新安江(安徽段)及其支流丰水期浮游植物功能群

于2016年、2017年丰水期对新安江(安徽段)及其支流进行水样采集,在分析浮游植物群落组成的基础上,进行了功能群划分。结果表明:调查断面的浮游植物隶属于6门55属,以硅藻门、蓝藻门和绿藻门为主要优势门类,其中硅藻门中舟形藻属、异极藻属、针杆藻属和小环藻属,绿藻门的新月藻属以及裸藻门的裸藻属具有较高的相对丰度;聚类分析表明,不同采样断面、不同年份间浮游植物群落结构存在一定差异;全部河流断面中,优势藻类共划分为27个功能群,其中MP、D、B、J、P、Tb和W1在所有采样断面均有分布,MP、D、B和Tb功能群不仅分布频率高,而且具有较高的相对丰度;整体上,调查断面水质介于I类与III类之间,个别断面水质低于III类,依据浮游植物优势功能群划分所对应的水质多为低或中等营养状态,与测定的水化学参数具有较好的对应关系; RDA分析表明,优势功能群与水体氨氮、总氮、总磷和CODMn相关;浮游植物功能群能很好地指示新安江及其支流的河流生境特征。从生物学与水环境化学的角度进行水质监测,可为准确掌握新安江流域水质变动以及水生态保护提供基础数据与理论依据。     

太湖水库蓄水前后浮游植物群落结构特征

为了解太湖水库蓄水前和蓄水后浮游植物群落结构特征以及水质状况, 分别于蓄水前(2014年6月)和蓄水后(2019年3月)进行水样采集, 分析浮游植物群落结构特征和水质状况, 并对浮游植物进行功能群划分。结果表明: ①太湖水库蓄水前共检测出浮游植物1门21种, 其中所有种类均属于硅藻门; 蓄水后共检测出浮游植物4门25种。蓄水前呈现河流型特征, 蓄水后呈现河流型和水库型双重特征。②太湖水库蓄水前共归类出5个功能类群, 分别为D、LO、MP、P、X3; 蓄水后共归类出8个功能类群, 分别为D、J、LO、MP、P、T、X1、X3。浮游植物功能群演替明显: 蓄水前MP+P+D→蓄水后P。③通过RDA分析得出, 太湖水库蓄水前水温(WT)、溶解氧(DO)和化学需氧量(CODCr)是影响浮游植物分布的主要环境因子; 蓄水后总氮(TN)、硝态氮(NO3--N)、悬浮物(SS)、透明度(SD)是主要环境因子。多样性指数和综合营养状态指数表明蓄水前和蓄水后太湖水库均处于中营养, 水库建坝蓄水后水质变差, 并对下游产生不利影响。      

黟县宏村水系浮游植物调查与水质评价

2002年9月至2004年4月对黟县宏村水系进行四季调查,共采集到浮游植物122属种。依据调查结果选用“污染指示种”、“指示群落”两种方法对宏村水系水质污染状况进行了评价。研究表明,宏村水系属微污——甲型中污水体。     

广州抽水蓄能电站蓄水库蓄水初期浮游生物调查

对我国首座核电站配套工程的抽水蓄能电站水库蓄水初期的浮游生物进行了调查。蓄水水库由上下两水库组成。两水库的浮游生物种类组成显著不同。上水库浮游植物共记录到３０种（属）,浮游动物１２种（属）;下水库浮游植物１９种（属）;浮游动物２５种（属）。上下两水库浮游生物数量均较贫乏,表明浮游生物群落尚处于初期发育阶段,但在局部浅水处已出现小规模的蓝藻水花,认为是水库蓄水初期必然的结果     

