画眉科鸟类系统发育及分类地位商榷

原记录在中国有分布的鹛类计142种,占世界鹛类纪录种总数284种的50%.由于该类群的种类繁多,形态和生态习性多样,其分类问题历来受分类学者的关注,且争议较大.本文尝试以分子生物学手段来解决传统分类中遗留的问题.在系统发育分析中共有20属59种鹛类作为内群、14个相关物种作为外群,分子标记分别采用线粒体细胞色素b(Cty 6,846 bp)和核内重组引导基因(RAG-1,870 bp),以最大似然法和贝叶斯法重建系统发育树.结果表明,画眉科鸟类明显被分为2大支系,一支由噪鹛Garrulax、希鹛Minla、薮鹛Liocichla、相思鸟Leiothrix、奇鹛Heterophasia、穗鹛Stachyris、钩嘴鹛Pomatorhinus、凤鹛Yuhina、及部分雀鹛Alcippe等属的种类构成,另一支由鸦雀属Paradoxornis和山鹛Rhopophilus pekinensis、及部分雀鹛属的种类构成,2支都有相当高的支持率;各个属之间的相互关系大致得到解决,传统分类体系中噪鹛属、雀鹛属、鸦雀属、凤鹛属、穗鹛属的单系性不能成立;证实绣眼鸟属Zosteropidae、山鹛和林莺属Sylvia鸟类的亲缘关系较近,而白腹凤鹛Yuhina.zantholeuca、鹏鹛属Pteruthius和文须雀Panurus biarmicus与鹛类的亲缘关系较远;并提出小鳞胸鹪鹛Pnoepyga pusilla有可能不是画眉科种类,其分类地位需要重新认识.     

弄岗穗鹛卵壳的超微结构及部分元素组成的初步研究

为了解鸟类新种弄岗穗鹛卵壳的特征,利用扫描电镜对其卵壳进行了观察,并利用火焰原子吸收法和分光光度法对卵壳的部分元素成分进行了测量。结果显示弄岗穗鹛的卵壳厚约为(81.50±3.04)μm(n=30),从外向内依次分为4层:表面晶体层、栅栏层、锥体层和壳膜层。其中表面晶体层较为粗糙,有开放气孔分布;栅栏层结构紧密,是卵壳的主要构成部分,并遍布蜂窝状小孔;锥体层由锥体基层和乳锥层组成;壳膜层由多层直径约为(1.28±0.50)μm(n=30)蛋白质纤维组成。Ca是弄岗穗鹛卵壳的主要构成元素,含量达507.26mg/g,而Fe、Sr、Mn和Al为微量元素。弄岗穗鹛卵壳的特殊结构及元素组成可能是其对石灰岩生境及不擅长飞行的适应。     

贵州习水发现淡绿[贝鸟]鹛

2017年5 月,采用样带法于贵州省习水县箐山森林公园进行全省繁殖鸟类多样性监测,在公园内(106°11"13.51,E,28°20"17.11N,海拔1362m)的针阔混交林中发现2只形态相似的鸟类并拍摄照片,经过鉴定,该物种为雀形目(Passeriformes)画眉科(Sylviidae)鵙鹛属(Pteruthius)的淡绿鵙鹛(Pteruthius xanthochlorus),系贵州省鸟类新纪录。     

宁夏鸟类新纪录——斑背噪鹛

正在采用红外相机对宁夏回族自治区泾源县六盘山国家级自然保护区的脊椎动物进行监测时,安放的10台红外相机拍摄到1种噪鹛影像资料(图1)。经查阅《中国鸟类野外手册》(约翰·马敬能等,2000)和《中国鸟类图鉴》(赵欣如,2018),确认为雀形目Passeriformes噪鹛科Leiothrichidae噪鹛属Garrulax的斑背噪鹛Garrulax lunulatus(郑光美,2017; del Hoyo et al.,2018)。根据拍摄的照片和视频,斑背噪鹛的眼先、颊部及眼周白色形成一宽的白色眼圈,在头部极为醒目;额至头顶、颏部及喉部     

广西弄岗穗鹛不同季节的觅食地选择

2010年7-9月(雨季)和2010年11月-2011年2月(旱季),在广西弄岗国家级自然保护区采用样线法和样方法对弄岗穗鹛(Stachyris nonggangensis)觅食地选择进行研究.主成分分析表明,雨季的乔木层因素和落叶及草本层因素、旱季的地形地貌因素以及草本与灌木层因素是其觅食地的主要特征.圆形分布统计分析显示,雨季和旱季其觅食地多位于中缓坡.与对照样方的差异性检验显示,弄岗穗鹛雨季偏好乔木盖度低的生境,旱季则偏好中、下坡位、灌木高度较高且落叶厚度大的生境.两个季节觅食地的比较显示,其旱季觅食地处于较低海拔,且多位于中、下坡位;旱季草本盖度小于雨季,而落叶盖度和落叶厚度则大于雨季.逻辑斯蒂回归分析表明:弄岗穗鹛雨季觅食地选择以海拔、坡度以及落叶盖度等3个变量为综合考量,而旱季则以坡位、乔木盖度、草本盖度以及落叶厚度等4个变量为综合考量.     

