水蚤(Temora turbinata)、刺尾纺锤水蚤(Acartia spinicauda)、椭形长足水蚤(Calanopia elliptica)和精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna),优势种以近岸暖水种居多。浮游桡足类丰度季节变化明显:冬季最高,达409 ind./m3;秋季次之,为144 ind./m3,春季为55 ind./m3,夏季最低仅为17 ind./m3。其丰度的平面分布显示:秋、冬季节分别在海区中部和南部形成明显密集区,春、夏季节则大致呈现由外海向近岸逐渐递减的趋势。浮游桡足类的多样性指数(H')表现为夏季春季秋季冬季,春、夏季的均匀度指数(J')明显高于秋、冬季。本调查反映出该海区的桡足类群落具有热带—亚热带区系特征,种类组成季节更替明显,桡足类种群受海域水温和硅藻的影响明显,受盐度影响不明显。     

湛江港湾浮游桡足类群落结构的季节变化和影响因素

2009年2月、5月、8月和11月分别对湛江港湾浮游动物进行了季度月调查,并对该海域浮游桡足类群落结构的季节变化及影响因素进行了分析.结果共鉴定出桡足类72种,其中冬季36种,占浮游动物种类数的29.5％;春季33种,占浮游动物种类数的39.3％;夏季24种,占浮游动物种类数的29.6％;秋季19种,占浮游动物种类数的40.4％.主要优势种为中华哲水蚤Calanus sinicus、强额拟哲水蚤Paracalanus crassirostris、短角长腹剑水蚤Oithona brevicornis、亚强真哲水蚤Eucalanus subcrassus、刺尾纺锤水蚤Acartia spinicauda和桡足类幼体.季节变化模式为:夏季丰度最高,达960.0个/m3,春季次之为421.0个/m3,冬季为303.4个/m3,秋季最低仅为252.8个/m3.平面分布冬春季丰度内湾高,往湾口逐渐降低,夏季内湾低往湾口逐渐增大,而秋季分布较均匀.调查海区桡足类丰度与水温、叶绿素a和浮游植物细胞丰度呈极显著的正相关,与DIN和PO3-4呈显著的负相关,与盐度、pH值和活性硅酸盐相关性不明显.     

福建北部近海浮游动物数量分布与水团季节变化的关系

根据2015—2016年在福建北部近海水域(120.10°E—120.65°E, 26.35°N—27.07°N)夏、秋、冬、春4个季节的海洋生态调查资料, 探讨了该水域浮游动物的数量分布、季节变化及其与水团变化的关系。结果表明, 调查水域浮游动物的平均生物量依次是: 夏季(479.51 mg/m3)>秋季(257.37 mg/m3)>春季(241.86 mg/m3)>冬季(84.05 mg/m3), 平均丰度依次是: 夏季(156.36 ind./m3)>春季(91.57 ind./m3)>秋季(40.34 ind./m3)>冬季(21.82 ind./m3), 生物量和丰度均值都呈现出夏季、秋季到冬季依次减少, 春季增多的趋势, 不同的是秋季生物量均值高于春季, 而丰度均值低于春季。在夏、冬和春三季, 浮游动物的总生物量和总丰度的分布总体较为一致; 而在秋季, 浮游动物的总生物量和总丰度的分布几乎相反。百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)和微剌哲水蚤(Canthocalanus pauper)是影响夏季总丰度分布最主要的种类; 链钟水母(Desmophyes annectens)是影响秋季总丰度分布最主要的种类; 驼背隆哲水蚤(Acrocalanus gibber)、亚强真哲水蚤(Eucalanus subcrassus)和百陶箭虫对冬季总丰度的分布起到了重要影响; 五角水母(Muggiaea atlantica)和微剌哲水蚤是春季占总丰度比例较高的种类。浮游动物数量各季不同分布模式的根本原因是台湾暖流和浙闽沿岸流水团的季节性变化所致。研究结果不仅对了解与评价区域海洋生态系统动态和生物多样性变化具有重要的理论意义, 而且还可以丰富我国近海水域浮游动物的生态特征与水团变化之间的关系。     

披山岛海区浮游动物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2007年披山岛海区春季和夏季2个季度浮游动物调查资料,分析和研究了浙江省玉环县披山岛海区浮游动物种类组成和数量分布特点.结果表明:浮游动物共有18种,属3门12属,其中桡足类的种类最多,占总种数的72.22%;主要优势种为中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、瘦拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus gracilis)、针刺拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus aculeatus)和红小毛猛水蚤(Microsetella rosea).浮游动物的平均丰度及生物量均为春季比夏季高,春季的平均丰度为6.55×103个/m3,夏季为6.13×103个/m3;春季的平均生物量为216.49 mg/m3,夏季为98.26 mg/m3.桡足类的生物量占浮游动物总量的75.97%～97.55%,是决定披山岛浮游动物数量分布和变动的主要成分.与历史资料和邻近海域相比较,披山岛海区生物量与其接近或大于东海各海域.春、夏两季生物多样性(H′)有显著性差异(P<0.05),春季具有较高的生物多样性,且远海的生物多样性大于近海.     

