青藏高原特有种子植物区系特征及多样性分布格局

青藏高原拥有丰富的种子植物, 但对该地区特有植物的区系特征以及多样性还鲜有报道。本文通过植物志(书)以及在线数据库, 整理了只分布于青藏高原地区的种子植物名录及其地理分布, 分析了它们的科属特征、区系成分以及多样性空间分布格局。结果表明: 青藏高原共有特有种子植物3,764种, 隶属113科519属, 多数为草本植物(76.3%); 包含100种以上的科有菊科、毛茛科、列当科等15个, 属有马先蒿属(Pedicularis)、杜鹃花属(Rhododendron)、紫堇属(Corydalis)等7个; 从属的区系成分来看, 温带成分占主导(67.5%)。青藏高原特有植物多样性格局呈现从高原东南部向西北部逐渐递减的趋势, 其中东喜马拉雅-横断山脉的物种多样性非常丰富, 而且多数物种分布在高原的中海拔地带。理解青藏高原特有物种的特征及多样性格局对探讨高原植物区系的演化历史和物种保护有重要启示。     

柳属植物在秦岭地区的分布和分化

本文对秦岭地区41种柳属植物采用简约性分析讨论形态演化,采用聚类分析讨论地理分布式样和分化。秦岭地区有较完整的多雄蕊类群→两雄蕊类群→单雄蕊类群的演化。其分布式样和区系特征和邻近地区即华北、华中和西南成分联系密切,表现出明显的过渡性质,其中青藏高原成分占重要地位,特别可以从太白山分布上去说明。本区的地理分化也被青藏高原成分和华中成分所作用。     

青海茶卡-共和盆地及其毗邻地区种子植物区系

茶卡-共和盆地及其毗邻地区位于青海省的东部,约处于北纬34°45′～37°00′,东经98°45′～101°30′。海拔2800～5305m,面积约38300km2,属于高原大陆性气候类型。本区共有野生种子植物59科、277属、854种。分别占青海省总科数的65.56%、总属数的54.53%、总种数的37.37%。区系特征如下:1、种类相对较贫乏,木本更贫乏。2、就属的层面而言,本区属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具旱生温性、耐寒温性和高寒类型的温带区系性质。3、许多种、属和热带类型均以本区为边缘分布区,因而区系的边缘性质明显。4、为青藏高原高寒区系、黄土高原温性(草原)植物区系和亚洲东部荒漠区系在我国的交汇过渡区,区系的过渡性质明显。5、是青藏高原植物亚区唐古特地区的一部分。6、是青海植物区系或“唐古特植物地区”划分植物亚地区的关键区域。     

秦皇岛市非中国特有种植物的区系分析

秦皇岛市计有野生种子植物1093种,隶属于122科, 513属。其中非中国特有种847种,占总种数的77.4%。中国特有种246种,占总种数的22.6%。本文对非中国特有成分作了区系分析,其中世界分布36种;热带分布55种,占5.2%;温带分布510种,占48.2%;东亚分布242种,占22.9%;中亚东部至华北分布(古地中海成分)2种,占0.2%。因此,秦皇岛植物区系属于东亚和温带亚洲区系,与热带和古地中海区系有微弱的联系。     

重庆市种子植物区系特征分析

对重庆市种子植物区系进行了研究,其区系特征如下:(1)植物种类和区系组成丰富,共分布有野生种子植物208科1 127属4 764种,其科包含12种分布型和13个变型,属包含15种分布型和23个变型;(2)科的区系组成以热带成分占主要,总共包含83科,达到重庆地区种子植物总科数的39.90%,这说明重庆种子植物区系带有一定的热带亲缘关系.属的区系组成以热带成分最多,达到454属,占重庆市种子植物总属数的40.28%,表明重庆地区种子植物区系的热带亲缘关系较强;(3)特有现象明显,虽然本地区分布的特有科属相对较少,但特有种丰富.     

