新疆阜康地区家麻雀巢址的空间分布格局及其影响因素

2013年和2014年5—7月,在新疆阜康地区,对家麻雀(Passer domesticus)巢址的空间分布格局和种群繁殖密度进行了调查,对影响其巢址空间分布的生态因子进行了分析。结果表明:家麻雀在研究区内为优势鸟种,平均种群繁殖密度为299.8±163.6只·km~(-2);其中,在白杨(Populus tomentosa)防护林中的种群繁殖密度最高,达491.9±87.8只·km~(-2);家麻雀在研究地区巢址的空间分布距离指数I=4.77,为集聚分布格局;农田、防护林带以及荒漠伯劳(Lanius isabellinus)的巢址分布对家麻雀巢址的空间分布格局和巢址利用具有重要影响;影响家麻雀巢址分布格局的主要生态因子是食物资源利用和种间巢址竞争。     

不同密度条件下芨芨草空间格局对环境胁迫的响应

基于小尺度上植物间相互作用与空间格局的高度相关性,选用可避免环境异质性影响的K2点格局函数,研究了沙枣-芨芨草群落中63个芨芨草样方(3密度条件×3生境条件×7重复)中芨芨草种群在小尺度下(0—0.5 m)的空间格局,探讨了在3种密度条件(高、中、低)及3种生境条件下(冠盖区、过渡区、空旷区),芨芨草种群空间格局对土壤理化性质胁迫(盐分、有机质及容重)程度的响应。研究结果表明,就土壤盐分,养分含量及土壤容重而言,土壤理化性质胁迫程度沿冠盖区、过渡区和空旷区增加的趋势。相应地,芨芨草种群呈聚集分布的样方比例在沿冠盖区(6/21)较低,而在过渡区(11/21)和空旷区(11/21)较高。然而,在不同密度条件下,芨芨草种群空间格局对土壤性质胁迫的响应不同。在低密度条件下,芨芨草种群在冠盖区多数为聚集分布(4/7),在过渡区和空旷区全部为聚集分布;中密度条件下,芨芨草聚集分布样方比例沿冠盖区-过渡区-空旷区梯度增加(分别为2/7,3/7,4/7),但低于同等胁迫条件下低密度样方中聚集分布数量;高密度条件下,在各胁迫条件下,除了一个过渡区高密度样方,其余芨芨草种群均为随机分布。总体上,随着环境胁迫增强,在中低密度下,芨芨草种群趋向于聚集分布;但在高密度下,芨芨草种群均以随机分布为主。此外,芨芨草种群空间格局随密度变化趋势比随土壤理化性质胁迫梯度变化趋势更加明显,可能表明相对于土壤理化性质胁迫程度,芨芨草种群密度对其空间格局影响更大。因此,在考虑芨芨草种群空间格局对环境胁迫的响应时,应当考虑种群密度因素。     

淫羊藿分株种群特征及其与箭叶淫羊藿空间分布的点格局分析

对四川省南充市金城山3个不同海拔梯度(560m、653m、774m)上的淫羊藿分株种群特征以及用聚块性指标(m*/m)、聚集指数、Cassie指标、扩散系数和点格局分析法,分别对淫羊藿基株种群与海拔771m处箭叶淫羊藿基株种群的空间分布格局进行了研究。结果显示:在低海拔梯度560m处淫羊藿分株种群密度达到最大,随着海拔的升高,淫羊藿分株种群密度显著减小。不同海拔高度下,淫羊藿分钻种群根冠比在774m处最高。3种海拔梯度上,淫羊藿基株种群空间分布格局为集群分布;箭叶淫羊藿基株种群在尺度(t)0~0.01之间呈随机分布,在0.01~0.5之间呈集群分布。最后,结合保护淫羊藿和箭叶淫羊藿的药用资源以及点格局分析方法在研究草本植物种群空间分布格局中的优越性展开了讨论。     

穴蚁蛉的自然种群动态

本文主要报道了穴蚁蛉 Myrmeleon(Morter) sagax(Walker)幼虫的野外自然种群数量动态。穴蚁蛉 1年发生 1代 ,在自然界其幼虫 3～ 5月份数量平稳略有下降 ,5、6月间数量迅速下降 ,6月初数量最少 ;7～ 9月份数量迅速上升 ,而后下降 ;新一代穴蚁蛉幼虫 (蚁狮 )在 6月份出现。其种群 ,秋季以 1龄幼虫数量为多 ,冬季主要以 2龄幼虫为主越冬 ,春季以 3龄蚁狮占优势。春季野外采集来的蚁狮 ,在每日光照 14小时、每周两饲 (每次饲 1头米蛾 Corcyra cephalonica成虫 )的条件下饲养 ,结果发现 ,采集回时处于 3龄期的蚁狮比自然界大约提前 1个月结茧化蛹和羽化 ;而采集回时处于 2龄期的蚁狮则和自然界中的情况基本一致。     