宁波港典型海域浮游动物种类组成及数量分布特点

根据2009年秋~2010年夏每季采样调查,分析和研究了浙江省宁波港海区浮游动物种类组成和数量分布的四季变化特征。结果表明:经鉴定浮游动物共有70种,隶属3门35属。其中桡足类的种类最多,占总种数的73.54%;优势种主要有中华异水蚤、矩形龟甲轮虫、伪长腹剑水蚤、挪威小星猛水蚤、小星猛水蚤属、驼背隆哲水蚤、短角长腹剑水蚤等。浮游动物群体丰度呈现出夏季>秋季>春季>冬季的现象,四季平均丰度分别为2.50×103ind/m3、40.16×103ind/m3、3.72×103ind/m3、1.20×103ind/m3。生物量呈现出夏季>春季>秋季>冬季的现象,四季平均生物量分别为88.94 mg/m3、931.22 mg/m3、58.74 mg/m3、24.49mg/m3。与历史资料以及邻近海域比较发现,浮游动物丰度和生物量小于或接近于东海各海域。生物多样性分析显示,夏季与春秋冬三季生物多样性(H′)有显著性差异(P<0.05),夏季具有较高的生物多样性,Shannon—Wiener多样性指数(H’)、种类丰富度(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)、最大多样性指数(H’max)基本呈现出夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。与邻近海域相比,多样性指数(H’)、种类丰富度(D)、最大多样性指数(H’max)呈下降趋势。     

舟山渔场及邻近海域浮游动物数量分布特征

依据2006年8月(夏)、2007年1月(冬)、5月(春)和11月(秋)在舟山渔场及其邻近海域(29°30′-31°30′N,124°30′E以西)开展海洋生态系统综合调查时,用浅水Ⅰ型浮游生物网采集的浮游动物样本资料,分析了浮游动物总丰度及中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)、精致真刺水蚤(Euchaeta concinna)、百陶箭虫(Sagitta bedoti)、肥胖箭虫(Sagitta enflata)等主要种类的数量分布和季节变化特征。结果表明:调查海域浮游动物平均丰度季节变化明显,春季(555.87ind./m3)夏季(270.87ind./m3)秋季(138.39ind./m3)冬季(127.70ind./m3);其水平分布呈现南部高、北部低的特点。中华哲水蚤为广温广盐种,春季数量最大且分布均匀,大部分海域丰度≥100.00ind./m3;夏季丰度急剧下降,主要分布在30°00′N以南海域;秋、冬季丰度较低,无明显高密集区。精致真刺水蚤为热带种,以夏、冬季丰度较高,主要分布在沿岸水与外海高盐水交汇区和调查海域的南北两端;春、秋季丰度较低且分布均匀。百陶箭虫、肥胖箭虫分别属于暖水种和热带大洋性种,冬、春季丰度都很低,无明显密集区,夏、秋季丰度较大。百陶箭虫主要分布在盐度梯度较大、外海高盐水与沿岸水的交汇区,肥胖箭虫则主要分布在外海高盐水与沿岸水交汇区的靠高温高盐水一侧,其分布与外海高温高盐水的消长有密切关系,可作为暖流指示种。温盐和水系消长变化是影响舟山渔场及邻近海域浮游动物丰度水平分布的重要因素。     

东海水母类丰度的动力学特征

本文根据1997-2000年东海23°30′-33°N、118°30′-128°E海域4个季节海洋调查资料,探讨了东海水母类数量变化特征和相应的动力学。结果表明:水母类是东海浮游动物的第三大类群,其丰度仅次于桡足类和海樽类;其数量有明显的季节变化,春季丰度最高(5·37ind·/m3),秋季次之(2·23ind·/m3),冬季(1·82ind·/m3),夏季最低(0·88ind·/m3);其平面分布特征为近海高于外海;其数量变化首先来自优势种大西洋五角水母(Muggiaeaatlantica)和双生水母(Diphyeschamissonis)的贡献,前者是近岸暖温种,后者是近岸暖水种;春季丰度变化与表层和底层盐度二元线性相关,夏季与底层水温相关,秋季与底层盐度相关,冬季与表层盐度相关,4季总丰度与10m层盐度相关。盐度是影响水母类数量变化的主要环境动力学因子,水温是次要因子;水母类高丰度区往往位于台湾暖流与长江径流交汇处偏冲淡水水团一侧。长江冲淡水在不同季节入海后的流向是决定高丰度分布区位置重要的动力学因子。该类浮游动物对沿海海域生物安全、生态安全和环境安全都有重要的影响,引起全球的普遍关注。     