井冈山自然保护区野生兰科植物资源分布及特点

通过对江西省井冈山自然保护区兰科(Orchidaceae)植物的调查,分析了保护区内兰科植物的物种多样性、区系特点、分布格局,并采用SPSS18.0软件对井冈山及其邻近保护区属的种类进行相关和聚类分析。结果表明:井冈山兰科植物种类丰富,共有兰科植物34属75种,中国特有兰科植物19种。井冈山兰科植物资源垂直分布格局明显,不同海拔段的兰科植物分布差异较大,中低海拔的物种分布较多,资源相对保存较好;区系成分复杂多样,井冈山兰科植物属的地理成分可以划分为10个类型2个变型,热带性属占优势,占总属数的67.3%,但热带分布的种仅占本地区总种数的37.3%,而温带分布的种却占62.7%,故井冈山自然保护区属热带植物区系与温带植物区系过渡的交汇地带。井冈山兰科植物与齐云山自然保护区的相似性最高,与武夷山自然保护区的相似性最低。     

青海茶卡- 共和盆地及其毗邻地区种子植物区系

茶卡- 共和盆地及其毗邻地区位于青海省的东部, 约处于北纬34°45′～ 37°00′, 东经98°45′～ 101°30′。海拔2 800～5 305 m, 面积约38 300 km2 , 属于高原大陆性气候类型。本区共有野生种子植物59 科、277 属、854 种。分别占青海省总科数的65 . 56%、总属数的54 .53%、总种数的37 . 37%。区系特征如下:1、种类相对较贫乏, 木本更贫乏。2、就属的层面而言, 本区属于以北温带成分, 特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的, 兼具旱生温性、耐寒温性和高寒类型的温带区系性质。3、许多种、属和热带类型均以本区为边缘分布区, 因而区系的边缘性质明显。4、为青藏高原高寒区系、黄土高原温性( 草原)植物区系和亚洲东部荒漠区系在我国的交汇过渡区, 区系的过渡性质明显。5、是青藏高原植物亚区唐古特地区的一部分。6、是青海植物区系或“唐古特植物地区”划分植物亚地区的关键区域。     

青海东部黄河上游谷地种子植物区系

黄河上游谷地位于青海省的东部,约处北纬35°20′～36°25′,东经100°55′～102°50′。属青藏高原和黄土高原的过渡地带,海拔1780～4969m,面积约13480km2,属于大陆性气候或高原大陆性气候类型。本区共有野生种子植物86科、404属、1027种。分别占青海省总科数的95.56%、总属数的79.53%、总种数的44.95%。区系特征如下:(1)种类相对较丰富,木本丰富。(2)植物种的中国特有性高,地区特有性不高。(3)就属的层面而言,中国种子植物区系15个分布区类型,特别是6个热带类型在青海境内唯一于本区都有出现。(4)属和种的分析表明,本区属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具温性、寒温和高寒类型的温带区系性质。(5)许多种、属和多数热带类型均以本区为边缘分布区,因而区系的边缘性质明显。(6)在植物区系地理方面,本区(特别是孟达林区)为华北区系、横断山区系、青藏高原的高山区系和柴达木高寒荒漠区系的交汇过渡地带,过渡区系性质明显。所以,本区作为远离青藏高原腹地的边缘地带和过渡区系,保持了其高原、高山类型的区系性质,应属距我国北方区系最为接近而高寒区系性质最弱的唐古特地区植物区系。     

湖北兰科植物多样性及其区系地理特征

湖北植被尤其是鄂西地区,在近代以来备受植物学家的关注。该研究基于植物标本、文献资料与野外调查成果,整理出湖北兰科植物名录,结合湖北的地形与气候特征分析了湖北兰科植物的分布格局、区系及多样性特征。结果表明:湖北兰科植物主要分布在西南、西北、东北及东南部山区,以鄂西山地最为丰富,中南部江汉平原最少,900~1 200 m中海拔地段丰富度最高;物种多样性由南至北、由西至东呈递减趋势,鄂西南与鄂西北之间具有最大相似性;除拟兰亚科(subfam.Apostasioideae)外的5个亚科湖北均有分布,计有15族54属141种,单种属和寡种属分别占总属数的50.00%和33.33%;湖北兰科植物东亚分布成分占40.43%,中国特有种占总种数的41.84%,东亚区系主体突出,中国特有成分所占比例较大,其中中国—日本成分占优势;温带属性较强,亚热带向温带过渡特征明显,有25个热带分布属及27个温带分布属,热温比为0.93,种级水平的热带分布类型占8.51%,温带分布类型占91.49%;一些稀缺种在台湾与湖北的间断分布,表明两者植物区系有较强的关联性;湖北兰科植物区系与西南及横断山区联系密切,是与东部地区植物区系交流的中转站。     

