新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区胡杨根系水分再分配的估算

 根据对新疆艾比湖湿地自然保护区荒漠河岸林的主要建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica)的根系分布特征, 林冠下土壤的饱和容积含水量、最大导水率和根系最大导水率的试验观测数据, 以及对其林冠下5层不同深度土壤容积含水量、土壤水势的动态监测数据, 构建了胡杨根系水分再分配量估算的Ryel模型, 并对胡杨不同季节的水分再分配过程进行了短期模拟。结果表明: (1)胡杨根系水分再分配过程的水分再分配量的最大值出现在艾比湖地方时间凌晨2:30。(2)随着生长季节的变化, 胡杨根系水分再分配的作用逐渐减弱, 并表现出向土壤下层迁移的现象。6月份, 水分再分配过程主要发生在0–40 cm土层, 最大分配量为0.022 0 cm, 夜间总分配量为0.111 0 cm; 8月份水分再分配过程主要发生在10–70 cm土层, 最大分配量为0.006 5 cm, 夜间总分配量为0.018 4 cm; 10月份水分再分配过程主要发生在70–100 cm土层, 最大分配量为0.003 9 cm, 夜间总分配量为0.008 6 cm。     

胡杨液流对地下水埋深变化的响应

以塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林主要建群种胡杨(Populus euphratica)为研究对象,结合中下游不同断面地下水埋深和胡杨液流变化的监测数据,分析了胡杨茎干液流与地下水埋深变化的关系,探讨荒漠环境下天然胡杨生长的合理生态水位。研究表明,胡杨液流通量密度随地下水埋深即干旱胁迫程度的加大而减小,两者呈极显著负相关,相关系数达–0.887;胡杨液流通量在地下水埋深位于4.5–5m时出现异常变化,表明此时胡杨的正常生长受到胁迫,胡杨通过自身调节降低蒸腾耗水以适应环境;土壤盐分不是影响塔里木河中下游各断面胡杨液流变化的主要因子;对植物样地调查结果分析显示,胡杨盖度、密度和频度均在地下水埋深在4–6m梯度下开始表现为降低趋势。综合分析认为维系塔里木河中下游天然胡杨正常生长的生态水位为地下水埋深4.5m以内。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘人工植被区降水入渗与再分配规律研究

试验于2001年8月17日至9月30日在中国科学院沙坡头沙漠试验研究站进行,主要利用时域反射仪(TDR)连续测量土壤剖面水分含量的方法,观测受植物根系吸水,蒸散作用影响下的人工植被荒漠灌木柠条(Caragana korshinskii)群落区固定沙丘降水入渗与再分配过程。土壤体积含水率由水平埋设在植物根系剖面内12个深度层次(5～200cm)的时域反射仪探头每小时自动测定1次。天然降水条件下的土壤入渗速率由入渗深度与相应的入渗时间之比值计算得到。结果表明：在7次不连续降水过程中,土壤入渗速率与降水强度呈简单线性相关关系,土壤入渗速率约为降水强度的10倍强。然而当次降水过程中降水强度小于0．46mm／h时,土壤入渗速率约为0cm／h,此时的降水对人工植被固定沙丘区的土壤基本上没有水分补给作用。受荒漠灌木柠条根系吸水作用的影响,其根系密集剖面深度40～140cm内降水水分入渗积累不明显。降水入渗速率及入渗深度受土壤剖面初始含水率多寡而变化,干燥土壤剖面有助于提高入渗速率及入渗深度。降水以后随着时间的推移,区域环境内空气温度、湿度等气象条件适宜,柠条生长进入相对旺盛阶段,其根系密集层140cm深度处土壤含水率在总体上下降的过程中,表现出昼消夜长的趋势,翌日8：00土壤含水率值略高于前一日20：00水分值0．1％～0．3vol．％。     

