北方两种常见蝈螽鸣声与发声器的比较研究

研究了北方常见的优雅蝈螽Gampsocleis gratiosa和暗褐蝈螽Campsocleis sedakovii雄性鸣声特征和发声器结构.优雅蝈螽鸣声规则,脉冲组序列由2种类型的脉冲组组成,第1种类型的脉冲组持续时间约0.09 s,脉冲持续和间隔时问约0.01 5;第2类型的脉冲组持续时间约0,04 s,脉冲持续和间隔时间均约0.003 s;鸣声的主能峰频率约7 kHz.暗褐蝈螽雄性鸣声包含短促的开翅鸣声和由2种类型的脉冲组组成的脉冲组序列构成的闭翅鸣声,第1种脉冲组持续时间约0.012 s,间隔时间约0.002 s;第2种脉冲组持续时间约0.013 s,间隔时间极短;鸣声主能峰频率约9.1kHz.2种蝈螽镜膜的形状、发声锉的形状和长度、发声齿的形状具显著差异.     

四种草螽雄性鸣声的研究

对分布于我国的长瓣草螽Conocephalus(Anisoptera)gladiatus,中华草螽C.(Amurocephalus)chinensis,悦鸣草螽 C.(Anisoptera)melaenus和斑翅草螽C.(Anisoptera)maculatus雄性鸣声进行了分析.研究结果表明,这4种草螽雄性鸣声的时域波形较简单,鸣声均由1种类型的脉冲组序列构成.长瓣草螽雄性鸣声每个脉冲组持续时间约0.13 s,脉冲组间隔约0.12 s,每个脉冲组通常由8脉冲构成,鸣声的频率范围5～20 kHz.中华草螽雄性的鸣声脉冲组由2个脉冲构成,每次鸣叫持续时间约为3.3 s,两次连续鸣叫间隔约10.5 s,鸣声频率范围为20 Hz～20 kHz.斑翅草螽雄性鸣声的脉冲组由10～13个脉冲构成,脉冲组持续时间2.1～2.5 s,两次连续鸣叫间隔时间约为3 s;鸣声频率从5.5 kHz到高于20 kHz.悦鸣草螽雄性鸣声由单一规则的重复脉冲组序列构成,每个鸣声脉冲组持续时间约0.035 s,脉冲组间隔约0.023 s,每个脉冲组由3个脉冲构成,脉冲组重复率20/s,鸣声频率6.0～20.0 kHz.     

乌苏里蝈螽和优雅蝈螽雄性鸣声结构的比较研究

应用计算机技术分析了内蒙古草原乌苏里蝈螽Gampsocleis ussuriensis和优雅蝈螽Gampsocleis gratiosa2种螽斯雄性的鸣声结构。乌苏里蝈螽鸣声较复杂,一次鸣叫持续时间6~27s(平均12.5s),每个脉冲组由两类脉冲组组分构成,第1类脉冲组组分为振幅较大的脉冲组,脉冲组持续时间0.0065s,由6~8个脉冲串组成,每个脉冲串持续时间为0.00047s,间隔时间为0.00027s,每个脉冲串含5~10个单脉冲,脉冲串持续时间、间隔时间较短;第2类脉冲组组分为振幅较小的脉冲组,脉冲组持续时间0.0191s,约含有15个左右脉冲串,持续时间为0.00041s,间隔时间约为0.00127s,每个脉冲串含有3~5个单脉冲,脉冲串持续时间、间隔时间也较短,主能峰频率为7.98kHz。优雅蝈螽鸣声则较规则,一次鸣叫持续时间4~232s(平均41.7s)。每个脉冲组也由两类脉冲组组分构成,第1类脉冲组组分振幅较大且逐步增强,脉冲组持续时间0.119s,由10个振幅较大的脉冲串组成,每个脉冲串持续时间为0.00576s,间隔时间为0.005s,每个脉冲串含18~25个单脉冲;第2类脉冲组组分为振幅较小的脉冲组,脉冲组持续时间0.07s,约含有25个左右脉冲串,脉冲串振幅较小,含有6~9个单脉冲,主能峰频率为6.87kHz,次能峰频率为3.25kHz。结果表明乌苏里蝈螽与优雅蝈螽雄性鸣声既有相似的共同特征,同时存在较显著差异。     

