干旱胁迫下四倍体刺槐幼苗水分利用效率及稳定碳同位素组成的研究

在模拟自然干旱的条件下,测定2个四倍体刺槐品种(K2、K3)和普通二倍体刺槐(K1)一年生组培苗的长期和瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)及其稳定碳同位素组成(δ13C),以探讨四倍体刺槐的抗旱机理.结果表明,K2、K3的长期水分利用效率(WUEL)在不同水分胁迫条件下都显著高于K1,它们在同等供水条件下比K1具有更大的生物量产出;3个材料叶片的瞬时水分利用效率(WUEI)均随干旱胁迫的加剧表现先升后降的趋势,且胁迫处理均高于适宜水分处理.随水分胁迫的加剧,各品种刺槐苗木叶片的δ13C显著升高;K2、K3的δ13C在各水分条件下均高于K1;各材料叶片的δ13C与其WUEL有良好的正相关性,可以作为筛选高WUE刺槐品种的指标.     

采用稳定碳同位素法分析白羊草在不同干旱胁迫下的水分利用效率

本研究以黄土高原乡土草种白羊草(Bothriochloa ischaemum(L.)Keng.)为研究对象,采用盆栽控制实验,比较白羊草在3个水分处理(CK80%FC、MS60%FC和SS 40%FC)下的生物量积累和分配模式、瞬时水分利用效率(WUE)、不同部位(新叶、老叶、茎、细根、粗根)的稳定碳同位素组成(δ~(13)C)和碳同位素分辨率(Δ~(13)C)及其相互关系,以及干旱胁迫下影响水分利用效率的主导环境因子。结果表明:1)重度干旱胁迫显著降低植物整体生物量,显著增加根冠比和细根生物量比例;2)随着干旱胁迫加剧,白羊草各器官的δ~(13)C均呈上升趋势,Δ~(13)C呈减小趋势,SS处理不同器官δ~(13)C和Δ~(13)C没有显著差异,CK和MS处理的各器官δ~(13)C均值表现分别为细根粗根老叶新叶茎、细根新叶老叶粗根茎,CK和MS处理Δ~(13)C的值总体呈根叶茎。3)新叶的δ~(13)CNL和Δ~(13)CNL与WUE的相关系数均最大,说明利用稳定碳同位素方法测定白羊草水分利用效率具有可行性。4)不同水分处理的WUE的主导影响因子不同,CK、MS、SS水分处理WUE分别受到叶面温度、大气水汽压亏缺和空气温度的影响最大。为采用稳定碳同位素方法指示白羊草水分利用效率可行性及阐明植物的胁迫响应机制提供理论依据。     

川西云杉幼苗非结构性碳水化合物对土壤温度和水分变化的响应

选取5年生川西云杉（Picea balfouriana）幼苗作为试验材料，于生长季模拟土壤温度和水分变化，研究不同土壤温度和水分处理对幼苗各器官生物量和非结构性碳水化合物（NSC）浓度的影响，以期加深对高海拔树木碳水化合物生理的理解，并为全球气候变化下植物的生理生态响应和动态变迁研究提供基础数据。于人工气候室内采用嵌套设计，设置5个土壤温度梯度（2、7、12、17、22℃），每个温度处理下3个土壤水分处理（干旱处理、正常水分含量处理、饱和水分含量处理）。每9株幼苗为同一个处理，共135株幼苗。试验处理4个月后，测定幼苗各器官生物量、可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC浓度。土壤温度对幼苗总生物量无显著影响，但土壤低温显著降低了根生物量和根冠比；干旱和饱和水分胁迫在较高的土壤温度处理下显著降低了根生物量和根冠比。随着土壤温度降低，各器官可溶性糖、淀粉和NSC浓度并未降低，反而呈现出升高或不变的趋势。。在土壤低温处理下（2和7℃）干旱显著降低了当年生叶的淀粉和NSC浓度以及当年生枝的淀粉浓度；在2和7℃时，干旱和饱和水分胁迫显著降低了根中淀粉和NSC浓度。土壤低温和水分胁迫对幼苗地上地下生物量分配影响显著，分配给光合器官的生物量相对增多。土壤低温并没有导致碳受限，甚至各器官NSC浓度随着土壤温度降低有升高的趋势，因此，土壤低温下非结构性碳水化合物的不足不是限制川西云杉幼苗存活和生长的原因，从侧面支持了林线形成的"生长抑制"假说。此外，干旱胁迫在土壤低温下很可能会导致川西云杉的"碳饥饿"。     