茂兰喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林树种的空间分布格局及其分形特征

分析种群的空间分布格局有助于推断格局形成的潜在生态过程和机制,是生态学研究的重要内容。采用4种格局强度指数(聚块性指数、格林指数、扩散系数和负二项参数)以及分形维数中的计盒维数(D_b)和信息维数(D_i)对贵州茂兰国家级自然保护区亚热带喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶混交林中30种乔木的种群空间分布格局及其分形特征进行了分析,同时分析了不同生长阶段(幼树、中树和成树)空间分布的分形维数变化,比较了2种分形维数与5种种群结构参数和4种格局强度指数间的相关关系。结果表明:(1)30种树种中,除皱叶海桐(Pittosporum crispulum)和油柿(Diospyros oleifera)外,其余28种乔木树种的种群空间分布格局均呈现聚集分布,这种普遍的聚集性与喀斯特生境的高度异质性和种子扩散限制密切相关;(2)30种树种空间分布的D_b值介于0.589-1.870,D_i值介于0.498-1.711。分形维数值越大,表征种群对空间环境的占据利用能力越强,个体空间聚集强度越强,在群落中往往处于优势地位;反之则表明其对环境的占据能力弱,个体聚集程度越低,往往处于伴生地位;(3)从幼树、中树到成树阶段,30种树种空间分布的D_b和D_i平均值呈极显著的降低趋势,这可能与种内和种间的密度制约性死亡效应有关,导致种群随年龄的增加其聚集度和空间占据能力逐渐减弱;(4)相关分析表明,30种树种的种群多度和重要值与D_b和D_i均呈现显著正相关关系,表明种群多度和重要值的变化与种群空间占据能力和聚集程度存在密切关系。4种格局强度指数中,除聚块性指数外,其余3种指数与D_b和D_i值呈现显著或极显著相关性,表明分形维数D_b和D_i值可以用于表征种群空间分布的聚集程度。利用格局强度指数和分形维数准确量化了茂兰喀斯特森林树种的空间分布格局,其结果有助于揭示喀斯特森林群落物种共存的潜在维持机制。     

海南岛黎母山四眼斑水龟种群密度与空间分布格局

2004年3～7月,采用系统抽样法在海南岛黎母山对四眼斑水龟（Sacalia quadriocellata）种群密度与空间分布进行了调查,采用Cassie指数、David＆Moore指数、Morisita指数和Lloyd指数测定了四眼斑水龟种群空间分布格局。结果表明,（1）四眼斑水龟种群分布于海拔170～470m范围内,在垂直梯度上呈现不连续的分布状态;（2）在海拔170～470m范围内种群相对密度为0．011～0．050只／笼捕日;（3）种群空间分布呈现聚集分布格局;（4）资源的空间分布特点和人为干扰可能对四眼斑水龟种群密度及空间分布格局有重要影响。     

高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对高山嵩草群落及其主要种群空间分布特征的影响

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)有效洞穴密度变化会引发高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)草甸植物群落及其种群分布格局发生变化。采用野外调查法研究了高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度对高山嵩草群落特征及其主要种群分布格局的影响。结果表明:随高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度增加,高山嵩草草甸植物群落的优势种没发生明显变化,部分伴生种发生更替;高度、盖度、多样性指数和均匀度指数呈现降低态势;地上生物量和丰富度指数变化不明显;高山嵩草和矮火绒草(Leontopodium nanum)种群的盖度、密度以及生物量均呈现降低态势,而达乌里秦艽(Gentiana dahurica)和小花草玉梅(Anemone rivularis var.flore-minors)种群的盖度、密度和生物量呈增加趋势。高山嵩草和矮火绒草的种群分布格局从8个/625m2和14个/625m2的聚集分布分别变为34个/625m2时的均匀分布和随机分布,达乌里秦艽和小花草玉梅种群从8个/625m2和14个/625m2的随机分布变为23个/625m2和34个/625m2时的聚集分布,这说明高原鼠兔有效洞穴密度变化改变了高山嵩草群落的特征和主要植物种群的空间分布格局,而对应群落特征和种群分布格局改变的有效洞穴密度为14个/625m2和23个/625m2。     

安徽琅琊山青檀种群结构与空间分布格局研究

通过设置500m2样方8个,应用“相邻格子法”获取野外资料,采用空间序列代替时间的方法与6种聚集度指标,对安徽琅琊山青檀的种群结构与空间分布格局进行了研究.结果表明:(1)各样地的青檀种群结构大致可分为增长型、稳定型和衰退型3种类型;(2)不同样地青檀种群分布格局主要为集群分布;(3)不同发育阶段种群分布格局有所差异,...     