长诏水库浮游植物群落结构及水质评价

于2010年5月、8月和11月对新昌长诏水库浮游植物群落进行了调查,运用Shannon多样性指数(H)、Simpson多样性指数(D)、Margalef丰富度指数(M)及Pielou均匀度指数(J)分析了浮游植物种群的多样性,并结合水质理化指标对长诏水库的富营养化程度及水质状况进行了综合评价.结果显示:长诏水库浮游植物有6门26属(种),其中,绿藻门10属(种),硅藻门9属(种),蓝藻门4属(种),隐藻门1属,甲藻门1属,黄藻门1属.浮游植物的丰度为5.73×105～7.73×105ind·L-1,平均为(6.71±0.81)×105 ind·L-1;生物量为0.73～1.03 mg·L-1,平均为(0.83±0.12) mg·L-1.在水平分布上,蓝藻门、硅藻门和绿藻门的丰度在各采样点中均较高;在季节分布上,硅藻门、绿藻门、蓝藻门分别在春季、夏季、秋季占绝对优势.总体上,浮游植物丰度和生物量在水库入水口较高,出水口较低.水库浮游植物的多样性较差,水质受到较重污染,且主要为氮、磷污染;富营养化程度为中-富营养化水平.     

白洋淀浮游植物现状

本文研讨了白洋淀重新蓄水后的浮游植物种类组成、数量分布与环境理化因子的关系,并依据多样性指数标准及指示种评价了白洋淀水质。１９９０年５月至１９９２年７月共鉴定到浮游植物８门,１０纲,２５自,５０科,１３５属,３９８种,２０变种。其中绿藻门６５属１９１种８变种;硅藻门２７属９８种１１变种;蓝藻门２７属６８种;隐藻门最少,仅有１属４种。白洋淀重新蓄水后浮游植物的数量分布以南刘庄最高,年沟值９７３．７ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ;韩村最低,仅２６．０ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ。白洋症水样含浮游植物细胞密度春季最高,平均值为４１１．４ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ,并以绿藻占绝对优势,平均值为３５３．２ｘ１０￣４个／Ｌ,占春季总量的８５．８５％,占绿藻全年总量的４０．６２％。不同淀区浮游植物种类组成的多样性指数在０．６１７—０．９１９（Ｓｉｍｐｓｏｎ’ｓｉｎｄｅｘ）和３．１９０—４．５０１（Ｓｈａｎｎｏｎ－Ｗｅａｖｅｒ’ｓｉｎｄｅｘ）范围。     

南水北调中线水源区浮游植物时空分布及其营养状态

2004年3月-2006年5月,在南水北调中线水源区选择4个监测点进行了7次采样,获取了表层浮游植物和水质理化指标数据,采用污水生物系统法、营养状态指数法和单因子评价法综合评价了水源区的营养状态.结果表明:中线水源区浮游植物群落具有明显的时空变异性;浮游植物共有8门67属161种(含变种),硅藻占39%,污染指示种21属24种(含变种),β-中营养型占污染指示种的38%;在检出的浮游植物中未发现水体重污染指示种;水源区叶绿素a质量浓度为0.00425 mg·m-3,营养状态指数为0.0001;除总氮外,其他理化检测指标均符合Ⅰ类水质标准;综合评价水源区处于中营养状态.本研究可为中线水源区长期生态研究数据信息库的建立及库区环境保护政策的制定提供科学依据.     

嘉陵江浮游生物群落结构研究

为揭示嘉陵江梯级水库浮游生物群落结构特征,按枯水期和丰水期对嘉陵江12个梯级水库24个样点进行浮游生物的野外采集,分析其群落结构的物种组成,并采用Shannon-wiener指数、Margalef指数和Pielou均匀度指数进行分析.结果表明:嘉陵江四川段浮游植物共8门42科95属171种,浮游动物的组成共有4纲9目21科30属62种;浮游动物优势种类有21种.浮游生物评价结果表明梯级库区水质处于中度污染状态.     