大通河流域植物区系

大通河流域共有野生种子植物77科、368属、1 154种。分别占本区所属的青藏高原植物亚区唐古特地区总科数的8556%、总属数的7244%、总种数的5050%。区系特征如下：(1)本区是唐古特地区一个值得提倡大力保护的植物模式标本的集中产地,种类相对较丰富。(2)属的分析表明,本区属于以北温带成分,特别是欧亚大陆温、寒地带典型成分为优势的,兼具温性、寒温和高寒类型的温带区系性质。(3)区系具有年轻和衍生的性质。具体表现在木本类型较少,多年生草本多,缺乏古老的和原始的类群,一些中国特有属种为衍生类群。(4)作为青藏高原的边缘地带和过渡区系,本区系在受到我国华北区系和西南高山区系的双重影响的同时,保持了其高原、高山类型的区系性质。(5)为我国黄土高原植物区系向青藏高原植物区系过渡的代表区系之一。本文的分析表明,在中国种子植物区系分区中,本区属于青藏高原植物亚区中的唐古特地区。     

Distribution of Willows (Salix) in China

The distribution of willows in China is studied in this paper. The origin of this genus and its distribution in the world are also discussed. There are 255 species of willows in China, taking up 46% of the total number of species of this genus in the world. They belong to 37 sections, which represent almost all forms. China is therefore the richest area in species and sections of willows in the world. This is mostly caused by the uplifting of Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) plateau. The willows in China are mainly distributed in northwestern, northeastern and southwestern regions. The northwest is a part of central Asian flora. The northeast is a part of northeastern Asian flora. They both have some of the Europe-Siberia and Arctic-Alpine elements. Qinghai-Xizang plateau is another important distribution center of willows, which has no close relation with other floristic regions. As one of typical genera of the Holarctic flora, Salix has probably originated in the tropical mountains of Southeast Asia.     

The Seed Plant Flora of Valley in Upper Reaches of Yellow River in East Qinghai,China

The valley in upper reaches of Yellow River is situated in the east of Qinghai, China, between latitude 35b20c~ 36b 25c N and longitude 100b55c~ 102b50c E. This area belongs to the transitional zone of Qingha-i Tibetan Plateau and Loess Plateau at an altitudinal range of 1 780m to 4 969 m. The total area is c113 480 km2. Its climate is continental or plateau- continental one. There are 1 027 species of wild seed plants which belong to 86 families and 404 genera in the area. They are 44195% of the total species, 95156% of the total families and 79153% of the total genera in Qinghai, respectively. The floristic characteristics in wild seed plants for the area are as follows: ( 1) Species and woody ones are richer. ( 2) Species endemic to China also richer, but those endemic to Qinghai are very poor. ( 3) On the level of genera, all the fifteen distribution types in China, especia-lly all the six tropical ones only occur in the area in Qinghai. ( 4) On the analysis of genera and species, the flora is temperate in nature which is dominated by North Temperate elements especially the typical elements from the warm and cold zone of Eurasia, and also with some elements of thewarm, cold warm and alpine types. ( 5) The area is of a marginal one in distribution for many species or genera and especially for many tropical ones, so the flora of the area is clear in maginal nature. ( 6) In floristic geography, it is a converged and transitional region for the Loess Plateau Flora, Hengduan Mountians Flora, Alpine Qingha-i Tibetan Plateau Flora, as well as Qaidam Alpine Desert Flora, so the flora of the area is also conspiarously a transitional one. Therefore, as a marginal region far from the center of Qingha-i Tibetan Plateau and with a transitional flora more or less keeping the floristic nature of plateau and alpine types, so the valley in upper reaches of Yellow River in Qinghai should be a flora still belonging to the Tangute one, although it is weaker in alpine nature but conspicuously much more related to North China one.     

A Floristic Study of Flora of Seed Plants of the Chaqia-GongheBasin and Its Contiguous Zone in Qinghai,China

The Chaqia-Gonghe Basin and its contiguous zone is situated in eastern Qinghai of China, between latitude 34°45′- 37°00′N and longitude 98°45′- 101°30′E . Ranging from 2 800m to 5 305 m in altitude, the total area is about 38 300km2 . Its climate is continental or plateau-continental one . There are 854 species of native seed plants belonging to 59 families and 277 genera there , which occupied 37. 37% of the total species, 54 . 53% of the total genera and 65. 56% of the total families in Qinghai respectively . The floristic characteristics of the native seed plants are as follows : ( 1) Number of species and woody ones there are poor . (2) At generic level, the flora is temperate in nature, dominated by north temperate elements especially the typical elements from the warm and cold zone of Eurasia , but also with some elements of warm, cold warm and alpine ones . (3 ) The area is a margin of distribution for many species or genera especially for tropical ones, and thus , the flora of the area is clearly marginal in nature . (4) Floristic-geographically , it is a converged and transitional region for the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau Alpine Flora , Loess Plateau Warm Flora , as well as East Asia Alpine Desert Flora. (5 ) It is a part of the Tangute Flora . (6 ) It is a key area to divide the subregions in the flora of Qinghai on the Tangute Area .     