施氮对干旱胁迫下毛竹幼苗生物量和根系形态的影响

为探讨氮素添加对水分胁迫下毛竹幼苗地上生物量及地下根系形态的调控作用,选取1年生毛竹实生苗为材料,采用水分和施氮双因素完全随机区组设计,以田间持水量的80%～85%作为水分对照(CK)、50%～55%为中度干旱(MD)、30%～35%为重度干旱(HD)设置3个水分水平,氮处理分未施氮(N0,0 mg N·kg^-1)和施氮(N1,100 mg N·kg^-1)2个水平,通过盆栽试验,测定毛竹实生苗根系形态特征及各器官生物量。结果显示：施氮显著增加了同一水分下毛竹幼苗叶、根及整株生物量,其中,N1MD和N1HD分别较N0MD和N0HD地上生物量增加15.6%、11.9%,总生物量分别增加36.7%、25.0%(P<0.05);施氮降低了相同水分处理下毛竹的比根长、茎叶比,显著促进了中度和重度干旱下根冠比的增加(P<0.05);水分胁迫下,除根生物量比显著增加外,茎、叶生物量比均随氮素添加呈减小的趋势;施氮对毛竹幼苗根系形态特征(根长、根表面积、根体积)具有不同程度的促进作用;施氮对中度干旱下毛竹幼苗干物质积累的缓解作用比重度干旱大,但在...     

干旱胁迫对群众杨光合特性与器官干物质分配的影响

土壤干旱是北方地区杨树人工林生长和生态效益的重要限制因子。以群众杨(Populus×popularis‘35-44’)扦插苗为研究材料,采用盆栽称重法控制土壤水分,设置正常供水、中度干旱、重度干旱3种水分梯度。分别于2016年9月与2017年9月测定叶片气体交换参数、各器官干重、根冠比、叶经济性状等指标,研究了持续2年干旱胁迫下群众杨扦插苗光合特性与器官干物质分配的变化规律,分析了土壤干旱程度、树龄在"小老树"形成中的作用过程。2016年与2017年中度、重度干旱胁迫下功能叶净光合速率(P_n)受到非气孔限制,与正常供水相比分别降低了36.08%、56.42%;18.47%、5.13%。第一年干旱胁迫下群众杨气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)显著降低;第二年干旱胁迫下G_s与正常供水无显著差异,而T_r显著提高,有利于叶片C、N元素的运输分配进而维持较高的P_n。第一年随干旱胁迫程度加剧,群众杨叶片C/N显著提高,光合产物分配趋向于叶器官。第二年中度干旱胁迫下叶片C/N与正常供水相比无显著差异,各器官干重下降幅度均低于2016年,而根冠比显著增加,表明其光合产物主要用于地下部构建以适应中度干旱环境;持续重度干旱则光合产物向茎中的分配比例提高。干旱胁迫导致群众杨功能叶水分利用效率(WUE,Water use efficiency)与光合氮利用效率(PNUE,Photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency)显著降低,整株氮利用效率(NUE,Whole plant nitrogen use efficiency)显著提高。严重土壤干旱下叶片耗水增强、PNUE下降以及茎木质部碳投资增加可能是群众杨小老树形成的重要原因。     