柠条主根液流测定中ΔT_(max)与气象因子间的关系及时间步长的确定

上下两探针间温差的最大值(ΔTmax)是运用Granier方法计算树木液流速率的重要参数,确定这一参数的关键是选择合适的时间步长。运用TDP(Thermal Dissipation Probe)技术在对柠条(Caragana korshinskii)主根部液流速率(Fs)及主要环境要素进行实时、连续监测的基础上,比较分析了2008年4—10月间30d典型晴天日柠条根部液流的变化特征,结果表明,柠条根部液流测定中ΔTmax值的频率分布于夜间22:00—6:00的整个时间段,并主要集中在午夜前后的4h(占52.63%),其中ΔTmax在0:00频率最高。ΔTmax分布时刻与环境要素的相关性不明显,夜间液流的主要驱动力是体内与根系间的水势差而非大气因子。午间柠条主根液流最为旺盛,上下两探针间最小温差(ΔTmin)的频率分布峰值主要集中于10:00—16:00时段,其中以14:00的分布频率最高。ΔTmin频率的分布在13:00有一低谷,而此刻又是主要环境变量太阳辐射最高值(PYmax)与潜在蒸发散最大值(ET0max)分布频率最高的时刻,反映了午间气孔行为对液流的调控。太阳辐射是启动午间气孔行为的主要环境因子。Granier公式计算液流速率时适宜的时间步长为1周。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种根系发育能力的研究

研究了12个国内外紫化苜蓿品种在渭北旱塬丘陵沟壑区根系的发育能力。结果表明,根系生物量、根系体积、侧根数在不同紫花苜蓿品种间差异显,在土壤中从表层到深层逐渐递减;侧根的发生部化受不同深度土壤含水量的影响。占0～50cm土层根系生物量66．5％的根系集中分布在0～20cm土层中。而侧根发生的主要部位在0～20cm的主根段,40cm以下没有侧根发生。通过聚类分析,可把12个紫花苜蓿品种分为3类,其中WL-323ML、两香、苜蓿王、巨人在渭北呈塬丘陵沟壑区根系发育好,具有较强的根系发育能力。     

塔里木河下游阿拉干断面胡杨根系空间分布规律研究

采用根系质量、密度、消弱系数和表面积等指标对塔里木河下游主要建群种胡杨根系空间分布特征进行定量研究,并分析了胡杨根系分布与土壤含水率的关系,为塔里木河下游受损天然胡杨林恢复提供依据。研究表明:(1)细根分布频数占活根总数的比例最大,死根所占比例从表层到深层有逐渐递减的趋势。(2)单株胡杨根系密度分布不对称。随着水平距离的增加,细根根系长度呈现近长远短的特点,而根量的水平分布呈现近重远轻的特点,主要集中在100～200 cm范围内。(3)胡杨根系垂直分层明显,根量在垂直方向上呈两头小、中间大的梭形分布,根系消弱系数值较大。(4)在土层30～120 cm范围内,细根表面积分布与土壤含水率分布呈显著正相关。     

艾比湖湿地土壤有机碳及储量空间分布特征

土壤碳储量的研究是全球碳循环研究的热点,土壤碳库的变化对全球气候变暖、维护生态平衡都有着重要的意义。新疆的艾比湖湿地是干旱区典型的盐湖湿地,为探明该湿地有机碳特性及储量,选择艾比湖湿地1m深度的土壤作为研究对象,测试有机碳含量后,对艾比湖湿地土壤有机碳特性进行分析并分层定量测算有机碳储量,结果显示:(1)艾比湖湿地土壤有机碳整体偏低,随土层加深,含量依次递减的规律比较显著。湿地7种不同植被覆盖类型的土壤有机碳含量垂直空间变异性差异明显,其中荒漠河岸林、盐化草甸、小乔木荒漠大多属于强变异,而其它植被覆盖的土壤类型多属于中等变异。(2)艾比湖湿地7种不同植被类型土壤有机碳含量在相同土层的分布特征为:有机碳集中分布在浅表层(0—20 cm),从40 cm以下变幅缓慢,分布较为均匀。不同植被类型土壤有机碳在不同土层的分配比例差异比较明显,但表层(0—20 cm)大多占到30%以上。(3)艾比湖湿地土壤有机碳储量排序依次为小乔木荒漠盐化草甸干涸湖底灌木荒漠盐生灌丛荒漠河岸林寒湿性针叶林。湿地有机碳蓄积总量为7086862.83 kgC。上述研究结果可为新疆干旱区湿地生态系统恢复、保护与科学管理提供科技支撑。     