贵州习水发现淡绿鵙鹛

正2017年5月8日在贵州习水县的箐山森林公园(28°20′17.11″N,106°11′13.51″E,海拔1 362 m)的针阔混交林中发现2只形态相似而未能辨识的鸟类,与暗绿绣眼鸟(Zosterops japonicus)混群觅食。经查阅相关资料和文献(约翰·马敬能等2000,赵正阶2001,Reddy 2008,郑光美2011,Dickinson et al.2014),确认该鸟种为淡绿贝鸟鹛(Pteruthius xanthochlorus),隶属于雀形目(Passeriformes)莺雀科(Vireonidae)贝鸟鹛属,为贵州省鸟类分布新记录种。     

贵州宽阔水赤尾噪鹛繁殖巢记述

赤尾噪鹛(Garndax milnei)是全球性近危鸟类,在中国分布于云南、广西、贵州及福建武夷山海拔1 000～2 400 m的山区,结群栖息在常绿林的稠密林下植被及竹丛(马敬能等.中国鸟类野外手册).有关繁殖资料未见有报道.     

鸟类宏观分类和区系地理学研究概述

依据Dickinson,E.C.,主编,2003年出版的"The Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World"一书和2000～2008年的有关文献的记载,在1958～2008年的50年期间,全世界所描述发表鸟类的新种,计有171种.以每10年中所发表的新种数进行统计比较,以1997～2007年期间所发表的新种为最多;按发现新种所属目级分类阶元的统计比较,以雀形目发现的新种为最多;按地区进行统计比较,以南美洲发现的新种数为最多,非洲中南部地区和太平洋诸岛为次;在中国境内描记的新种有台湾短翅莺Bradypterus alishannensis、峨嵋柳莺Phylloscopus emeiensis、海南柳莺Phylloscopus hainanus、峨嵋鹟莺Seicercus omeiensis、淡尾鹟莺Seicercus soror、弄岗穗鹛Stachyris nonggangensis、四川旋木雀Certhia tianquanensis等7种,其中由中国鸟类学者描记的有四川旋木雀和弄岗穗鹛两种.这说明鸟类的宏观分类研究,时至今日仍有研究的必要和发展空间.种下分类,是探讨同一个物种,随着分布区域的扩大,自然地理环境条件的变化,而产生地区性分布种群的变异,以致新物种形成的途径,是宏观分类学研究一个物种的演化发展.所以是当今鸟类分类研究的热点之一.据统计,1958～2008年的50年间,新描述发表的亚种数,约为1 129亚种.繁殖区域分布较为广泛的种类,所描记的亚种较多.如岛鸫Turdus poliocephalus分化有51亚种之多.中国鸟类的分类与区系地理学研究,大致可分为起步时期(1949年以前)、新中国建立之后的考察及宏观分类研究的总结整理时期(1950～2005)和宏观与微观相结合的发展研究时期(1999年以后)等3个时期.郑作新所出版的<中国鸟类分布名录>和<中国鸟类区系纲要>等专著,是中国鸟类宏观分类和区系地理学研究较为翔实的阶段性总结,为进一步研究奠定了坚实的基础.     

婺源黄喉噪鹛( Garrulax galbanus courtoisi )

1919年9月,法国植物学家F.Courtois神甫在我国江西省婺源县(该县当时隶属安徽省)采到两号噪鹛标本,1923年,法国鸟类学会主席M.A.Ménégaux将这两号性别不明的标本命名为噪鹛属一新种Garrulax courtoisi.1930年,Berlioz在对噪鹛属进行系统分类时,将它同英国人Godwin-Austen依据印度阿萨姆邦马尼普尔河谷(Munipur Valley)标本命名的黄喉噪鹛Garrulax galbanus合并,视其为后者种下的一亚种Garrulax galbanus courtoisi.     

