共查询到19条相似文献,搜索用时 140 毫秒
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线粒体DNA(mitochondrial DNA mtDNA)的异质性自从被发现以来,一直被遗传学、进化学、发育遗传学以及法医遗传学、分子生物学领域所重视。由于线粒体异质性的存在,使得很多涉及疾病、进化、系统发育线粒体基因组与核基因组的相互作用关系、线粒体DNA复制机制以及法医学运用线粒体DNA进行实际案件评估的问题变得复杂化。此外线粒体DNA异质性的发生原因以及对线粒体异质性的检测方法标准化问题还没有一个统一的答案。针对线粒体DNA异质性带来的种种问题,近年来国内外取得了不少研究进展。 相似文献
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线粒体DNA在分子进化研究中的应用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
线粒体作为古老的细胞器广泛存在于真核生物中,由于线粒体DNA的高进化速率,已被作为DNA标记广泛应用于现代分子生物学研究。长期以来,线粒体DNA一直被认为是中性进化或者受到纯净化选择。线粒体通过氧化呼吸链提供>95%的动物运动所需的自由能,并提供保持体温的热能。据此,近期已有研究推测并验证了线粒体与动物运动能力及气候适应性的相关性。该文简述线粒体基因组成及其进化,通过列举线粒体DNA在分子进化研究中的应用(如利用线粒体DNA重建物种的系统发育关系、从线粒体DNA角度分析生物能量代谢的适应性进化以及线粒体DNA密码子重定义对生物适应性的作用等),概述了线粒体DNA的分子进化研究。 相似文献
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鱼类是脊椎动物亚门中种属数量最多的类群,分布广泛,起源复杂,拥有丰富的遗传多样性.多种自然和人为因素对鱼类遗传资源存在不同程度的作用,对鱼类生存和进化有重要影响.采用分子手段探讨鱼类遗传资源现状,可为遗传育种、鱼类进化研究和遗传资源保护等提供一定科学依据.以鱼类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)为代表的分子标记技术已被用于研究鱼类群体遗传结构及其与影响因素间的关系.本文综述了鱼类mtDNA的结构特征及其在鱼类分子群体遗传研究中的应用,对了解和运用mtDNA等分子标记研究鱼类群体遗传具有一定参考价值. 相似文献
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鱼类线粒体DNA的遗传与进化 总被引:116,自引:9,他引:107
鱼类是脊椎动物中最原始而在种属数量上又最占优势的类群,其物种繁多,分布广泛,起源复杂,研究其遗传分化,阐明其进化途径,历来是令人饶有兴趣的课题。近年来,随着分子生物学技术向生物学各研究领域渗透,从分子水平,研究鱼类的遗传与进化,已越来越引人注目。在分子水平,研究鱼类的遗传与进化,选择合适的分子标记至关重要。鱼类线粒体DNA(mtDNA)与其他许多脊椎动物的mtDNA一样,是一种共价闭合、环状的双链DNA分子,具有mtDNA的共同特征:(1)分子结构简单;(2)严格的母系遗传;(3)几乎不发生重组… 相似文献
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结合动物线粒体基因组的最新研究进展,对目前动物线粒体基因序列的分析技术进行了概述,分析了应用较广的限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)、序列特异性寡核苷酸分析(SSO)、DNA芯片、单链构象多态性(SSCP)、变性梯度凝胶电泳(DGGE)和竞争性寡核苷酸引物延伸(COP)等技术的原理、方法和适用范围,并对它们在线粒体基因的遗传、起源和进化等热点问题中的应用进行了阐述。 相似文献
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动物线粒体DNA在进化遗传学研究中的应用 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
介绍了进化遗传学研究的主要内容、基本的研究方法以及线粒体的结构和遗传特点;综述了近年来线粒体DNA在进化遗传研究上的主要应用情况。 相似文献
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动物线粒体基因组研究进展 总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14
对动物线粒体分子生物学的最新研究进展进行了较详细的阐述.从线粒体基因组(mtDNA)的研究背景出发,重点介绍了动物线粒体基因组的组成和结构特点,以及目前动物mtDNA与核基因组的关系、线粒体基因的遗传、起源和进化研究中的热点问题. 相似文献
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DANIEL JAMES WHITE JONCI NIKOLAI WOLFF MELANIE PIERSON NEIL JOHN GEMMELL 《Molecular ecology》2008,17(23):4925-4942
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a pivotal tool in molecular ecology, evolutionary and population genetics. The power of mtDNA analyses derives from a relatively high mutation rate and the apparent simplicity of mitochondrial inheritance (maternal, without recombination), which has simplified modelling population history compared to the analysis of nuclear DNA. However, in biology things are seldom simple, and advances in DNA sequencing and polymorphism detection technology have documented a growing list of exceptions to the central tenets of mitochondrial inheritance, with paternal leakage, heteroplasmy and recombination now all documented in multiple systems. The presence of paternal leakage, recombination and heteroplasmy can have substantial impact on analyses based on mtDNA, affecting phylogenetic and population genetic analyses, estimates of the coalescent and the myriad of other parameters that are dependent on such estimates. Here, we review our understanding of mtDNA inheritance, discuss how recent findings mean that established ideas may need to be re‐evaluated, and we assess the implications of these new‐found complications for molecular ecologists who have relied for decades on the assumption of a simpler mode of inheritance. We show how it is possible to account for recombination and heteroplasmy in evolutionary and population analyses, but that accurate estimates of the frequencies of biparental inheritance and recombination are needed. We also suggest how nonclonal inheritance of mtDNA could be exploited, to increase the ways in which mtDNA can be used in analyses. 相似文献
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Mutations that disrupt the mitochondrial genome cause a number of human diseases whose phenotypic presentation varies widely among tissues and individuals. This variability owes in part to the unconventional genetics of mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA), which includes polyploidy, maternal inheritance and dependence on nuclear-encoded factors. The recent development of genetic tools for manipulating mitochondrial genome in Drosophila melanogaster renders this powerful model organism an attractive alternative to mammalian systems for understanding mtDNA-related diseases. In this review, we summarize mtDNA genetics and human mtDNA-related diseases. We highlight existing Drosophila models of mtDNA mutations and discuss their potential use in advancing our knowledge of mitochondrial biology and in modeling human mitochondrial disorders. We also discuss the potential and present challenges of gene therapy for the future treatment of mtDNA diseases. 相似文献