上海淀山湖浮游桡足类群落组成与季节变动研究

本文报道了1984年2月至1985年2月上海淀山湖浮游桡足类的群落及优势种数量季节变动的调查结果．在淀山湖共获得11种浮游桡足类,隶属2目5科10属;根据各种类出现的月份,可以把这儿种桡足类划分成4种类型,终年出现型、夏秋季型、冬春季型和畏严冬型;在湖泊敞水区的浮游桡足类,年数量变动曲线有春季、夏季以及秋季三次高峰,秋季高峰比春季、夏季高峰更突出,持续时间约两个月;中华窄腹剑水蚤、汤匙华哲水蚤、广布中剑水蚤和近邻剑水蚤这4个优势种制约了桡足类群落总数量的季节消长。浮游桡足类生物量的季节变动有4次高峰,春季及秋季高峰出现时间迟于总数量高峰,其原因是数量高峰期桡足类群落中含有约80—90％的幼体,幼体成长之后方能达到生物量高峰期。本文还就影响浮游桡足类群落数量、生物量的生态因子作了初步的讨论。     

水体化学要素对分叉小猛水蚤(Tisbe furcata)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)室内养殖种群密度的影响

以分叉小猛水蚤(Tisbe furcata)和小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)为研究对象,对比室内养殖条件下两种桡足类的种群密度差异,并分析水体化学要素亚硝态氮、硝态氮、氨氮和磷酸盐与桡足类种群密度的关系。结果表明:分叉小猛水蚤较小拟哲水蚤种群密度优势明显(P0.01),更适合北方室内养殖,盐度可能起主要作用;水体亚硝态氮最为重要,在桡足类种群的快速增长期,其浓度与两种桡足类的种群密度均呈极显著正相关性;水体磷酸盐浓度与两种桡足类的种群密度均呈极显著正相关性;通过部分换水的方式可以实现分叉小猛水蚤的可持续培养,换水量不要超过水体总量的1/3;本研究所采用复合饲料和养殖方式可以实现分叉小猛水蚤的北方室内大规模、高密度和可持续养殖。     

Ectogenesis and the case against the right to the death of the foetus

Ectogenesis, or the use of an artificial womb to allow a foetus to develop, will likely become a reality within a few decades, and could significantly affect the abortion debate. We first examine the implications for Judith Jarvis Thomson’s violinist analogy, which argues for a woman’s right to withdraw life support from the foetus and so terminate her pregnancy, even if the foetus is granted full moral status. We show that on Thomson’s reasoning, there is no right to the death of the foetus, and abortion is not permissible if ectogenesis is available, provided it is safe and inexpensive. This raises the question of whether there are persuasive reasons for the right to the death of the foetus that could be exercised in the context of ectogenesis. Eric Mathison and Jeremy Davis have examined several arguments for this right, doubting that it exists, while Joona Räsänen has recently criticized their reasoning. We respond to Räsänen’s analysis, concluding that his arguments are unsuccessful, and that there is no right to the death of the foetus in these circumstances.     

On the diversity of the Cladocera in the tropics

The mythical concept of an impoverished tropical cladoceran fauna is refuted. On a planetary scale, around half of the cladoceran species presently known occur exclusively in the tropics-subtropics, often with considerable restriction to particular geographical subzones. On a regional (political) scale, the situation is often unclear because of the continued fragmentary nature of studies, and because political units are not a good basis for biogeographical comparisons. At the finest level of resolution (lake-perlake comparisons), there appears to be an upper limit of c. 50 cladoceran species per individual lake. No significant difference between lakes in the temperate zone and in the tropics could be established here. Daphnia is largely absent from the tropics, but is replaced by more Sidids, Moinids, and Bosminids, such that the average cladoceran community in the limnetic zone of a tropical lake is not characterized by less species but rather by lower population densities. This, in turn, is considered a consequence of higher prevalent predation levels in the tropics.     

Tubular networks in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human,the monkey,the cat and the dog

Summary A tubular network was found in the terminal endings of the visual receptor cells in the human, the monkey (Macaca mulatta), the cat and the dog. These tubules are arranged in close groups in the vicinity of the synaptic lamellae and the invaginated dendrites. According to the form, diameter, density of the tubules and to the consistence of the network formed by them one can distinguish at these places an initial type (type I), a transitory (type II) and a vesicular one (type III). In the the type III branching, bizarre forms are frequent. The diameter of all the tubules reaches 500–600 Å, their density and walls being the same as in the synaptic vesicles.Similar networks also occur in the axons of the visual receptor cells of the monkey.

