人工饲养恒河猴麻醉与非麻醉状态下血液学、血液生化、血流变指标的测定与比较

目的测定人工饲养条件下48只健康恒河猴在非麻醉状态下及30只健康恒河猴在麻醉状态下的血液生化、血液常规、血液流变学指标,并分析两种状态下恒河猴血液生化、血液常规、血液流变值的差异及相互关系.方法应用全自动血液细胞分析仪和全自动血液生化分析仪,自动清洗旋转型粘度计测定及分析麻醉和非麻醉状态下健康恒河猴血液生化、血液常规、血液流变值.结果血液生化值麻醉组比非麻醉组明显低(P<0.01)的项目有GGT、AST、CREAT、TBIL、DBIL、P3+、TF;较明显低(P<0.05)的项目有ALT、ALP、LDH、HBDH;明显高(P<0.01)的项目有UA、Ca2+、CK-MB、ALB,较明显高(P<0.05)的项目有TPROT.血常规值麻醉组比非麻醉组明显低(P<0.01)的项目有RBC、Hct、MCV、MPV、RDW、NEUTRO,明显高(P<0.01)的项目有MCH、MCHC、PLT、LYM、MEDIAN.血液流变值麻醉组比非麻醉组明显低(P<0.01)的项目有全血低切粘度,全血中切粘度,全血高切粘度,血浆粘度,红细胞压积,还原低切,血沉K值,聚集指数;明显高(P<0.01)的项目有变形指数,电泳指数.结论本文测定并比较了人工饲养条件下健康恒河猴在麻醉和非麻醉状态下血液生化、血液常规、血液流变值,讨论分析了两组数值之间的差异和原因,了解应激反应和麻醉剂对动物生理方面的影响.     

不同年龄实验恒河猴自然死亡的肝脏病变谱分析

目的观察人工饲养条件下实验恒河猴肝脏病理改变,探讨肝脏疾病分布规律和病理改变特点,丰富实验猴自发病变基本研究资料。方法对1998～2008年云南地区饲养的自然死亡的155只恒河猴(年龄2～20岁)的肝脏进行病理检查,按年龄分为幼年组、成年组、老年组,并对观察结果进行统计学分析。结果 155例恒河猴中88例检出肝脏病变,有肝细胞变性、肝细胞坏死、炎细胞浸润、吞噬细胞增生、肝淤血、纤维组织增生、肝脓肿、寄生虫共八种主要病变,出现率最高的为肝细胞水样变性(34.19%)。除肝脓肿外,幼年组、成年组、老年组八种病变均有检出。卡方检验显示:肝细胞水样变性成年组病变率明显高于幼年组;肝细胞脂肪变性老年组明显高于成年组和幼年组;轻度炎细胞浸润病变老年组明显高于成年组;纤维组织增生老年组明显高于幼年组(P<0.05)。结论人工饲养条件下死亡实验猴肝脏病变检出率较高,实验猴肝脏病理改变随年龄增长而病变加重,提示在进行实验猴肝脏研究时,应注意对自发性病变的判别,药物安全性评价实验应避免选择老年猴做为研究对象。死亡实验猴肝脏病变谱研究,对实验猴的质量控制和相关动物实验有重要指导价值。     

人工饲养条件下死亡恒河猴肺脏病理改变分析

目的观察人工饲养条件下实验恒河猴肺脏病理改变,探讨实验猴呼吸系统疾病分布规律和病理改变特点,丰富实验猴自发病变基本研究资料。方法对1998～2008年云南地区饲养的自然死亡的155只恒河猴（年龄2～20岁）的肺脏进行病理检查,按年龄分为幼年组、成年组、老年组,并对观察结果进行统计学分析。结果实验猴肺脏主要病变有大叶性肺炎、支气管肺炎、间质性肺炎、肺气肿、支气管扩张症、胸膜炎、肺肉芽肿性炎等12种,出现率最高的为支气管肺炎（18.71%）和大叶性肺炎（16.74%）。恒河猴肺脏病变在不同年龄阶段均有发生,老年猴组肺脏病变发生率最高,疾病类型和发生率在不同年组中分布不相同,统计学分析显示：支气管炎病变成年组发病率明显高于幼年组;肺气肿病变老年组明显高于成年组和幼年组,（P〈0.05）。结论人工饲养条件下死亡实验猴肺脏病变检出率较高,实验猴肺脏病变在不同年龄阶段存在差异,实验猴肺脏病理改变结果丰富了实验猴的基本研究资料,对实验猴的质量控制和相关动物实验有重要价值。     