水分胁迫对大果沙枣光合特性及生物量分配的影响

选取大果沙枣1年生幼苗,盆栽于相对含水量分别为70%~75%(CK)、50%~55%(T1)、35%~40%(T2)和15%~20%(T3)的土壤中培养25 d,研究大果沙枣在水分胁迫下的光合特性变化和生物产量积累及其分配规律。结果显示:水分胁迫抑制了大果沙枣的光合作用,与对照相比,T2和T3处理导致净光合速率、叶片蒸腾速率和水分利用效率显著降低,气孔阻力、胞间二氧化碳浓度和叶绿素含量升高,而且光合午休明显,非气孔因素是干旱时大果沙枣净光合速率下降的主要原因;水分胁迫下,大果沙枣的生长受到抑制,地上部分和地下部分的干生物量积累同时降低,但地下干生物量降低的程度低于地上部分;干旱处理中,T3处理显著抑制大果沙枣的生长,但仍保持一定的生物量增加。结果表明:大果沙枣具有一定的自我调节与保护能力,在水分胁迫下大果沙枣趋于将更多的资源分配给根系,以提高根冠比而适应干旱的环境。     

西藏雅鲁藏布江流域中段砂生槐灌丛生物量分配及碳密度

灌丛是生态系统碳密度估算中不可或缺的部分,其面积的增加被认为是我国陆地生态系统碳密度增加的一个重要原因,也是生态系统碳汇研究中最不确定的一个因素。该文采用相对生长法和收获法测定了西藏雅鲁藏布江中游18个砂生槐(Sophora moorcroftiana)灌丛样点的群落生物量,并利用实测的各器官全碳含量估算了灌丛碳密度,主要研究结果如下:1)灌木层植株盖度和生物量体积(盖度与高度的乘积)均能较好地预测各器官的生物量,但盖度对地上部分各器官生物量的预测效果优于生物量体积;2)砂生槐灌丛群落平均总生物量为5.71 Mg·hm~(–2),变化范围2.32–8.96 Mg·hm~(–2),灌木层是群落总生物量的主体部分,平均为4.08 Mg·hm~(–2),占群落总生物量的71.45%;就地上、地下生物量的分配而言,无论是灌木层还是草本层,分配到根系的生物量更多,平均为地上部分的1.17倍,其在灌木层和草本层分别为2.08和0.86 Mg·hm~(–2);3)灌丛平均碳密度为2.48 Mg·hm~(–2),其空间分布表现为雅鲁藏布江中游西部地区较高,东部地区较低。研究结果表明砂生槐生物量更多地分配到用于吸收水分和养分以及固定、支撑植物体的根系,体现了砂生槐对雅鲁藏布江流域干旱河谷环境的适应。此外,雅鲁藏布江中游东部地区灌丛群落碳密度低于西部,主要与自然环境条件(东部海拔较低、气温较高、蒸散量较大,进一步加剧干旱)和人类活动干扰有关。在未来气候变化背景下,蒸散持续降低将有助于砂生槐灌丛碳密度的增加。     

干旱胁迫对科尔沁沙地榆树幼苗C、N、P化学计量特征的影响

设置适宜水分、轻度、中度和重度干旱胁迫处理(即80%、65%、50%和35%田间持水量),研究干旱胁迫对榆树幼苗不同器官C、N、P化学计量的影响.结果表明:与适宜水分处理相比,干旱胁迫导致C含量在叶、茎、粗根和细根中增加,N含量在叶、茎和粗根中增加,P含量在叶、茎和粗根中下降,在细根中增加,C:N在叶和茎中下降,C:P及N:P在叶、茎和粗根中增加,在细根中下降.各器官间C含量呈显著正相关,而各器官间N与P相关性均不显著.土壤含水量与各器官C含量,叶N含量,细根P含量及C:N,叶、茎和粗根C:P及N:P呈显著负相关,而与细根N含量,叶、茎和粗根P含量,细根C:P及N:P呈显著正相关.因此,干旱胁迫影响榆树幼苗对N、P的吸收及向上运输,幼苗生长主要受N限制;随着干旱胁迫的加剧,叶、茎和粗根生长受P限制作用增强.     