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Mitochondrial DNA under siege in avian phylogeography 总被引:16,自引:1,他引:15
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been the workhorse of research in phylogeography for almost two decades. However, concerns with basing evolutionary interpretations on mtDNA results alone have been voiced since the inception of such studies. Recently, some authors have suggested that the potential problems with mtDNA are so great that inferences about population structure and species limits are unwarranted unless corroborated by other evidence, usually in the form of nuclear gene data. Here we review the relative merits of mitochondrial and nuclear phylogeographical studies, using birds as an exemplar class of organisms. A review of population demographic and genetic theory indicates that mitochondrial and nuclear phylogeographical results ought to concur for both geographically unstructured populations and for populations that have long histories of isolation. However, a relatively common occurrence will be shallow, but geographically structured mtDNA trees--without nuclear gene corroboration--for populations with relatively shorter periods of isolation. This is expected because of the longer coalescence times of nuclear genes (approximately four times that of mtDNA); such cases do not contradict the mtDNA inference of recent isolation and evolutionary divergence. Rather, the nuclear markers are more lagging indicators of changes in population structure. A review of the recent literature on birds reveals the existence of relatively few cases in which nuclear markers contradict mitochondrial markers in a fashion not consistent with coalescent theory. Preliminary information from nuclear genes suggests that mtDNA patterns will prove to be robust indicators of patterns of population history and species limits. At equilibrium, mitochondrial loci are generally a more sensitive indicator of population structure than are nuclear loci, and mitochondrial estimates of F(ST)-like statistics are generally expected to exceed nuclear ones. Hence, invoking behavioural or ecological explanations of such differences is not parsimonious. Nuclear genes will prove important for quantitative estimates of the depths of haplotype trees, rates of population growth and values of gene flow. 相似文献
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Kawamoto Y Kawamoto S Matsubayashi K Nozawa K Watanabe T Stanley MA Perwitasari-Farajallah D 《Journal of medical primatology》2008,37(1):45-54
BACKGROUND: Individuals from an introduced population of longtail macaques on Mauritius have been extensively used in recent research. This population has low MHC gene diversity, and is thus regarded as a valuable resource for research. METHODS: We investigated the genetic diversity of this population using multiple molecular markers located in mitochondrial DNA and microsatellite DNA loci on the autosomes and the Y chromosome. We tested samples from 82 individuals taken from seven study sites. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: We found this population to be panmictic, with a low degree of genetic variability. On the basis of an mtDNA phylogeny, we inferred that these macaques' ancestors originated from Java in Asia. Weak gametic disequilibrium was observed, suggesting decay of non-random associations between genomic genes at the time of founding. The results suggest that macaques bred in Mauritius are valuable as model animals for biomedical research because of their genetic homogeneity. 相似文献
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Tania Catarina Medeiros 《Autophagy》2019,15(1):178-179