四川省鸟类吸虫种类调查

四川鸟类寄生吸虫过去报道极少 ,我们于 1 980年以来 ,先后在一些县市和成都动物园解剖鸟类 1 0 0余种共 60 0多只 ,采得一些复殖吸虫 ,已鉴定出 4 1种 ,分隶于 1 6科 2 4属。现将其名录整理报道如下。1　鸟类吸虫名录1 短咽科Ｂｒａｃｈｙｌａｅｍｉｄａｅ(1)拱形短咽吸虫Ｂｒａｃｈｙｌａｅｍｕｓａｒｃｕａｔｕｓ。橙翅噪鹛(Ｇａｒｒｕｌａｘｅｌｌｉｏｔｉ)、眼纹噪鹛 (Ｇ .ｏｃｅｌｌａｔｕｓａｒｔｅｍｉｓｉａｅ)、矛纹草鹛 (Ｂａｂａｘｌａｎｃｅｏｌａｔｕｓ)、棕颈钩嘴鹛 (Ｐｏｍａｔｏｒｈｉｎｕｓｒｕｆｉｃｏｌｌｉｓ)、白领凤…     

Entwicklungsgeschichte und Ultrastruktur von Pollenkitt und Exine bei nahe verwandten entomophilen und anemophilen Angiospermensippen derAlismataceae,Liliaceae, Juncaceae,Cyperaceae, Poaceae undAraceae

Some closely related members of the monocotyledonous familiesAlismataceae, Liliaceae, Juncaceae, Cyperaceae, Poaceae andAraceae with variable modes of pollination (insect- and wind-pollination) were studied in relation to the ultrastructure of pollenkitt and exine (amount, consistency and distribution of pollenkitt on the surface of pollen grains). The character syndromes of pollen cementing in entomophilous, anemophilous and intermediate (ambophilous or amphiphilous) monocotyledons are the same in principal as in dicotyledons. Comparing present with former results one can summarize: 1) The pollenkitt is always produced in the same manner by the anther tapetum in all angiosperm sub-classes. 2) The variable stickiness of entomophilous and anemophilous pollen always depends on the particular distribution and consistency of the pollenkitt, but not its amount on the pollen surface. 3) The mostly dry and powdery pollen of anemophilous plants always contains a variable amount of inactive pollenkitt in its exine cavities. 4) A step-by step change of the pollen cementing syndrome can be observed from entomophily towards anemophily. 5) From the omnipresence of pollenkitt in all wind-pollinated angiosperms studied one can conclude that the ancestors of anemophilous angiosperms probably have been zoophilous (i.e. entomophilous) throughout.

     

Identification and Characterization of the First Equine Parainfluenza Virus 5

正Dear Editor,Parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5), known as canine parainfluenza virus in the veterinary field, is a negative-sense,nonsegmented, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Paramyxoviridae family (Chen 2018). The virus was first reported in primary monkey kidney cells in 1954 (Hsiung1972), then it has been frequently discovered in various     

Pathogenic Characterization and Full Length Genome Sequence of a Reassortant Infectious Bursal Disease Virus Newly Isolated in Pakistan

<正>Dear Editor,Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is one of the most important diseases of the poultry. The IBD virus (IBDV), a nonenveloped virus belonging to the Birnaviridae family with a genome consisting of two segments of double-stranded RNA (segments A and B), targets B lymphocytes of bursa of Fabricious leading to immunosuppression. In Pakistan,poultry farming is the second biggest industry and IBD is the second biggest disease threating the poultry sector.However, there is limited genome information of IBDV     

Mink Circovirus Can Infect Minks,Foxes and Raccoon Dogs

正Dear Editor,Mink circovirus (MiCV), which is clustered in the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, was first described in minks from farms in Dalian, China in 2013 (Lian et al.2014). The complete single-stranded circular genome of the virus is 1,753 nucleotides long and contains two major open reading frames (ORFs), designated ORF1 (Rep gene)and ORF2 (Cap gene)(Lian et al. 2014; Ge et al. 2018).Sequence analysis has shown that MiCV is most closely     

CypA Regulates AIP4-Mediated M1 Ubiquitination of Influenza A Virus

Cyclophilin A (CypA) is a peptidyl-prolyl cis/trans isomerase that interacts with the matrix protein (M1) of influenza A virus (IAV) and restricts virus replication by regulating the ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. However,the mechanism by which CypA regulates M1 ubiquitination remains unknown. In this study, we reported that E3 ubiquitin ligase AIP4 promoted K48-linked ubiquitination of M1 at K102 and K104, and accelerated ubiquitin–proteasome-mediated degradation of M1. The recombinant IAV with mutant M1 (K102 R/K104 R) could not be rescued, suggesting that the ubiquitination of M1 at K102/K104 was essential for IAV replication. Furthermore, CypA inhibited AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination by impairing the interaction between AIP4 and M1. More importantly, both the mutations of M1 (K102 R/K104 R) and CypA inhibited the nuclear export of M1, indicating that CypA regulates the cellular localization of M1 via inhibition of AIP4-mediated M1 ubiquitination at K102 and K104, which results in the reduced replication of IAV.Collectively, our findings reveal a novel ubiquitination-based mechanism by which CypA regulates the replication of IAV.