董铺水库水质及营养水平生物学评价

2003年7月到2004年6月对董铺水库的浮游生物进行了调查,对其种类组成、生物量、种群数量、污染指标种等相关指数进行了初步分析,得出结果是综合指数为1.46,种群数量为2.256×105个/升(浮游植物),多样性指数的值在3.01~3.22之间。这些指数表明:目前董铺水库的水质仍属清洁水体,从营养水平来看处于贫营养与中营养之间,并向中营养水平演化,水质存在着向轻度污染转化的趋势。     

安徽沱湖夏季浮游植物群落结构特征与环境因子关系

为了揭示沱湖浮游植物群落结构特征及其与水环境因子的关系,于2016年7月(夏季),对沱湖流域上游至下游11个采样点浮游植物种类组成、细胞丰度、生物量等进行调查研究。结果显示,沱湖共有浮游植物96种(含变种),隶属8门48属,其中绿藻门(Chlorophyta)和硅藻门(Bacillariophyta)种类最多,绿藻门有23属39种,占总种数的40.63%,硅藻门有7属20种,占总种数的20.83%;其次为裸藻门(Euglenophyta),有5属17种,占总种数的17.71%,蓝藻门(Cyanophyta) 8属14种,占14.58%;甲藻门(Pyrrophyta) 2属2种,隐藻门(Cryptophyta) 1属2种,各占总种数的2.08%,黄藻门(Xanthophyta)与金藻门(Chrysophyta)均有1属1种,均占总种数的1.04%。绿藻和硅藻类物种在沱湖浮游植物群落结构中处于优势地位,沱湖夏季浮游植物种类组成表现为绿藻-硅藻型。沱湖夏季浮游植物细胞丰度与生物量从上游到下游呈逐渐增加趋势,细胞丰度与生物量平均值分别为4.022×106cells/L与3.046 mg/L,蓝藻门和绿藻门类群为沱湖浮游植物细胞丰度主体,硅藻门和裸藻门类群为沱湖浮游植物生物量的主体;上游浮游植物多样性指数与均匀度指数均略高于下游采样点,沱湖水质呈β中污型-无污染型,上游水质优于下游水质。浮游植物群落结构与水环境因子的典型对应分析(CCA)结果表明,电导率、透明度、水深及pH值等环境因子与沱湖夏季浮游植物群落结构有较强的相关性。     

Phenotype and temperature affect the affinity for dissolved inorganic carbon in a cyanobacterium <Emphasis Type="Italic">Microcystis</Emphasis>

In order to evaluate the effects of contrasting hydrological scenarios on the spatial and temporal heterogeneity of phytoplankton in a reservoir, vertical chlorophyll and temperature profiles were measured and functional classification of phytoplankton was applied. From April to October 2007, at 1–2 week intervals, seasonal changes in various parameters were studied along the longitudinal axis of the canyon-shaped, eutrophic Římov Reservoir (Czech Republic). At the river inflow, phytoplankton markedly differed from the rest of the reservoir, being dominated by functional groups D and J (pennate diatoms and chlorococcal algae) without a clear seasonal pattern. From April to mid-June, groups Y and P (large cryptophytes and colonial diatoms) prevailed in the whole reservoir. Phytoplankton spatial heterogeneity was the most apparent during the summer reflecting a pronounced gradient of environmental parameters from the river inflow to the dam (e.g., decreasing nutrients, increasing light availability, etc.). A dense cyanobacterial bloom (groups H1 and M) developed in the nutrient-rich transition zone, while functional Group N (desmids) dominated the phytoplankton at the same time at the dam area. In late summer, a sudden flood event considerably disrupted thermal stratification, altered nutrient and light availability, and later even resulted in cyanobacterial dominance in the whole reservoir. Additionally, our study emphasizes the importance of having an intensive phytoplankton monitoring program, which would allow for detecting severe consequences of sudden flood events on phytoplankton spatial and temporal heterogeneity, which significantly affect water quality at the dam area used for drinking water purposes.     