人工饲养树鼩血液学及生化指标正常值测定及分析

目的建立人工饲养健康树鼩血液学和血液生化指标的正常值参考范围,并探讨与不同物种的血液学和血液生化值的差异及相互关系。方法应用全自动血细胞仪和生化分析仪测定140只健康成年树鼩的血液学及血液生化指标。结果雌性与雄性比较,LYM％、PLT、RDW％、GLU、CREA的差异具有显著性（JP〈0．05）,11P、CHOL、TG的差异具有极显著性（P〈0．01）,其他指标的差异不具显著性,部分指标与恒河猴、大鼠及人的相应指标存在一定的差异。结论本文建立了健康树鼩的血液学及生化指标的正常值参考范围,可为应用该动物进行科学研究时提供参考。     

安徽野生和自繁恒河猴血液生化指标的测定与分析简

目的 测定人工饲养条件下安徽野生和自繁恒河猴的血液生化指标,并比较分析两种来源的恒河猴,雌、雄猴间以及感染BV阳性与阴性恒河猴生化指标的差异性.方法采用全自动生化分析仪对安徽野生和自繁恒河猴的14个血液生化指标进行测定,并用统计学方法比较了相同性别的野生猴与自繁猴以及感染BV阳性与阴性恒河猴血液生化值的差异性.结果 野生猴与自繁猴雄性的生化指标普遍高于雌性,野生猴碱性磷酸酶、甘油三脂和谷氨酰基转移酶雌雄间差异显著;自繁猴碱性磷酸酶、白蛋白、血清Ca、甘油三脂、肌酐和谷氨酰基转移酶雌雄间差异有显著性.除谷草转氨酶、尿素氮和血清总胆固醇外,感染BV阳性较感染BV阴性的恒河猴所得生化指标高.结论 野生猴与自繁猴,雌雄间猴以及感染BV阳性与阴性猴的血液生化指标有一定的差异性.     

北平顶猴(Macaca leonina)血液学和血液生化指标参考值的测定与分析

平顶猴是重要的非人灵长类实验动物,广泛应用于艾滋病等重大疾病的动物模型研究。平顶猴分为明打威猴、巽他平顶猴和北平顶猴三个种。我国及周边东南亚国家分布的平顶猴为北平顶猴。该文测定和分析了青幼年(2～4a)和成年(5～10a)北平顶猴的血液学和血液生化指标参考值。结果表明个体性别、年龄和体重等对该指标均有影响。雌性个体的红细胞数、血红蛋白和碱性磷酸酶均低于雄性个体。青幼年个体的白细胞数、淋巴细胞数、单核细胞数、血小板分布宽度、碱性磷酸酶、天冬氨酸转氨酶和胆固醇均高于成年猴,而肌酐和甘油三酯则低于成年猴。个体体重与青年猴的平均血红蛋白含量和肌酐正相关,与成年猴的平均血红蛋白含量、粒细胞百分比、血红蛋白和肌酐正相关,而与成年猴的淋巴细胞数、淋巴细胞百分比、红细胞分布宽度变异系数、天冬氨酸转氨酶和胆固醇负相关。该研究提供的北平顶猴血液学和血液生化指标参考值范围,对其基础研究、疾病诊断和模型建立等具有重要意义。     

安徽野生和自繁恒河猴血液生化指标的测定与分析

目的测定人工饲养条件下安徽野生和自繁恒河猴的血液生化指标,并比较分析两种来源的恒河猴,雌、雄猴间以及感染BV阳性与阴性恒河猴生化指标的差异性。方法采用全自动生化分析仪对安徽野生和自繁恒河猴的14个血液生化指标进行测定,并用统计学方法比较了相同性别的野生猴与自繁猴以及感染BV阳性与阴性恒河猴血液生化值的差异性。结果野生猴与自繁猴雄性的生化指标普遍高于雌性,野生猴碱性磷酸酶、甘油三脂和谷氨酰基转移酶雌雄间差异显著;自繁猴碱性磷酸酶、白蛋白、血清Ca、甘油三脂、肌酐和谷氨酰基转移酶雌雄间差异有显著性。除谷草转氨酶、尿素氮和血清总胆固醇外,感染BV阳性较感染BV阴性的恒河猴所得生化指标高。结论野生猴与自繁猴,雌雄间猴以及感染BV阳性与阴性猴的血液生化指标有一定的差异性。     