水杉原生种群结构及空间分布格局

水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides)是我国特有濒危极小种群物种, 其种群的状态一直被国内外学者广泛关注。分析现存水杉原生种群结构和空间分布格局及其空间关联性, 可以从空间格局角度深入认识水杉原生种群结构和分布格局及可能的形成机理。本文基于湖北利川境内水杉原生种群的野外调查数据, 分析其径级和高度级结构, 同时运用点格局分析中的成对相关函数g(r)以及3个零模型(完全空间随机模型、异质泊松模型、先决条件模型)分析水杉原生种群空间分布格局、各龄级空间分布格局及空间关联性。结果表明: (1)分布于研究区域内的水杉原生种群个体数共5,663株, 已死亡33株, 现存活5,630株, 其中40株濒临死亡, 465株处于衰弱状态, 部分个体呈现不同的形态特征和生长状况, 断梢和蚁害最为常见, 雷击是最致命的危害。(2)水杉原生种群结构分析显示, 其径级结构和高度级结构均呈纺锤型, 自然更新不良。(3)基于完全空间随机模型, 水杉原生种群在各尺度下均呈现聚集分布, 中龄树在较小尺度(r < 3,300 m)上呈现聚集分布, 成年树和老龄树在较大尺度(r < 4,700 m)上呈现聚集分布; 排除生境异质性影响后, 聚集尺度均减小, 所以种群及不同龄级的聚集尺度分别为0-3,000 m、0-2,100 m、0-2,900 m和0-2,500 m, 随后呈现为微弱的随机分布和均匀分布。(4)基于完全空间随机模型, 3个龄级之间在所有尺度均为正关联; 在排除生境异质性影响后, 不同龄级的正关联尺度减小, 均在0-2,800 m呈正关联。综上, 水杉原生种群个体数量正呈现逐步减少的趋势, 种群主要呈聚集分布, 各个龄级间具有正向的关系, 从现有的空间格局来看, 生境异质性、扩散限制和种内竞争是导致该格局的主要原因。     

高寒退化草地甘肃棘豆小尺度点格局

植物种群的空间格局是植物与环境协同适应的结果,体现了植物种群的生活史对策。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,在祁连山北坡选择未退化(Ⅰ)、轻度退化(Ⅱ)、中度退化(Ⅲ)和重度退化(Ⅳ)4种高寒草地,研究了甘肃棘豆(Oxytropis kansuensis)种群小尺度格局的空间异质性。结果表明:随着天然草地退化程度的加剧,甘肃棘豆种群高度、盖度、地上生物量和密度增大,小株丛(一级)比例逐渐减小,大株丛(二、三级)比例逐渐增大;甘肃棘豆的分布格局表现出与尺度关联的变化趋势,在未退化(梯度Ⅰ)和轻度退化(梯度Ⅱ)草地,甘肃棘豆种群在较小尺度上表现为聚集分布,较大尺度上表现为随机分布;在中度(梯度Ⅲ)和重度(梯度Ⅳ)退化草地,种群空间分布格局则表现出相异的格局特征。随着草地退化程度加剧,甘肃棘豆种群的聚集分布格局由小尺度转向较大尺度,体现了植物种群的扩散和更新策略。     

棉田烟粉虱种群的空间格局

在转Bt基因棉花（国抗22号）和对应的常规亲本棉（泗棉3号）棉田中对烟粉虱的垂直分布和水平分布格局进行了调查.结果表明,7月份烟粉虱成虫在棉株垂直方向上分层不明显;8月份以后,棉株上层虫口密度显著高于中层和下层.在水平分布上,烟粉虱成虫和若虫的空间格局基本相同,种群密度较低时呈均匀分布,较高时呈聚集分布,且种群密度越高,聚集强度越大.从整个发生期间看,烟粉虱成虫和若虫都处于扩散和聚集交替进行的动态过程中.国抗22号和泗棉3号棉田烟粉虱的空间格局基本一致.     