Origin of phytoplankton and the environmental factors governing the structure of microalgal communities in lowland streams

Information on the structure of microalgal assemblages in the epiphyton and epilithon is necessary to understand the origin of phytoplankton in lowland rivers. To this end, we carried out concurrent investigations on phytoplankton, epiphyton and epilithon in 18 reaches of three Estonian rivers during the midsummers of 2002 and 2003. A total of 251 taxa was recorded, of which 192 were epiphyton species, 158 were epilithon species and 150 were phytoplankton species. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), based on the 31 most abundant taxa, indicated differences in the structure of the algal assemblages between the different biotopes (phytoplankton, epiphyton and epilithon) as well as between the studied rivers. The composition of the phytoplankton clearly differed from that of the other biotopes, with prevailing small flagellates, a chrysophyte (Synura uvella) and cryptophytes (Rhodomonas lacustris and Cryptomonas erosa). The epiphyton was characterized by a large number of diatoms, while the epilithic community contained filamentous cyanobacteria (Phormidium tergestinum and Planktolyngya sp.) and a green alga (Stigeoclonium tenue) in addition to diatoms. Based on redundancy analysis (RDA), phosphorous was the most relevant parameter determining the distribution of species in the phytoplankton assemblages. Shading by trees on the river bank, dissolved oxygen concentration and water temperature as well as river width determined the distribution of species in the epiphyton. The data set on the epilithon did not reveal any significant relationships between species distribution and the measured environmental parameters.     

Plankton dynamics along a 180 km reach of the Saint Lawrence River from its headwaters in Lake Ontario

We test the hypothesis that phytoplankton biomass decrease upon entry into the St. Lawrence River from headwaters in Lake Ontario is attributable to a range of causal factors including, decreased photosynthetic fitness due to turbulence, cell loss due to increased flocculation and subsequent sedimentation, decreases in nutrients, and loss due to grazing. In order to test this, changes in phytoplankton and crustacean zooplankton concentrations were examined during four transects along the river, from 8 km offshore in Lake Ontario to the hydroelectric power dam 180 km downstream. Both phytoplankton biomass, measured as chlorophyll-a, and zooplankton decreased markedly upon entry of lake water into the river. Phytoplankton community composition and size changed little over the river reach and tended to reflect that in Lake Ontario. Total phosphorus increased with transit of river water downstream despite low tributary inputs of water into this reach of river. Light availability was high, photosynthetic efficiency suggested that phytoplankton were not physiologically stressed during transit in turbulent waters, and there was no direct evidence of flocculation causing sedimentation of phytoplankton. Grazing by the benthic community (filtering insect larvae and dreissenid mussels) is inferred to be a dominant biological factor as is the geomorphology in this reach of the river, which includes large littoral areas, shoals, and reaches of high water velocity that can increase particle contact in the water column with benthic grazers. The findings of this study have a bearing on understanding how changing water levels in a regulated river might alter areas of benthic grazing.     

Selective recruitment and resurgence of tropical river phytoplankton: evidence from the Nile system of lakes,rivers, reservoirs and ponds

The recruitment of major species-components of phytoplankton is considered with reference to diverse water-bodies—rivers, headwater lakes, reservoirs and lateral waters—of the Nile system. The importance of massive ‘inocula’, carried in flowing and inter-communicating waters, is emphasised; the most direct evidence is from quantitative population dynamics in longitudinally sampled river-reservoir systems. Other indications of extraneous derivation are taken from geographical distribution and apparent invasions of newly recorded species. For five reservoirs, there are records of initial colonisation (in two) and of the annual colonisation of seasonally impounded water (in three). There was a selective recruitment of reservoir/river major species over 1 year to newly created ponds, from a massive inoculum of added river water, studied in relation to the novel and changing physical and chemical environment. Periods of predominant decomposition were there linked with the abundance of other species not observed in the original river water. Reservoir species can be carried to extend abundance far downstream, as observed in the Blue Nile where normal succession was altered by a new reservoir upstream; also in Egypt below the former Aswan Reservoir and the later High Dam Lake. The different and distinctive compositions of the phytoplankton communities in headwater lakes reflect large environmental differences that, with high downstream turbulence, probably make them insignificant for recruitment of most species typical of the downstream waters. There is evidence from hydrology and floristic similarities for recruitment from lateral standing waters along the river, especially those of one major swamp area.     