基于高通量测序的不同年龄恒河猴肠道菌群结构差异分析

目的观察不同年龄恒河猴肠道菌群结构和丰度的变化。方法 50只恒河猴,分为成年(5～10岁)、老年(10岁以上)2组,其中成年组33只,老年组17只。采集动物的新鲜直肠粪便,提取DNA后使用Illumina高通量测序平台对样本中细菌16S rDNA-V3区进行测序,定量分析肠道菌群的结构和丰度。结果老年组和成年组获得的优化序列数差异无显著性(P> 0.05)。α-多样性分析,老年组恒河猴肠道菌群的Chao1指数(P=0.0174)、Simpson指数(P=0.0258)、ACE指数(P=0.0121)与成年组比较降低,Shannon指数与成年组比较升高(P=0.0132)。老年组与成年组相比,在门水平,拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes)相对丰度升高(P=0.0013),厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)、螺旋体门(Spirochaetes)、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)、粘胶球形菌门(Lentisphaerae)相对丰度降低(P=0.0283,P=0.0002,P=0.0482,P=0.0242)。在科水平,Prevotellaceae相对丰度升高(P=0.0001),Ruminococcaceae、Clostridiales、Spirochaetaceae、Christensenellaceae相对丰度降低(P=0.0039,P=0.0080,P=0.0002,P=0.0021)。在属水平,老年组unidentified_Prevotellaceae相对丰度升高(P=0.0001),乳杆菌属(Lactobacillus)、八迭球菌(Sarcina)、unidentified_Spirochaetaceae相对丰度降低(P=0.0114,P=0.0227,P=0.0028)。β-多样性分析,老年组肠道菌群与成年组分布在不同区域,差异有显著性(P=0.003)。LEfSe分析,在成年组,链球菌属(Streptococcus)、布赫纳氏菌属(buchnera)、乳杆菌属(lactobacillus)是具有统计学意义的生物标记物。结论恒河猴肠道菌群的结构随年龄增长而改变。丰度降低,多样性增高。     

猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIV）感染恒河猴血液学和血液生化的动态变化

目的探讨SIVmac239感染中国恒河猴的血液学和血清生物化学的变化,研究艾滋病的发生机制。方法 20只恒河猴感染SIVmac239后分别在感染前和感染后2、6、9、12、15和18个月在猴空腹状态用盐酸氯胺酮麻醉下静脉釆血。抗凝血用全自动血液细胞分析仪检测血液常规,血清用全自动生化分析仪检测生化指标。结果SIV感染猴红白细胞计数呈逐渐的减少。淋巴细胞计数有较明显减/增的波动。血清酶类ALT和AST没有明显的上升,但在15月时均有所下降P〈0.05～P〈0.01。LDH持续降低,原因未明。CK则逐月上升,至12月时达高峰,后又有所下降。血尿素氮逐月上升,并在6～18个月时P〈0.01。总蛋白量上升,白蛋白逐月降低,球蛋白升高,白蛋白/球蛋白比率倒置。SIV感染猴2个月后总胆固醇、甘油三脂、低密度脂蛋白和高密度脂蛋白均呈上升,至12月时略有下降,但到18月又上升。血糖（GLU）在SIV感染后逐月上升,后期上升更为明显,这可能与胰岛的损害有关。结论 SIVmac239感染猴后,通过SIV侵入相关的器官病变和体液调节失衡导致血液学和血液生物化学产生异常,从而提供有关猴艾滋病的一些基础资料,这将对研究人的艾滋病也许有所帮助。     