科尔沁沙地不同生境土壤凝结水的试验研究

2007年8月采用称量法研究了科尔沁沙地4种生境（流动沙地、固定沙地、农田和樟子松林）土壤凝结水形成的时间以及凝结水的数量.结果表明：20:00—22:00间,研究区土壤凝结水开始逐渐形成,22:00—4:00时段的土壤凝结水波动增大,4:00之后土壤凝结水开始逐渐蒸发损失;科尔沁沙地4种生境0～9 cm土层是土壤凝结水的主要形成层,其中,0～3 cm土层所占比例最大,约占总凝结水量的40%,9～30 cm土层仍有凝结水形成,但凝结水量较少;4种生境0～3 cm土层的凝结水量在时间上存在较大差异,0～3 cm土层日均凝结水量大小依次为固定沙地>流动沙地>农田>樟子松林,说明植被条件较好的生境反而不利于土壤凝结水的形成;0～30 cm土层日均凝结水量以固定沙地最多（约0.172 mm）,以农田最少（为0.110 mm）,流动沙地和樟子松林地分别为0.120和0.128 mm.     

黄土塬沟壑区典型植被沟头土壤渗透性和抗剪强度特征

沟头是沟蚀的主要活跃部位,严重影响沟头溯源侵蚀发生。为明确典型植被沟头根系分布及土壤物理和力学特征,本研究以自然植被恢复沟头和人工植被恢复沟头为对象,分析0～1 m不同土层土壤入渗、根系分布以及根-土复合体物理和力学性质特征。结果表明：不同植被沟头土壤容重和总孔隙变异较小,容重在1.10～1.37 g·cm^-3,土壤总孔隙在48.3%～58.4%;各入渗指标总体随土层增加呈减小趋势,自然植被恢复沟头不同土层入渗速率在20～30 min趋于稳定,人工植被恢复沟头在40 min趋于稳定,人工植被恢复沟头的稳定入渗速率、平均入渗速率总体大于自然植被恢复沟头;根长密度、根表面积密度、平均直径均随土层的增加呈降低趋势,除20～40 cm土层,自然植被恢复沟头的根长密度、根表面积密度、平均直径皆小于人工植被恢复沟头,两种植被沟头根系主要由0～0.5 mm根系构成,占总根长的84.2%～93.6%;在垂直深度上,随着含水率的增加,黏聚力随土层由上至下迅速线性衰减,变化范围为0.42～22.67 kPa,在相同含水率条件下,人工植被恢复沟头平均黏聚力总体大于自然植被恢复沟头。本研...     

塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落土壤呼吸及其影响因子

利用LI-8100土壤碳通量自动测定仪监测塔里木河下游荒漠河岸林群落土壤呼吸的日变化动态,分析其土壤呼吸与环境因子的关系,比较二者的差异。结果表明：（1）胡杨和柽柳群落土壤呼吸的日变化过程相同,最大值出现时间一致,呈单峰值曲线,但是不同月份最大值出现时间不同;（2）胡杨群落的土壤呼吸速率大于柽柳群落的;（3）胡杨和柽柳群落的土壤呼吸速率与距地表2cm处气温之间存在显著的指数关系,但是不同植物类型的土壤呼吸对温度的敏感性有所不同;（4）胡杨和柽柳群落的土壤呼吸速率与土壤水分都存在显著的线性关系;（5）通过多元回归分析表明,塔里木河下游76％～93％左右的荒漠河岸林群落土壤呼吸速率受温度和水分的共同控制。     