13CO2示踪不同化学形态氮素添加对高寒草甸植物光合碳分配的影响

外源氮素(N)输入陆地生态系统后会引起植物和土壤各碳库的变化,但是对不同化学形态氮素的长期输入如何影响光合碳在植物组织、土壤、土壤呼吸中的分配及转运知之甚少,尤其是对于氮输入引起光合碳分配变化进而作用于植物和土壤碳库的机制的认识还非常匮乏。基于在青藏高原矮嵩草草甸开展的不同化学形态氮素添加的长期实验,利用~(13)C示踪方法揭示了光合碳在植物地上、地下组织的分配,及其随时间在土壤中的滞留和随土壤呼吸的释放。研究结果表明,外源氮素添加10年后,与对照未添加氮素处理相比,氨态氮处理下的地上生物量增加了49.5%,氨态氮处理下的地下生物量增加了111.3%。土壤中滞留的~(13)C整体呈下降趋势,氨态氮处理下的土壤碳库显著高于硝态氮处理下的值。不同处理下的土壤呼吸中~(13)C的滞留量随时间呈指数衰减的变化趋势,其中,硝态氮处理下的~(13)C衰减最快。~(13)C同位素标记后第1天测定植物茎和叶内的~(13)C约占刚刚标定完茎和叶内~(13)C的80%,不同处理之间没有显著性差异。直至标记后的第30天,茎和叶内~(13)C的滞留量约占初始量的30%。硝态氮处理下的值在第21天和第30天显著低于对照和氨态氮处理下的值,表明硝态氮处理下,植物光合固定的碳在短期内迅速输入地下组织和土壤中。这些结果从机理上阐明了植物光合碳分配对不同化学形态氮素长期输入的响应,进而影响到土壤呼吸CO_2的释放,以及对土壤碳库动态的贡献。加深了对高寒草甸土壤有机碳库稳定性维持机制的认识,能够为高寒草地的科学管理以及资源的可持续利用提供理论指导。     

两种药用植物生长和水分利用效率对干旱胁迫的响应

以田间持水量的30%、50%和75%为3个水分处理梯度,研究了决明子和菘蓝2种药用植物在不同水分处理和生长阶段的生长特性,并对稳定碳同位素分辨率(Δ13C)和水分利用效率(WUE)特征及二者之间的关系进行了分析.结果表明:与田间持水量的50%和30%相比,决明子和菘蓝在田间持水量75%的条件下具有较高的生长指标,说明这2种植物在充足或适当的水分条件下具有较高的生产力.随干旱胁迫程度的增加,决明子和菘蓝地上生物量和总生物量的Δ13C均逐渐减小,而地上生物量和总生物量的WUE均逐渐增加.决明子和菘蓝在不同水分处理之间各指标差异较小,说明这2种药用植物对干旱胁迫反应不敏感.菘蓝WUE与地上生物量和总生物量均呈显著负相关,决明子WUE与根冠比呈显著正相关.     

CO2浓度倍增和土壤干旱对两种幼龄沙生灌木碳分配的影响

 利用大型环境生长箱研究了两种幼龄沙地优势灌木柠条（Caragana intermedia）和羊柴（Hedysarum mongolicum）对CO2浓度倍增和土壤干旱交互作用的响应。CO2浓度倍增并没有改善两种沙生灌木叶片的水分状况,而土壤干旱使叶片的相对含水量（RWC）显著降低。在土壤水分充足条件下,CO2浓度倍增促进两种沙生灌木植株生长,在干旱条件下则主要促进根的生长,提高根冠比。土壤干旱显著减少了植株生物量,但相对促进了根的生长,特别是显著提高了羊柴的根冠比。CO2倍增使稳定性碳同位素组分（δ13C）降低,但土壤干旱使之增加。两种沙生灌木叶片与根部的δ13C值呈极显著线性关系,羊柴的斜率大于柠条的,表明前者叶片与根部在光合产物分配上具有较高的生态可塑性,这和干旱条件下羊柴的根冠比增加相关联。羊柴的“源库”调节特性反映了对土壤水分胁迫具有较高的耐性。     

Aims

To explore the effects of neighbor competition on photosynthetic characteristics in needles and biomass accumulation and allocation of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) seedlings under low phosphorus (P) environment, and to investigate the complex adaptive responses of Chinese fir to available P limitation and intraspecific competition.     