西安城市河流浮游植物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为探究西安市城市河流浮游植物群落结构特征及其与环境因子的关系,分别于2020年10月和2021年6月对灞河、浐河、沣河及黑河共计24个采样点进行了浮游植物群落组成、细胞密度和生物量的调查研究,并利用冗余分析(RDA)研究环境因子对浮游植物群落结构的影响。调查结果显示,枯水期共鉴定出浮游植物6门115种,主要包括蓝藻门(11.30%)、硅藻门(54.78%)及绿藻门(26.96%),浮游植物细胞密度均值为(3.36±3.50)×106 cells/L,生物量均值为(1.79±3.59) mg/L。丰水期共鉴定出浮游植物7门168种,主要包括蓝藻门(7.74%)、硅藻门(51.79%)及绿藻门(29.76%),浮游植物细胞密度均值为(9.17±9.73)×10⁶ cells/L,生物量均值为(6.54±11.57) mg/L。与枯水期相比,丰水期在物种数量、细胞密度和生物量都大于枯水期。聚类分析结果表明,西安城市河流大部分采样点之间浮游植物群落结构及水环境状况具有相似性,而人类活动可能是导致其余点位具有空间差异性的主要原因。冗余分析(RNA)结果表明影响西安市城市河流...     

An elementary,structural analysis of river phytoplankton

Summary A structural analysis of river phytoplankton has been carried out based upon published studies on 67 rivers. When available on a yearly basis to account for seasonal variability, five structural features have been chosen: species composition, species richness, species dominance, diversity and biomass (total and per taxonomic groups). Despite the high number of reported studies, most of them cover only some of the aforementioned features. As a result of the low amount of studies, tropical rivers are underepresented. No size distribution studies have been carried out on river phytoplankton. The average species richness amounts to 126, being higher in temperate rivers. Roughly one half of each flora is comprised of sporadic species. No statistically significant relationship between species richness and latitude has been found despite the fact that tropical rivers appear to house fewer species than temperate rivers. Also, one half of the support in the floras are either benthic or tychoplanktonic. Diatoms comprise the majority of species numbers in the whole data set but are substituted by desmids in tropical rivers and by green algae when benthic species are not taken into account. There appears to be lower biomass in river phytoplankton than in lakes. Diatoms are also the major taxonomic group comprising total biomass in rivers but they share clearly a lower fraction in tropical rivers. On an average basis, diatoms appear to be more dominant in rivers than in lakes. The time course of diatom dominance occurs close to the summer solstice in tropical rivers whereas is much more lagged in temperate sites. The diversity of river phytoplankton is highly scattered (0.40–4.40 bits ind^–1).     

Impact of increased river discharge on the phytoplankton community in the outer Oslofjord,Norway

An extraordinary flood event occurred in SouthernNorway in May–June 1995. The impact of fresh waterdischarge from the river Glomma on phytoplanktonspecies composition and on primary production duringthe flood was studied. The phytoplankton community wasdominated by species usually found in the fjord, thediatom Skeletonema costatum dominated thecommunity together with cyanobacteria. Potentiallyharmful species (e.g. Chrysochromulinapolylepis) were found in low cell densities. No largeincrease in nutrient concentrations were found.Primary production and uptake rates of nitrate andammonium were very low in low-salinity water near theriver outlet. Nutrients from the river water wereefficiently utilized in the open part of the fjord.The flood trigged a phytoplankton bloom dominated byharmless species commonly observed in the fjordplankton. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of freshwater input on nutrient loading, phytoplankton biomass, and cyanotoxin production in an oligohaline estuarine lake