鼻优草螽的资源成分分析及价值评价

本文分析评价了鼻优草螽Euconocephalus nasutus Thunberg的资源成分。结果表明:采于牧草地和采于水稻田的鼻优草螽都具有丰富的营养,其粗蛋白含量分别为18.39%和9.34%、粗脂肪含量分别为5.93%和13.22%、灰分含量分别为0.65%和0.52%、总糖含量分别为0.27%和0.28%;总氨基酸含量分别为19.832mg/g和10.957mg/g,其中必需氨基酸占总氨基酸的45.185%和49.557%,必需氨基酸与非必需氨基酸的比值分别为0.824和0.982;其脂肪酸分别占总脂肪的59.66%和69.72%,多不饱和脂肪酸和饱和脂肪酸含量的比值为0.44和0.29;此外,鼻优草螽还含有丰富Ca、Fe、Zn、Na、Cu、Mn、P等矿质元素和微量元素。在分析了鼻优草螽的资源成分基础上,对其开发利用价值进行了评价。     

桑螽属雄性发声器的研究及一新种记述（直翅目：露螽科）

报道了桑螽属三种雄性发声器结构并记述一新种长翅桑螽 Kuwayamaea longipennis sp. nov.,该新种与札幌桑螽 Kuwayamaea sapporensis Matsumura et Shiraki, 1908 和中华桑螽 Kuwayamaea chinensis (Brunner,1878) 相似,同前者的主要区别：雄性声锉和发声齿不同,下生殖板端部分枝,雌性后翅长于前翅;同后者的主要区别：雄性声锉和发声齿显著不同。模式标本保存于陕西师范大学动物研究所。     

亚洲飞蝗发声器结构与鸣声时域特征研究

本文对亚洲飞蝗Locusta migratoria migratoria(L.)发声器的结构及鸣声的时域特征进行了研究.亚洲飞蝗主要的发声方式为前翅中闰脉-后足股节型,即前翅中闰脉的发声齿与后足股节内侧隆线相互摩擦发出鸣声.应用扫描电子显微镜技术对发声器的结构进行观察,结果表明,亚洲飞蝗前翅中闰脉具有单排规则排列的发声...     

露螽科六种雌性发声器的比较研究

报道了露螽科６种维性的发声器,主要包括发声刺的数目、分布、排列及其形态结构。露螽科的雌性发声刺,可以作为鉴定雌性的一个特征。     

中国草螽属的研究及两新种记述(直翅目,草螽科)

对中国草螽属的种类进行了分类学研究,认为这3个种Xiphidion pulchrum Karny,1907(日本);Xiphidium formosanum Matsumura et Shiraki,1908(台湾)和Xiphidium divergentum Matsumura et Shiraki,1908(台湾)均是日本草螽Conocephalus japonicus(Redtenbacher,1891)的同物异名,并报道两新种,即夏氏草螽Conocephalus xiai sp.nov.和梁氏草螽Conocephalus liangi sp.nov.,模式标本保存在中国科学院上海昆虫博物馆.     

蚱蝉(Cryptotympana atrata Fabricius)发声器结构:发声膜与鸣声

蚱蝉单发声膜发出的click声波形由高幅值和低幅脉冲列(pulse train,PT)组成.高幅值PT含脉冲越多,主峰频率(main peak frequency,MPF)就越高.本文进一步阐明:1、高幅值PT多含有11个脉冲,当含有1,2,3个时,脉冲个数与MPF成准线性关系 超过三个为非线性关系.2、双发声膜发声的频带主要在2700Hz-6700Hz之间.数个click声组成的波形中,低幅值PT功率谱包络波近似于标准高斯型,MPF约为4900Hz;不同高幅值PT内含主脉冲的频率不同是MPF变化的主要因素.3、蚱蝉鸣声功率谱主要有三个子谱区A,B,及C,对应的频带依次约为2700Hz—3700Hz,3700Hz-5700Hz,及5700Hz—6700Hz.     

两种草螽精子超微结构比较研究(直翅目,螽斯总科)

比较研究了长翅草螽Conocephalus longipennis与鼻优草螽Euconocephalus nasutus精子的超微结构。两种精子的顶体复合体侧生于核上且包裹了核的一部分;轴丝为典型的9 9 2型;轴丝两侧的副纤维结构前者为2副体,后者为2副微管;线粒体衍生体横切面前者为鞋履形,后者卵圆形;轴丝与线粒体衍生体之间的连接带前者为5条,后者3条;近线粒体衍生体的两扁平膜池在长翅草螽中连接在一起呈飞燕形。     

日本条螽不同地理种群雄性鸣声的比较研究(直翅目,露螽科)

主要研究了日本条螽Ducetia japonica(Thunberg)不同地理种群雄性的呜声特征。日本条螽重庆(北碚)种群与四川(美姑)种群雄性鸣声特征相似,这两个种群与陕西(关中)种群雄性鸣声特征差异较显著。同时,观察发现日本条螽四川(雅安)种群和陕西(关中)种群雄性发声器结构相似,与重庆(北碚)种群雄性发声器的结构差异较显著。     