Derived from bacterial ancestors, mitochondria have maintained their own albeit strongly reduced genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which encodes for a small and highly specialized set of genes. MtDNA exists in tens to thousands of copies packaged in numerous nucleoprotein complexes, termed nucleoids, distributed throughout the dynamic mitochondrial network. Our understanding of the mechanisms of how cells regulate the copy number of mitochondrial genomes has been limited. Here, we summarize and discuss our recent findings that Mip1/POLG (mitochondrial DNA polymerase gamma) critically controls mtDNA copy number by operating in 2 opposing modes, synthesis and, unexpectedly, degradation of mtDNA, when yeast cells face nutrient starvation. The balance of the 2 modes of Mip1/POLG and thus mtDNA copy number dynamics depends on the integrity of macroautophagy/autophagy, which sustains continuous synthesis and maintenance of mtDNA. In autophagy-deficient cells, a combination of nucleotide insufficiency and elevated mitochondrial ROS production impairs mtDNA synthesis and drives mtDNA degradation by the 3?-5?-exonuclease activity of Mip1/POLG resulting in mitochondrial genome depletion and irreversible respiratory deficiency.Abbrivations: mtDNA: mitochondrial DNA; mtDCN: mitochondrial DNA copy number. 相似文献
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线粒体是存在于绝大多数真核细胞内的一种基本的重要的细胞器,其具有相对独立的遗传系统。线粒体基因在真核生物具有高保守性,线粒体DNA(mtDNA)已被广泛应用于发病机理、临床诊断、遗传变异、生物进化等多方面的研究。1981年,Anderson用氯化铯密度梯度分离得到线粒体DNA(mtDNA),进行了全序列分析。此后,mtDNA的研究日益得到重视。已有的mtDNA提取方法概括起来可分为密度梯度离心法、酶消化法、柱层析法、氯化铯超速离心法、碱变性法和改进高盐沉淀法等,通过对以上方法的比较,发现改进高盐沉淀法具有简便、经济、易重复等优点。 相似文献
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Mitochondria are semi-autonomously reproductive organelles within eukaryotic cells carrying their own genetic material, called the mitochondrial genome (mtDNA). Until some years ago, mtDNA had primarily been used as a tool in population genetics. As scientists began associating mtDNA mutations with dozens of mysterious disorders, as well as the aging process and a variety of chronic degenerative diseases, it became increasingly evident that the information contained in this genome had substantial potential applications to improve human health. Today, mitochondria research covers a wide range of disciplines, including clinical medicine, biochemistry, genetics, molecular cell biology, bioinformatics, plant sciences and physiology. The present review intends to present a summary of the most exiting fields of the mitochondrial research bringing together several contributes in terms of original prospective and future applications. 相似文献
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Contrasting signatures of population growth for mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosomes among human populations in Africa 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Pilkington MM Wilder JA Mendez FL Cox MP Woerner A Angui T Kingan S Mobasher Z Batini C Destro-Bisol G Soodyall H Strassmann BI Hammer MF 《Molecular biology and evolution》2008,25(3):517-525
A history of Pleistocene population expansion has been inferred from the frequency spectrum of polymorphism in the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of many human populations. Similar patterns are not typically observed for autosomal and X-linked loci. One explanation for this discrepancy is a recent population bottleneck, with different rates of recovery for haploid and autosomal loci as a result of their different effective population sizes. This hypothesis predicts that mitochondrial and Y chromosomal DNA will show a similar skew in the frequency spectrum in populations that have experienced a recent increase in effective population size. We test this hypothesis by resequencing 6.6 kb of noncoding Y chromosomal DNA and 780 basepairs of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit III (COIII) gene in 172 males from 5 African populations. Four tests of population expansion are employed for each locus in each population: Fu's Fs statistic, the R(2) statistic, coalescent simulations, and the mismatch distribution. Consistent with previous results, patterns of mtDNA polymorphism better fit a model of constant population size for food-gathering populations and a model of population expansion for food-producing populations. In contrast, none of the tests reveal evidence of Y chromosome growth for either food-gatherers or food-producers. The distinct mtDNA and Y chromosome polymorphism patterns most likely reflect sex-biased demographic processes in the recent history of African populations. We hypothesize that males experienced smaller effective population sizes and/or lower rates of migration during the Bantu expansion, which occurred over the last 5,000 years. 相似文献