Maintenance of C sinks sustains enhanced C assimilation during long-term exposure to elevated [CO2] in Mojave Desert shrubs

During the first few years of elevated atmospheric [CO(2)] treatment at the Nevada Desert FACE Facility, photosynthetic downregulation was observed in desert shrubs grown under elevated [CO(2)], especially under relatively wet environmental conditions. Nonetheless, those plants maintained increased A (sat) (photosynthetic performance at saturating light and treatment [CO(2)]) under wet conditions, but to a much lesser extent under dry conditions. To determine if plants continued to downregulate during long-term exposure to elevated [CO(2)], responses of photosynthesis to elevated [CO(2)] were examined in two dominant Mojave Desert shrubs, the evergreen Larrea tridentata and the drought-deciduous Ambrosia dumosa, during the eighth full growing season of elevated [CO(2)] treatment at the NDFF. A comprehensive suite of physiological processes were collected. Furthermore, we used C labeling of air to assess carbon allocation and partitioning as measures of C sink activity. Results show that elevated [CO(2)] enhanced photosynthetic performance and plant water status in Larrea, especially during periods of environmental stress, but not in Ambrosia. δ(13)C analyses indicate that Larrea under elevated [CO(2)] allocated a greater proportion of newly assimilated C to C sinks than Ambrosia. Maintenance by Larrea of C sinks during the dry season partially explained the reduced [CO(2)] effect on leaf carbohydrate content during summer, which in turn lessened carbohydrate build-up and feedback inhibition of photosynthesis. δ(13)C results also showed that in a year when plant growth reached the highest rates in 5 years, 4% (Larrea) and 7% (Ambrosia) of C in newly emerging organs were remobilized from C that was assimilated and stored for at least 2 years prior to the current study. Thus, after 8 years of continuous exposure to elevated [CO(2)], both desert perennials maintained their photosynthetic capacities under elevated [CO(2)]. We conclude that C storage, remobilization, and partitioning influence the responsiveness of these desert shrubs during long-term exposure to elevated [CO(2)].     

Stable carbon isotopes as indicators of increased water use efficiency and productivity in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings

The relationship among water use efficiency (WUE), productivity and carbon isotopic composition (δ¹³C) in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) seedlings was investigated. Sixteen hundred seedlings representing 10 controlled crosses were planted in the field in individual buried sand-filled cylinders. The soil water content in the cylinders was measured using time domain reflectometry over two growing seasons and seedling water use determined by water balance. Two watering treatments were imposed: irrigation and dry land. There was significant (1.6–2.0%c) genetic variation in needle δ¹³C. Ranking of crosses in terms of δ¹³C was generally maintained over watering treatments and there was not a significant genetic versus environmental interaction. There was a positive correlation between δ¹³C and both intrinsic and long-term WUE (more positive δ¹³C with increased WUE) and between δ¹³C and productivity, suggesting a correlation due to variation in photosynthetic capacity. Root to shoot ratios did not increase in water-stressed plants, indicating that responses to drought were primarily at the level of gas exchange, rather than through morphological changes. Our results indicate that it should be possible to use δ¹³C as a surrogate for WUE and to select white spruce genotypes for high WUE without compromising yield.     