北京山区元宝枫夜间液流活动特征及影响因素

树木夜间会维持部分气孔开放,从而能够在一定环境驱动因子的情况下进行夜间蒸腾。夜间液流作为储存水的重要来源,能够补充植物白天的水分亏缺,使其恢复水分储备,对植物生长发育有重要意义。采用TDP热探针法测定了位于八达岭林场的元宝枫树干液流密度,同步监测了主要环境因子,以深入揭示树木夜间蒸腾耗水规律和植被应对环境胁迫的调控机制,为山区植被建设、森林健康经营和挑选节水树种提供理论依据。结果表明:以0:00为界区分前半夜和后半夜,元宝枫夜间液流速率前半夜较后半夜活跃,且前半夜夜间累积液流量占夜间累积液流量的53.85%—64.10%,而后半夜夜间累积液流量占夜间累积液流量的35.9%—46.15%。5月的夜间累积液流量最大,平均夜间液流通量为5月6月8月9月7月。存在水分胁迫的条件下降雨之后夜间液流会增大,而当土壤水分条件较好,土壤水分不再是夜间液流的限制因子时,夜间液流通量并不高。不同树木形态的夜间液流通量有显著差异,在一定范围内,胸径树高冠幅越大的样木,夜间液流通量越大。用于夜间蒸腾的夜间液流通量与饱和水汽压差、温度、空气相对湿度、风速相关,其中夜间蒸腾存在于前半夜,表现为前半夜夜间液流通量与环境因子的相关性相较后半夜相关性较为显著,后半夜则以补水为主,补水量取决于土壤含水量和日蒸腾强度。存在干旱胁迫的条件下,夜间液流既用于夜间蒸腾,又有一部分用来补水;而土壤水分条件好时夜间液流则主要用于补水,此时夜间树干液流与环境因子相关性不高。元宝枫夜间液流通量的日蒸腾贡献率5、6月份大于7、8月份,即干季比湿季贡献率更高。夜间液流通量的日蒸腾贡献率与白天总蒸腾量相关性较高,并与累积太阳辐射成负相关。     

Influence and value of different water regimes on avian species richness in arid inland Australia

Riparian habitats in arid landscapes are recognised for their structurally diverse vegetation and diverse bird species assemblages. In the extensive semi-arid and arid centre of Australia, riparian woodland habitats are impacted by pastoral land-use which may negatively influence vegetation structure and avian species composition. However, pastoralism has promoted the establishment of artificial water bodies, so that additional riparian vegetation may occur in the landscape. In this study, we surveyed the importance of different water regimes (i.e. artificial lakes, natural waterholes, desert sites) together with their associated vegetation on avian species richness in north-western New South Wales, Australia. Our results show that bird species richness was highest at water locations, in particular at artificial lakes. Avian species richness was negatively associated with distance to water bodies, both in desert vegetation types and in the riparian vegetation type along dry creeks. Moreover, riparian habitats supported larger avian assemblages and especially those of sedentary bird species compared to the surrounding shrub-steppe landscape. This indicates that artificial water bodies may be of significance for arid zone bird species and might gain in importance with changing water availabilities due to climatic changes.     

Sap Flow of Populus euphratica in a Desert Riparian Forest in an Extreme Arid Region During the Growing Season

In the present study, the heat pulse technique was applied to investigate the stem sap flow of Populus euphratica in a desert riparian forest in an extreme arid region from April to October 2003 and from May to October 2004. The experimental sites were in Qidaoqiao （101 °10′ E, 41°59′ N） and Bayantaolai farm （101°14′ E, 42°01′ N） in Ejina county, in the low reaches of the Heihe River, China. The results indicated that the diurnal change in the velocity of sap flow showed minor fluctuations. At night, the rising of sap flow could be observed in the main tree species because of root pressure. During the growing season, the maximum average velocity was observed in July, followed by August, and the same velocity was observed in September and May; the minimum velocity was observed in October. The transpiration from June to August during the growing season accounted for approximately 70% of the annual total transpiration. The sap flow velocity of P. euphratica trees of different ages could be arranged in the order： 15 yr 〉 25 yr 〉 50 yr. Sap flow velocity was closely related to changes in micrometeorological factors, with average sap flow velocity showing a significant linear correlation with net radiation, air temperature and relative humidity.     