Pulsed river water events can increase nutrient levels potentially translating into enhanced primary production, phytoplankton community shifts, and bloom formation. The Bonnet Carré Spillway is a managed river diversion which can be used to redirect a significant amount of Mississippi River water into Lake Pontchartrain, reducing the risks of flood in the downstream communities during runoff seasons. We investigated nutrient enrichment and consequent changes in phytoplankton biomass, including toxic species in Lake Pontchartrain during and after a 1-month Bonne Carré Spillway opening in 2008. Water samples were collected along a 30 km transect. A freshwater plume was found to have formed by the strong river input that had limited mixing with the lake during the opening. The plume and lake water gradually mixed together after the Spillway was closed, indicated by the reduction of the horizontal salinity gradient. The river pulse increased the lake nitrate and dissolved reactive phosphorus concentrations to more than five times the lake background in the plume stations. Nutrient concentrations decreased rapidly after the Spillway closure as the plume dissipated. Diatoms and chlorophytes dominated the system during the opening. After the Spillway closure, there was a shift over time from diatom dominance to toxic cyanobacteria dominance that corresponded to more stable, warmer, and nutrient-limited water conditions. Associated toxins were present and varied over time and space. Further research on the phytoplankton assemblages on the lake is needed in subsequent, non-Spillway opening years to evaluate the impact of river water pulses on the development of these toxic cyanobacterial blooms.     

Downstream changes in phytoplankton composition and biomass in a lowland river–lake system (Warnow River, Germany)

To determine longitudinal changes in phytoplankton composition and biomass in the Warnow River (Germany), single water parcels were followed during their downstream transport in August and October 1996 and April 1997. In summer, the phytoplankton assemblage was dominated by centric diatom and cyanobacteria species. Stephanodiscus hantzschii, Pseudanabaena limnetica, Planktothrix agardhii and Aulacoseira granulata var. angustissima were the most frequent species. In autumn, small centric diatoms dominated the whole river course. Irrespective of the season, in the fluvial lakes of the upper river, a substantial increase of phytoplankton biomass was observed. Shallow upstream river stretches were associated with large biomass losses. In the deep, slow flowing lower regions, total biomass remained constant. Longitudinal changes in biomass reflected downstream variations in flow velocity and river morphology. Cyanobacteria, cryptophytes and diatom species were subjected to large biomass losses along fast flowing, shallow river sections, whereas chlorophytes were favoured. Diatoms and cryptophytes benefited from low flow velocity and increased water depth in the downstream river. Changes in water depth and flow velocity have been found as key factors that cause the longitudinal differences in phytoplankton composition and biomass in small rivers.     

Origin and succession of phytoplankton in a river-lake system (Spree,Germany)

The River Spree (Germany) flows through an impoundment and several shallow lakes in its middle and lower course. In this river-lake system, the seasonal and longitudinal dynamics of dominant phytoplankton populations were studied in relation to retention time of water, mixing conditions and nutrient supply from 1988–92. Some phytoplankton species populated the same river section for weeks or months each year at their season. Such stable populations have to origin from river zones functioning like mixed reactors. In the Spree system, centric diatoms originated from an impoundment and filamentous cyanobacteria from a flushed lake with longer retention time of water. Downstream, biomass and composition of phytoplankton altered nearly simultaneously along the system.The fate of planktonic organisms washed from mixed reactors into the flow depended on the conditions at the zones of origin. During spring, populations dominating phytoplankton communities of the well-mixed lakes grew further under river conditions. However the biomass of summer species, adapted to intermittent stratification, was halved along the river course. These seasonal differences were probably caused by lower maximum growth rates of summer species and enhanced losses (photorespiration, sedimentation or grazing of benthic filter feeders, but not of zooplankton) of algal populations under river conditions in summer.Phytoplankton assimilation, settlement of diatoms, or denitrification caused declining (probably growth limiting) concentrations of dissolved inorganic phosphorus (spring), silicon (early summer) or nitrogen (summer) along the river course, respectively. The minimum content of DRP was often followed by a clear-water phase. Reduced DSi supply selected against diatoms and additional DIN shortage favoured N₂-fixing cyanobacteria in the last lake of the system.R-strategists (sensu Reynolds) were selected in both the flushed, shallow lakes and the lowland river. In general, the biomass of cyanobacteria increased within the lakes and declined along the river course. Some diatom populations grew in the river, but were grazed or settled down in the lakes. Beside this general picture, different populations from the same phylogenetic group did not necessarily perform in similar ways.