Lack of concordance between mtDNA gene flow and population density fluctuations in the bank vole

The genetic structure of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus was determined from analyses of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences, and compared with previous data on geographical synchrony in population density fluctuations. From 31 sample sites evenly spaced out along a 256-km transect in SE Norway a total of 39 distinct mtDNA haplotypes were found. The geographical distribution of the haplotypes was significantly nonrandom, and a cladistic analysis of the evolutionary relationship among haplotypes shows that descendant types were typically limited to a single site, whereas the ancestral types were more widely distributed geographically. This geographical distribution pattern of mtDNA haplotypes strongly indicates that the range and amount of female dispersal is severely restricted and insufficient to account for the previously observed synchrony in population density fluctuations. We conclude that geographical synchrony in this species must be caused by factors that are external to the local population, such as e.g. mobile predators.     

黑河下游胡杨种群的点格局分析

采用空间点格局分析方法中的Ripley K函数,将宏观的地理环境与微观的点格局相结合,分析了不同尺度下黑河下游胡杨种群的空间分布格局.结果表明: 胡杨种群密度随离河距离增大而减小,且东河胡杨种群密度整体上高于西河;胡杨种群分布格局随空间尺度的变化而变化,主要在中尺度5～12 m呈聚集分布,在小尺度0～2 m和大尺度38～40 m呈随机分布,极少呈均匀分布;胡杨种群在不同离河距离主要呈聚集分布,且聚集强度随离河距离的增大呈增大趋势,而胡杨种群在离河距离较远的地段有扩散趋势,转为随机分布.表明胡杨种群内部的生态联系对空间尺度具有很强的依赖性,胡杨种群空间分布主要受表层土壤含水量和地下水埋深的影响.     

Site specific distribution of the mud shore crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Helograpsus haswellianus</Emphasis> in temperate wetlands

An important aspect in determining the ecology of a species is an understanding of its abundance and distribution. The population structure and distribution of Helograpsus haswellianus (Brachyura, Grapsidae) were evaluated over 12 months at four intertidal wetland sites that differed in vegetation and inundation. Surface activity of H. haswellianus varied over time with no consistent seasonal pattern. Sex ratios were always significantly skewed towards males, and crabs of both sexes were distributed evenly across habitats at all sites. Recruitment patterns and size frequency distributions varied significantly between sites, independent of habitats. Crabs were smaller in wetter, more sheltered areas, but size ranges overlapped between habitats. The site-specific difference in population structure and distribution of H. haswellianus indicates that the functional role of this burrowing crab may vary across wetlands.     

Thermal responses and temperature tolerance of a dessert ant-lion larva

1. 1.Cueta trivirgata larvae construct pits in the dry Kuiseb River bed in the Namib Desert.

2. 2.An art, Ocymyrmex robustior comprises 65.4% of the biomass of prey consumed by the ant-lions.

3. 3.O. robustior is active between surface temperatures of 27–68°C.

4. 4.Ant-lions tolerate high body temperatures (LD₅₀ = 53.4°C).

5. 5.By exploiting the pit microclimate and by digging below the surface during extreme thermal loads, ant-lions can capture prey at surface temperatures of 13–63°C.

6. 6.These behavioural and physiological adaptations enable ant-lions to maximize the duration of vigilance and hence prey capture success.

Unusual space-time patterning of the Fallon, Nevada leukemia cluster: Evidence of an infectious etiology

The town of Fallon within Churchill County, Nevada exhibited an unusually high incidence of childhood leukemia during the years 1997-2003. We examined the temporal and spatial patterning of the leukemia case homes in comparison to the distribution of the general population at risk, other cancer incidence, and features of land use. Leukemia cases were predominantly diagnosed during the early to mid summer, exhibiting a seasonal bias. Leukemia cases lived outside of the "developed/urban" area of Fallon, predominantly in the "agriculture/pasture" region of Churchill County, circumscribing downtown Fallon. This pattern was different from the distribution of the underlying population (p-value<0.01) and different from the distribution of other cancers, which were evenly distributed when compared to the population (p-value=0.74). The unusual space-time patterning of childhood leukemia is consistent with the involvement of an infectious disease. A possible mode of transmission for such an infectious disease is by means of a vector, and mosquitoes are abundant in Churchill County outside of the urban area of Fallon. This region harbors a US Navy base, and a temporally concordant increase in military wide childhood leukemia rates suggests the base a possible source of the virus. Taken together, our current understanding of the etiology of childhood leukemia, the rural structure combined with temporal and geospatial patterning of these leukemia cases, and the high degree of population mixing in Fallon, suggest a possible infectious cause.     