Water and Nutrient Dynamics in Surface Roots and Soils are not Modified by Short-term Flooding of Phreatophytic Plants in a Hyperarid Desert

Little is known of the mechanisms employed by woody plants to acquire key resources such as water and nutrients in hyperarid environments. For phreatophytic plants, deep roots are necessary to access the water table, but given that most nutrients in many desert ecosystems are stored in the upper soil layers, viable shallow roots may be equally necessary for nutrient uptake. We sought to better understand the interaction between water and nutrient uptake from soil horizons differing in the relative abundance of these resources. To this end, we monitored plant water and nutrient status before and after applying flood irrigation to four phreatophytic perennial plant species in the remote hyperarid Taklamakan desert in western China. Sap flow in the roots of five plants of the perennial desert species Alhagi sparsifolia Shap., Karelina caspica (Pall.) Less., Calligonum caput medusea Schrenk, and Eleagnus angustifolia Hill. was monitored using the heat ratio method (HRM). Additionally we measured predawn and midday water potential, foliar nitrate reductase activity (NRA), xylem sap nutrient concentration and the concentration of total solutes in the leaves before, 12 and 96 h after flooding to investigate possible short-term physiological effects on water and nutrient status. Rates of sap flow measured during the day and at night in the absence of transpiration did not change after flooding. Moderately high rates of sap flow (HRM heat pulse velocity, 5–25 cm h⁻¹) detected during the day in soils that had a near zero water content at the surface indicated that all species had contact to groundwater. There was no evidence from sap flow data that plants had utilised flood water to increase maximum rates of transpiration under similar climatic conditions, and there was no evidence of a process to improve the efficiency of water or nutrient uptake, such as hydraulic redistribution (i.e. the passive movement of water from moist soil to very dry soil via roots). Measurements of plant water status, xylem sap nutrient status, foliar NRA and the concentration of osmotically active substances were also unaffected by flood irrigation. Our results clearly show that groundwater acts as the major source of water and nutrients for these plants. The inability of plants to utilise abundant surface soil–water or newly available nutrients following irrigation was attributed to the absence of fine roots in the topsoil layer.     

Hydraulic redistribution in three Amazonian trees

About half of the Amazon rainforest is subject to seasonal droughts of 3 months or more. Despite this drought, several studies have shown that these forests, under a strongly seasonal climate, do not exhibit significant water stress during the dry season. In addition to deep soil water uptake, another contributing explanation for the absence of plant water stress during drought is the process of hydraulic redistribution; the nocturnal transfer of water by roots from moist to dry regions of the soil profile. Here, we present data on patterns of soil moisture and sap flow in roots of three dimorphic-rooted species in the Tapajós Forest, Amazônia, which demonstrate both upward (hydraulic lift) and downward hydraulic redistribution. We measured sap flow in lateral and tap roots of our three study species over a 2-year period using the heat ratio method, a sap-flow technique that allows bi-directional measurement of water flow. On certain nights during the dry season, reverse or acropetal flow (i.e.,in the direction of the soil) in the lateral roots and positive or basipetal sap flow (toward the plant) in the tap roots of Coussarea racemosa (caferana), Manilkara huberi (maçaranduba) and Protium robustum (breu) were observed, a pattern consistent with upward hydraulic redistribution (hydraulic lift). With the onset of heavy rains, this pattern reversed, with continuous night-time acropetal sap flow in the tap root and basipetal sap flow in lateral roots, indicating water movement from wet top soil to dry deeper soils (downward hydraulic redistribution). Both patterns were present in trees within a rainfall exclusion plot (Seca Floresta) and to a more limited extent in the control plot. Although hydraulic redistribution has traditionally been associated with arid or strongly seasonal environments, our findings now suggest that it is important in ameliorating water stress and improving rain infiltration in Amazonian rainforests. This has broad implications for understanding and modeling ecosystem process and forest function in this important biome.     

荒漠防护林典型树种液流特征及其对环境因子的响应

利用基于热补偿理论的SF300分体液流仪对干旱荒漠区人工防护林典型树种(俄罗斯杨、胡杨、榆树、沙枣)树干液流全天候监测,自动气象站同步记录相关环境因子变化。研究表明:①4种防护林树种茎干液流日变化除沙枣树外均存在明显昼夜节律,液流速度在同属种间差异较小,在不同属种间差异显著,俄罗斯杨的日平均液流速度可以达到沙枣的13.8倍,耗水量排序为俄罗斯杨胡杨榆树沙枣树。②水分充足条件下,增加实验地灌溉量使4种树木蒸腾受到抑制,液流流速降低,水分利用效率降低。③液流流速因所处树干径向位点不同而存在差异,俄罗斯杨、榆树、沙枣液流速度表现出由形成层到髓心的递减趋势,胡杨树干径向位点液流没有表现一定规律。④树干液流流速与环境因子进行相关分析,通过逐步回归分析建立了4个典型树种茎干液流速度与环境因子关系估算模型,分析认为4种树木的环境敏感性排序为俄罗斯杨榆树胡杨沙枣。     