---

Zusammenfassung In den Endigungen der Photorezeptorzellen von Mensch, Affe (Macaca mulatta), Katze und Hund kommen aus Tubuli bestehende Komplexe vor. Organellenartig in geschlossenen Gruppen angeordnet, liegen sie in Nähe der synaptischen Lamellen und der invaginierten Dendriten. An diesen Stellen kann man nach Form, Durchmesser, Dichte und Konsistenz der von den Tubuli gebildeten Komplexe drei Typen unterscheiden: 1. einen initialen (Typus I), 2. einen Übergangstypus (Typus II) und 3. einen vesiculären Typus (Typus III). In letzterem kommen häufig verzweigte, bizarre Formen vor. Der Durchmesser sämtlicher Tubuli erreicht 500–600 Å. Ihre Dichte und ihre Wand gleicht denen der synaptischen Vesikel.Ähnliche Komplexe fanden wir auch in den Axonen der Photorezeptorzellen vom Affen.

     

Assessing the Physiological State of the Fucoids from the Barents Sea Littoral by the End of the Polar Night

Methods of amperometry and potentiometric titration were used to follow dark respiration (DR) and apparent photosynthesis (AP) in the fucoids Ascophyllum nodosum (L.) Le Jol, Fucus vesiculosus L., and F. serratus L. from the Barents Sea littoral by the end of the 40-day-long polar night. The macroalgae were shown to manifest species-specific low rates of photosynthesis and respiration. However, in spite of their low photosynthetic status due to the effects of subzero temperature and prolonged low or zero illumination, the macroalgae have been able to restore DR and AP to the initial level already by the day 9; the ability to restore AP depended on the level of illumination. The study of the changes in the carbonate–bicarbonate system in the light and darkness demonstrated that the macroalgae grown in darkness, in contrast to those grown in twilight, could absorb bicarbonate in darkness; however, they lost this capacity after two-day-long illumination at an irradiance of 7 mol/(m² s). Bicarbonate uptake in darkness and the capacity to restore the systems of photosynthesis and respiration in fucoid cells are discussed in the context of algal energy metabolism under the polar night conditions.     

Feeding the vertebrate retina from the Cambrian to the Tertiary

The retina of the vertebrate eye is metabolically active and requires nutritive support. During the last 540 million years it has evolved into forms as complicated and nutritionally demanding as those found in avian or primate eyes. Diffusion from the choroid is generally able to supply the metabolic needs of thin retinae. However, when the thickness exceeds the limits of diffusion, structures are needed to supplement the vascular supply from the choroid. These supplemental nutritive devices include the choroidal gland, the falciform process and preretinal vascular plexus of fish, the conus papillaris of lizards, the pecten oculi of birds, the intraretinal vessels of mammals and a few novel systems that remain difficult to classify. These vascular systems are among the most variable features of the vertebrate eye. Here, we review classical and recent findings regarding such retinal nutrition systems, propose a three category classification for them based on histologic origins and speculate on the evolutionary forces which drove their development.     

Arranging the elements of the potassium channel: the T1 domain occludes the cytoplasmic face of the channel

The voltage-gated potassium channel is currently one of the few membrane proteins where functional roles have been mapped onto specific segments of sequence. Although high-resolution structures of the transmembrane portions of three bacterial potassium channels, the tetramerization domain and the cytoplasmic ball are available, their relative spatial arrangement in mammalian channels remains a matter of ongoing debate. Cryo-electron microscopic images of the six transmembrane voltage-gated Kv channel have been reconstructed at up to 18 Å resolution, revealing that the T1 domain tetramerizes and is suspended below the transmembrane segments. However, the resolution of these images is insufficient to reveal the location of the third piece of the puzzle, the inactivating ball domain. We have used the aberrant interactions observed in a series of chimæric channels to establish that an assembled T1 domain restricts access to the cytoplasmic face of the channel, suggesting that the N-terminal ball and chain may be confined in the space between the T1 domain and the transmembrane portion of the channel.     

Observations on the permeability of the choriocapillaris of the eye

Summary The choriocapillaris is a fenestrated capillary bed located posterior to the retinal pigment epithelium. It serves as the main source of supply to the photoreceptors, retinal pigment epithelium, and other cells of the outer retina. The permeability of these capillaries to intravenously injected ferritin (MW — approx. 480,000; mol. diam. 11 nm) was examined in the mouse, rabbit, and guinea pig, each of which is characterized by a different type of retinal vascularization. In all three species, the bulk of the ferritin remained in the capillary lumina, where it appeared to be blocked at the level of the diaphragmed fenestrae. Some ferritin was present in endothelial cell vacuoles. The results confirm previous work on the rat choriocapillaris and indicate that the barrier function of the choriocapillary endothelium is present even among species in which the retinal circulation differs significantly.Supported by NIH grant EY03418