Selection of light or darkness, locomotor, and stridulatory activities in the cricket, Gryllus bimaculatus Degeer (Orthoptera: Gryllidae)

Male crickets, Gryllus bimaculatus Degeer, turned lights on or off in a chamber by a seesaw device: (1) during a 12 h, and (2) during a 24 h day. The crickets in (1) and the last-instar nymph in (2) turned the lights on and off at irregular intervals and duration. The selection rate for darkness was greater than that for light by an average exceeding 80%. The locomotor activity of the nymph in (1) was arrhythmic. In (1) the adults stridulated and were active in continuous darkness during the 12 h, while, in contrast in (2) they turned on the light and stridulated without switching the light off. The locomotor and stridulatory activities of the adult crickets in (2) were free-running. These activities resulted in a free-running rhythm of selection for light or darkness in (2). Under the conditions of the present experiments, the circadian pacemaker functioned in the same way in light and dark cycles as in constant light conditions.     

潜蝇属六种的摩擦发音器(双翅目：潜蝇科)(英文)

本文对我国潜蝇属Ａｇｒｏｍｙｚａ６种（其中２种为国内新纪录）的摩擦发间器特征作为扫描电镜观察。首次提出了多个形态用语,并试以音锉分类为６种潜蝇作出检索表。对潜蝇科内两类音锉型的关系作了图解。     

A comparative study on the song and morphology of Isophya stysi and Isophya modestior (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)

We studied the song and morphology of Isophya stysi ?ejchan, 1958, and Isophya modestior Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1882, two closely related bush-cricket species, treated as endangered in Hungary. Our main goals were to find song and morphometric characters that can be used reliably for the identification of specimens and to present comparative results that help us to see the relationship of the two taxa more clearly. We have found that the syllables of Isophya stysi always begin with 1-5 slowly repeated, distinct pulses, while in I. modestior, pulse-repetition rate was evenly high throughout the whole main pulse series of the syllable. Discriminant analysis showed that on the basis of their morphology, all the examined male specimens can be classified correctly to their song-based identification; furthermore, the arrangement pattern of stridulatory pegs also differed for the two species. Our results confirm that the two taxa are best treated as specifically distinct as they are distinguishable and the observed song differences may well be able to maintain reproductive isolation between them. We provide classification functions (based on four morphometric characters) that can be used confidently for the identification of males; however, we could not find any reliable method for identifying females from their morphology. Our results suggest that within I. stysi the population of the central-Transylvanian mountain range differs from the others by producing a higher number of pulses per syllable and having more stridulatory pegs and less elongated left elytron.     

A new species of Aphis Linnaeus from Guangxi,China (Hemiptera,Aphididae), based on morphological characters and DNA sequences

A new species of the genus Aphis with stridulatory apparatus, Aphis gnetuma Qiao sp. n., feeding on Gnetum parvifolium which is a new host plant record for aphids from Guangxi, China is described. The new species is distinguished by a well-developed median frontal tubercle and body bearing white wax powder in life. The taxonomic position of this new species is supported by analysis results of COI and gnd genes. A key to Aphis species with stridulatory spines on the hind tibiae of apterous viviparous females is provided. The type specimens studied are deposited in the National Zoological Museum of China, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:BBB024DA-8454-4E22-8736-66ED92A3091B.     

Song Motor control organizes acoustic patterns on two levels in Bengalese finches (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Lonchura striata</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">domestica</Emphasis>)

Based on statistical analyses of song sequences, Bengalese finch (Lonchura striata var. domestica) songs do not show unvarying motif repetition as has been found in zebra finches (Taeniopygia guttata). Instead, there are variations of partially stereotyped sequences of song syllables. Although these stereotyped sequences consist of multiple syllables, in most cases these syllables occur together. To examine whether such structures really exist as a vocal production unit, we subjected singing birds to a light flash and determined when the stimulus stopped the songs. When light interruptions were presented within the statistically stereotyped sequences, the subsequent syllables tended to be produced, whereas interruptions presented during the statistically variable sequences tended to cause instantaneous song termination. This suggests that the associations among the song syllables that compose the statistically stereotyped sequences are more order dependent than those for the statistically variable sequences, and the tolerances of syllable pairs to visual interruptions are consistent with the statistical song structures. Additionally, following interruptions, several types of song sequence variations were observed that had not been previously reported. These phenomena might be caused by various effects of the visual stimulus on the hierarchical motor control program.