Effects of water stress and nocturnal temperature on carbon allocation in the perennial grass, Leymus chinensis

Water deficit and high temperature often occur simultaneously, but their effects on plants are usually investigated separately. The aim of this study was to test how interactions between water stress and nocturnal warming affect carbon allocation in the perennial grass, Leymus chinensis . Plant biomass, dry mass allocation, ¹⁴C partitioning and carbon isotope composition (δ¹³C) were measured. Severe and extreme water stress during nocturnal warming decreased the allocation of dry mass and ¹⁴C partitioning below ground to the roots, but moderate water stress significantly increased the below-ground allocation of dry mass and ¹⁴C, especially at the lower night temperature. The δ¹³C values were more positive at day/night temperatures of 30/20°C than at 30/25°C, and greater in the roots than in the leaves. By plotting the δ¹³C values of the leaves against the δ¹³C values of the roots, the slopes of regressions were steeper at low than at high night temperature, also indicating that nocturnal warming reduces carbon allocation below ground to the roots. The results suggest that nocturnal warming may weaken acclimation during water stress in this species by regulating carbon allocation between source and sink organs.     

板栗“燕山早丰”幼苗光合与碳氮代谢对干旱胁迫的响应

干旱是影响燕山地区板栗树生长和产量的主要因子。为了在整株水平上研究板栗幼苗对干旱胁迫的响应,本试验以盆栽“燕山早丰”板栗幼苗为研究对象,通过模拟自然干旱处理22 d,测定叶片光合特性,根、茎、叶生物量、脯氨酸、丙二醛、碳、氮等生理指标变化。结果表明: 与正常浇水相比,干旱胁迫下幼苗根、茎、叶含水量分别显著下降18.3%、29.0%和62.8%,脯氨酸(355.0%～1586.7%)和丙二醛(41.1%～81.3%)含量显著上升(茎中丙二醛除外),但叶部非光化学淬灭系数和净光合速率分别显著下降49.4%和77.4%;同时,茎和叶中非结构碳水化合物含量分别显著增加21.4%和69.5%,根中增加幅度未达显著差异水平;根和叶中硝态氮含量分别显著增加28.9%和26.8%,茎中增加幅度未达显著差异水平;根、茎、叶中铵态氮含量分别增加了16.2%、12.9%、217.6%,但仅在叶部差异显著。综上,干旱胁迫对燕山早丰板栗幼苗产生了较严重的伤害,显著抑制了其光合性能,但能够通过增强体内碳氮代谢来提高其适应干旱环境的能力。本研究结果可为当地板栗抗旱性资源选育和栽培提供参考。     

干旱胁迫条件下AMF促进小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗生长的机理研究

采用温室水分控制试验,在干旱胁迫条件下,定量化研究优势丛枝菌根真菌(AMF)影响优势乡土植物小马鞍羊蹄甲(Bauhinia faberi var.microphylla)幼苗生长的机理,主要通过研究干旱胁迫条件下摩西球囊霉菌(Funneliformis mosseae)与小马鞍羊蹄甲的共生关系,阐明AMF在植物生长初期的作用。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,摩西球囊霉菌能够很好地侵染幼苗,侵染率高达89%—97%,并且不受水分条件影响。接种的幼苗最大光合速率、水分利用效率随着干旱胁迫程度从重度到轻度(水分从低到高)逐渐增大,相反地,叶片脯氨酸含量逐渐减小。接种显著地促进幼苗株高、叶片数、叶面积、根长、根面积等生长指标,提高幼苗各部分生物量、地上地下磷(P)含量。当含水量为60%田间持水量时,AMF促进小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗吸收P的效果最好。接种还显著影响幼苗的生物量分配,在重度干旱胁迫时影响P分配,水分条件也显著影响幼苗的生物量分配。此外,接种和水分的交互作用对叶生物量、总生物量、生长指标以及地上部氮(N)总量影响显著。结果表明干旱胁迫条件下菌根效应显著,并在干旱条件下显著促进了小马鞍羊蹄甲幼苗的生长,这为进一步干旱河谷植被恢复提供了理论依据。     