Differences in male and female macaque dispersal lead to contrasting distributions of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA variation

Male macaques typically leave their natal group before sexual maturity, while females remain for life. Thus genes flow between groups and populations almost solely through male transfer. This asymmetrical dispersal pattern, affects the distribution of variation in the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes differently Nuclear genetic variation, measured by allozyme polymorphisms, is relatively evenly distributed throughout the populations of a macaque species, provided there are no major geographical barriers. Conversely the distribution of maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) diversity is characterized by local homogeneity and large interpopulational differences. Because of differences in inheritance, dispersal, and population structure, the information contained in nuclear and mitochondrial genomes is best used to address different types of behavioral, genetic, and conservation questions.     

利用ISSR标记研究野大豆居群内遗传变异及其取样策略

为了有效地保护野大豆(Glycine soja Sieb.et Zucc.)并制定合理的居群取样策略,对上海江湾机场的一个天然野大豆居群进行了100个单株(个体)的随机取样,并用ISSR分子标记对其进行了遗传多样性分析。利用筛选出的15条ISSR引物在这个居群中检测到较高的遗传变异,样本内个体间的相似系数变化在0．17～0．89之间。居群内平均每个位点的平均预期杂合度(He)为0．1714,香农指数(I)为0．2714。PCA分析显示,江湾野大豆居群内的遗传变异不是呈均匀分布,而是呈丛状分布。该野大豆居群遗传多样性和样本内个体数量间的相关性分析显示：在个体数少于40的情况下,遗传多样性随个体数的增加而迅速增加：当样本中的个体数大于40时,遗传多样性的增加减慢并很快趋于饱和。研究表明：对野大豆居群进行异地保护时,对各居群的采样植株数不应当低于35～45;在居群内采样时,所采集的个体之间最好相隔一定的空间距离。     

Vertical Disentrainment of Anabaena circinalis in the Turbid, Freshwater Darling River, Australia: Quantifying Potential Benefits from Buoyancy

The migration patterns of phytoplankton through time and depthwere measure in the Darling River at Revallyn, New South Wales,Australia during a bloom of Anabaena circinalis. Anabaena circinaliswas able to disentrain and maintain position witin surface watersduring the early morning, coinciding with the diel period ofleast wind speeds and a state of no detectable thermocline (0.1°Cdetection limit). Anabaena circinalis concentrations were upto 10 times higher in the surface waters than in the bottomwaters during the morning sampling periods. Afternoon and midnightsampling periods revealed either a small amount of surface accumulationor none. All other phytoplankton were found to have a relativelyeven distribution throughout the water column at all time periodsmeasured (except Aulacoseira on one occasion). These verticaldistribution data were used to determine the potential benefitbuoyant A. circinalis could gain over an evenly distributedpopulation using a quantitative estimate of primary productivity.The buoyant population was found to have a daily integral ofphotosynthetic O₂ production of 3.63 mol m ^–2, five timesgreater than that for the evenly distributed population. Lossesdue to respiration were greater for the evenly distributed population(29.5%) than the buoyant population (4.8%), probably due tothe amount of time cells spent outside the euphotic zone. Itis suggested that buoyancy may offer considerable advantageto A.circinalis in gaining dominance in turbid freshwater rivers.Further, buoyancy may offer some advantage even without strongthermal gradients.     

珍稀濒危植物中甸刺玫种群结构与空间分布格局研究

为了揭示中甸刺玫Rosa praelucens的种群特征,在香格里拉中甸刺玫分布区域设置10个样方,编制中甸刺玫的静态生命表、存活曲线、χ2值、连接系数(AC)、种间共同出现百分率(PC)等指标对中甸刺玫种群结构进行分析;采用Cassie指标(CA)、丛生指标( I )、负二项式分布参数 (K)、聚块性指数(PAI)等聚集强度指数分析种群分布格局。结果表明：(1)中甸刺玫种群属于衰退型,年幼树种较少,老年的个体所占比例较大,种群更新慢;(2)按照Deevey的分类,中甸刺玫的存活曲线属于III型;(3)进行χ2检验,发现中甸刺玫群落中各物种间的独立性比较大;(4)中甸刺玫种群分布格局基本遵循聚集分布的格局。