不同年龄喜马拉雅旱獭大脑皮质结构与血液气体测定的比较研究

本文报道饲养于海拔3300米地区室内(室温5-20℃)非冬眠的幼年、成年与老年喜马拉雅旱獭大脑的某些生理参数、血液气体分析、大脑皮质神经元数量与锥体细胞树突棘棘器的数量变化以及大脑皮质超微结构特点。结果表明:成年组与幼年组相比,脑重占体重百分比有所下降,血红蛋白浓度、红细胞压积和氧利用率有所升高,锥体细胞数量增加9.7％(P>0.05),锥体细胞树突棘的棘器数目增加22.4％(P<0.05);老年组与成年组相比,脑重占体重百分比进一步下降,血红蛋白浓度、红细胞压积进一步升高,氧利用率明显下降(P<0.01),锥体细胞数减少29.8％(P<0.01),锥体细胞树突棘的棘器数目减少33.8％(P<0.01),锥体细胞浆中的粗面内质网、游离核糖体及突触前膜中的突触小泡数量也明显减少,脂褐素含量升高。     

不同周龄BWEL-SPF种鸡生理生化指标的测定

目的测定不同周龄的BWEL-SPF种鸡生理和生化指标,并对测定值进行t-检验。方法分别采用计数板法、血涂片法、血液全自动分析仪测定法、双缩尿法、溴甲酚绿法、酶比色法和硫氰酸汞比色法等测定了10、40和60周龄的雌、雄BWEL-SPF种鸡的生理生化指标,并对雌、雄差异进行了统计学分析。结果在所测定的生理生化指标中,不同周龄雌雄之间差异显著性表现项目不同,其中在10周龄时,只有总胆固醇（CHO）在雌、雄之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）;40周龄时,甘油三酯（TG）、在雌、雄之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）;总胆固醇（CHO）为雌、雄之间差异显著（P〈0．05）;60周龄时,出血时间（BT）、嗜碱性粒细胞（B）、单核细胞（M）、谷丙转氨酶（ALT）、葡萄糖（Glu）在雌、雄之间差异极显著（P〈0．01）,而凝血时间（CT）和甘油三酯（TG）在雌、雄之间差异显著（P〈0．05）．除此以外,其它生理生化指标在雌雄之间差异不显著。结论BWEL-SPF种鸡的生理和生化指标随周龄不同,在雌、雄之间的差异随之变化。     

石蒜属植物的药用和观赏利用前景

石蒜属植物是重要的药用植物,又是一类优良观赏植物,既可用于园林配置,也可用作切花生产或盆栽。综述了石蒜属植物的药用和观赏价值并对其应用前景进行了探讨,为全面开发利用我国这一丰富的野生资源提供了一些理论基础。     

Same river,different values and why it matters

Summary Examination of the values that people assign to specific natural places is likely to be useful for environmental decision‐making but is an underdeveloped area of socio‐psychological research. A mail survey was used to examine the differences and similarities in values assigned by people to the Loddon River in south‐eastern Australia. Environmental, social and economic values were explored across five different community types: urban residents, rural residents, natural resource management (NRM) professionals, environmental group members (EGM) and landholders. While urban residents, rural residents and landholders had similar responses, NRM professionals and EGM placed much stronger emphasis on environmental values derived from the river, and much less emphasis on economic values. Members of two community types (EGM and NRM professionals) responded in a relatively homogenous way, within a narrow range of response options. By contrast, three community types (urban residents, rural residents and landholders) responded in more diverse ways. There were similarities in the social values (historical and aesthetic) expressed by the different community types, suggesting common points for stakeholder engagement in the management of the river. Results point to the need for environmental managers to ensure that consultation is not limited to the most actively engaged sectors of the community, as their responses may not be representative of other groups.     

白斑狗鱼血液生理、生化指标值和血液流变学常值的研究

作者于１９９５年１１月在新疆额尔其斯河水系进行了调查，首次测试了白斑狗鱼血液生理，生化常值和血液流为学常值，结果发现，白斑狗鱼的全血粘度和血浆粘度均比茯它鱼类高，影响白斑狗鱼全血粘度的主要因子有红细胞压积（ＨＣＴ），血红蛋白（Ｈｂ），红细胞聚集性Ａ１，Ａ２，血浆粘度（η）而影响其血浆粘度的主要因子为血清胆固醇（ＣＨＯ），白斑狗鱼血清白蛋白（ＡＰ）与血清球蛋白（ＧＰ）之比为０．５７。     

Intrinsic values in nature: Objective good or simply half of an unhelpful dichotomy?