垂直方向磷素竞争对杉木根系生长及生物量分配的影响

针对自然环境中有效磷养分主要分布于土壤表层而容易导致植物根系激烈竞争的问题,选择同一杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)无性系幼苗为研究对象,采用水平方向空间狭小而垂直方向空间大的室内盆栽模拟装置,以单株种植为对照,构建双株种植的竞争处理,通过设置3个供磷水平:不供磷处理(0 mg/kg KH_2PO_4)、低磷处理(6 mg/kg KH_2PO_4)和正常供磷处理(12 mg/kg KH_2PO_4),采用破坏性试验方式收获,分别在试验的前期(50 d)、中期(100 d)和后期(150 d)测定不同处理条件下杉木幼苗根系生物量与根系形态的变化,研究邻株杉木根系在垂直方向上对有限磷素资源的竞争策略。结果表明:竞争处理和供磷水平对杉木幼苗根系长度、平均直径等形态指标的影响存在交互作用(P0.05),对杉木幼苗生物量分配、比根长等指标的影响均不存在明显的交互作用(P0.05)。竞争处理中杉木根系形态增量均明显高于非竞争处理的单株幼苗,且随着胁迫时间的增加,根系形态增量均呈现显著的上升趋势,其中在胁迫中期和后期的增量明显高于前期,且邻株竞争处理明显提高了杉木的比根长,提升了根系觅磷的能力;随着供磷水平的提高,根表面积和根体积增量大体上呈现先上升后下降的趋势。与非竞争处理相比,竞争条件下杉木地上部生物积累量差异不明显,而根系生物量、根冠比均低于非竞争处理的单株幼苗。     

The diel imprint of leaf metabolism on the δ13 C signal of soil respiration under control and drought conditions

Recent (13) CO(2) canopy pulse chase labeling studies revealed that photosynthesis influences the carbon isotopic composition of soil respired CO(2) (δ(13) C(SR)) even on a diel timescale. However, the driving mechanisms underlying these short-term responses remain unclear, in particular under drought conditions. The gas exchange of CO(2) isotopes of canopy and soil was monitored in drought/nondrought-stressed beech (Fagus sylvatica) saplings after (13) CO(2) canopy pulse labeling. A combined canopy/soil chamber system with gas-tight separated soil and canopy compartments was coupled to a laser spectrometer measuring mixing ratios and isotopic composition of CO(2) in air at high temporal resolution. The measured δ(13) C(SR) signal was then explained and substantiated by a mechanistic carbon allocation model. Leaf metabolism had a strong imprint on diel cycles in control plants, as a result of an alternating substrate supply switching between sugar and transient starch. By contrast, diel cycles in drought-stressed plants were determined by the relative contributions of autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration throughout the day. Drought reduced the speed of the link between photosynthesis and soil respiration by a factor of c. 2.5, depending on the photosynthetic rate. Drought slows the coupling between photosynthesis and soil respiration and alters the underlying mechanism causing diel variations of δ(13) C(SR).     

Ecophysiological responses of Cunninghamia lanceolata to nongrowing-season warming,nitrogen deposition,and their combination

Warming winter and atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition are expected to have effects on net primary production (NPP) of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) plantation and implications for plantation carbon sequestration. The effects of nongrowing-season warming on plant morphological and physiological traits were investigated in a greenhouse experiment with two-year-old C. lanceolata seedlings. Elevated temperature (ET) during the nongrowing season significantly increased the net photosynthetic characteristics. The strongest effects occurred during warming period from 1 December 2014 to 1 February 2015 (W1). Moreover, the carbohydrate concentration was elevated due to the warming during W1, but it declined during four months of the warming (from 1 December 2014 to 1 April 2015, W2). The seedlings kept under N deposition (CN) showed a positive effect in all the above-mentioned parameters except δ¹³C. Significant interactions between ET and N deposition were observed in most parameters tested. At the end of the experiment (W2), the seedlings exposed to a combined ET and N deposition treatment exhibited the highest carbon contents. Our results showed that N deposition might ameliorate the negative effects of the winter warming on the carbon content.