Evidence of hydraulic lift in a young beech and oak mixed forest using 18O soil water labelling

Hydraulic lift (HL) by tree roots in a young, broad-leaved, mixed temperate European forest was investigated during the 2008 growing season by injecting ¹⁸O-enriched soil water at a depth of 75–90 cm under drought conditions experimentally imposed in a rain-exclusion system. Based on sap flow, leaf water potential, 2-D root distribution measurements, soil isotope profiles, and xylem water isotope composition, water acquisition and use by two tree species, beech (Fagus sylvatica) and oak (Quercus petraea) was compared. We showed that, unlike oak, beech experienced a marked decrease in sap flow and predawn leaf water potential with increasing soil drought. This behaviour was logical considering the shallower root system in beech than in oak. Six days after ¹⁸O-labelling, we observed isotopic enrichment in the shallower soil layers. Since the intermediate soil layers did not display any enrichment, our results clearly pointed to hydraulic lift by tree roots. The superficial enrichment that was observed in the vicinity of oak trunks and the increase in the isotopic signature of xylem sap in the oak trees but not in the beech trees confirmed the predominant role of oak in the hydraulic lift at our site. Even though facilitation for water acquisition among species was not observed here, our results suggest a potential positive contribution of species like oak toward maintaining species diversity in mixed forest ecosystems submitted to severe drought events.     

塔里木河中游洪水漫溢区荒漠河岸林实生苗更新

以塔里木河中游荒漠河岸林为研究对象,2008年6月至2009年8月,对洪水漫溢区河漫滩裸地、林下及林隙三种生境植物一年生实生苗进行了调查。结果表明：实生苗更新主要依赖洪水漫溢,在非漫溢区没有发现实生苗存在;洪水降低了漫溢区的土壤盐度,更重要的是其提供了宝贵的水分条件,在时间和水量上都有效地满足了胡杨等植物种子萌发和幼株生长的水分需求;河漫滩是河岸林种子实生苗产生的基地,洪水漫溢后的河漫滩种子实生苗密度显著大于其余两生境内实生苗密度,同时该生境内物种多样性也显著高于林下和林隙生境;光照决定着漫溢区实生苗能否成林,光照不同的空间样点上,实生苗发生数量和个体生长均存在显著差异,光照强的河漫滩,实生苗发生数量较多且幼苗能保持较高的生长活力和较多的生物量积累。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林不同生境群落物种多度分布格局

为解释塔里木荒漠河岸林群落构建和物种多度分布格局形成的机理, 本文以塔里木荒漠河岸林2个不同生境(沙地、河漫滩) 4 ha固定监测样地为研究对象, 基于两样地物种调查数据, 采用统计模型(对数级数模型、对数正态模型、泊松对数正态分布模型、Weibull分布模型)、生态位模型(生态位优先占领模型、断棍模型)和中性理论模型(复合群落零和多项式模型、Volkov模型)拟合荒漠河岸林群落物种多度分布, 并用K-S检验与赤池信息准则(AIC)筛选最优拟合模型。结果表明: (1)随生境恶化(土壤水分降低), 植物物种多度分布曲线变化减小, 群落物种多样性、多度和群落盖度降低, 常见种数减少。(2)选用的3类模型均可拟合荒漠河岸林不同生境群落物种多度分布格局, 统计模型和中性理论模型拟合效果均优于生态位模型。复合群落零和多项式模型对远离河岸的干旱沙地生境拟合效果最好; 对数正态模型和泊松对数正态模型对洪水漫溢的河漫滩生境拟合效果最优; 中性理论模型与统计模型无显著差异。初步推断中性过程在荒漠河岸林群落构建中发挥着主导作用, 但模型拟合结果只能作为推断群落构建过程的必要非充分条件, 不能排除生态位过程的潜在作用。