Two generations of conservationists and philosophers have built a strong case for intrinsic values in nature; they are the basis of the normative postulates of conservation biology. I argue that the recognition of intrinsic natural value is a fundamental and non-negotiable aspect of an eco-evolutionary worldview. Recently, relational values, “preferences, principles, and virtues associated with relationships”, have been proposed as a third category of values in nature, which may help to resolve the debate between instrumental and intrinsic valuation. By depicting intrinsic values as part of an unhelpful dichotomy between anthropocentric and ecocentric values, the current assessment of relational values fails to adequately account for the modern philosophical view of intrinsic natural value. The recognition of intrinsic natural value is not merely an academic exercise, but rather a vital aspect of conservation of the biosphere; recognition of value entails the obligation to do what is right, i.e., protect the good. Any attempt to reframe the discussion about values and environmental protection through more formal recognition of relational values will need to more clearly address how relational and intrinsic values coexist and how they can jointly form the basis for nature conservation.     

欧洲鳗鲡血液某些生物化学指标的测定

以114尾欧洲鳗鲡为材料,测定了血液中肌酸酐,血糖、尿素氮、甘油三酯,总胆固醇,总蛋白、白蛋白、谷丙转氨酶,谷草转氨酶,乳酸脱氢酶,乙酰胆碱脂酶、γ-谷氨酰转肽酶、钠、钾、钙、镁、氯化物、二氧化碳,无机磷等血液指标值,按统计学原理进行分析。并对总体正常值范围进行估计。获得了欧洲鳗鲡血液生理生化指标参考值。     

Negotiating Values: Narrative and Exposition

In this paper I focus on the limits of narrative by asking what kinds of things narratives do, and what kinds of texts do related things in other ways. In particular I focus on how narrative genres organise time in relation to value, drawing on functional linguistic models of temporality and evaluation. From a linguistic perspective, the various narrative genres negotiate different kinds of solidarity with listeners, and so the limits of narrative materialise various possibilities for communing in a culture, alongside the potentialities for construing community through related and other genres of discourse—since in general, the limits/possibilities of our language (and attendant modalities of communication) are the limits/possibilities of our social world.

Quantitative behavior analysis and human values

Many scientists believe that among the virtues of quantitative science are that its facts are free from personal, social, political, economic, and other cultural influences, or at least, if they are not, they should be. Radical behaviorism suggests, however, that a science of behavior must apply to peoples' everyday professional behaviors, including those of quantitative behavior analysts. The behaviors of quantitative behavior analysts, however, like the behaviors of everyone else, depend on the cultures to which they belong. A quantitative science of behavior must therefore describe and explain the cultural and human values of quantitative behavior analysts. In this sense, a quantitative science of behavior must apply to itself. No such "reflexive behavior analysis" currently exists and its development might shed considerable light on the basic nature of behavior analysis.     

Use and non-use values as motivational construct dimensions for farm animal welfare: impacts on the economic outcome for the farm

This study explored how farmers’ motivation in terms of use values and/or non-use values to work with farm animal welfare are associated with the economic outcome for the farm. Use values in farm animal welfare refer to economic value derived from productivity and profitability considerations. Non-use values in farm animal welfare refer to economic value derived from good animal welfare, irrespective of the use the farmer derives from the animal, currently or in the future. The analysis was based on detailed information about the income statements of a sample of Swedish dairy farmers, obtained from the Swedish Farm Economic Survey, complemented with survey information about their perceived use and non-use values in farm animal welfare. The findings suggest that farm economic outcome is significantly associated with motivation in terms of use values, but not so much with motivation in terms of non-use values. This is interesting from a policy point of view, because it indicates that farmers with different approaches to farm animal welfare may experience different economic outcomes for their farms. Findings can, for instance, be used to strengthen farmers’ engagement in various private quality assurance standards, which generally focus on values of non-use type, by pointing to that realisation of such values will not impair the economic outcome of the farms. Moreover, findings also suggest that farmers’ economic incentives for engagement in such standards may need to be further strengthened in order to become more attractive, as findings point to that a focus on non-use values generally is not associated with more favourable economic outcomes.