甘肃洮河流域种子植物区系的初步研究

甘肃洮河流域地黄土高原和青藏高原的交汇地带,植物种类比较丰富,据初步统计,有种子植物１００科,４４８属,１３４６种,其种子植物区系具有下列基本特征;种类组成比较丰富,地理成分复杂,联系广泛,但以温带成分占绝对优势,具典型的北温带性质,区系成分过渡性强。根据特有种的分布情况和自然地理特征,洮河中上游植物区系应地横断山脉地区川西北,甘南,青东南地区,洮河下游应属于华北地区黄土高原亚地区。     

On the origin and distribution of the genus Salix in Qinghai-Xizang plateau

1. Uplifting of Qinghai-Xizang plateau has brought great influence on the origination and distribution of species inside the genus Salix. There are 91 sp. (incl. 2 cult. sp.), 16 var. and 3 f. belonging to 15 Sect. in this region, among these species the endemics attain to 58 sp., 14 var. and 3 f. So it has become one of the most important centres of distribution of Salix in the world. Species common with other regions attain only to 32. Thus it is also clear that correlation between salicaceous flora in this region and that of other regions is not so much developed, and that the salicaceous flora of Qinghai-Xizang plateau was mainly originated autochthonously during the upheaval of plateau. 2. Along a demarcation line delineated from Gyirong through Lhasa and Qamdo to Lanzhou, to the north-western region the total number of species of this genus is summed up to 7 sp. and 1 var. (incl. 2 cult. sp.), and they distribute only in the West Himalaya and Pamir-Kunlun regions. Besides 2 cult. sp., there is only 1 endemic, and others all should be migrants from Europe or West Asia. In the south-eastern part, because the climate is moister, the species of Salix may be summed up to 84 sp., 15 var. and 3 f., among them 73 sp., 20 var. and 3 f. are endemics, accounting for 68 percent of the total. 3. In East Himalaya and South Henduan Shan (southward of lat. 30°N.) there are 78 sp., 12 var. and 4 f., among them 50 sp., 10 var. and 2 f. are endemics. They represent the different stages of phylogenetic development of this genus. So here may be the centre of origination and distribution of Salix species in the all Sino-Himalaya flora. The common species between East Himalaya and South Henduan Shan regions attain to 41. Because the latter forms a part of Sichuan and Yunnan plateau and the former did not become a land until Quaternary Period, the plants of the former mainly are the migrants from the latter. 4. The most characteristic group of Salix in this region is Sect. Lindleyanae Schneid. with a total of 18 sp. and 1 var. This group adapting to the somewhat environment changes is quite different from Sect. Retusae A. Kern. in the Arctic and high mountains of higher latitudes in many characters, so it should be originated autochtonously, and it is certainly not a migrant from Arctic. This Sect. seems to be developed from Sect. Floccosae Hao and in turn from Sect. Sclerophyllae Schneid. and Sect. Denticulatae Schneid. This developmental direction has assumed an important branch in the phylogenetic development of the whole genus. 5. In addition, there are two interesting and important regions on the north-eastern and eastern to Qinghai-Xizang Plateau, i. e. on the north-east Anymaqen Shan (Amnemachin mountain) and on the east Qiong Lai Shan. There are many endemic species pertaining to these two parts, among these species some may be ancient relicts since Tertiary. It is to be expected that more additional scientific results will be obtainedafter some more extensive works done in these two regions.     

The Classification and Distribution of Genus Deutzia in China

Discussed in the present paper are evolutionary trends of important morphological characters of Deutzia, systematic position of several closely related genera, geographical distribution and characteristics of floristic elements. Finally the classificatory revison of the genus is made and a key to species is given. As a result, evolutionary trends of the important morphological characters in Deutzia are suggested; petals from imbricate to valvate, stamens from indefinite to definite, filaments from edentate to dentate, ovary from half-inferior to inferior. Therefore, the section Neodeutzia with valvate corolla and infinite stamens with edentate filaments should be included in this genus. The sections Neodeutzia and Mesodeutizia seem to be better considered as primitive taxa, while the section Deutzia advanced one. There are 52 species of Deutzia in China , which are grouped into two sections ( Sect. Mesodeutzia, Sect. Deutzia), four subsections (Subsect. Deutzia, Subsect. Grandiflorae, Subsect. Stenosepalae, Subsect. Cymosae)and 17 series. Sixty- five species are so far recognised in the genus Deutzia. They are mainly distributed in E. Asia and disjunctively in N. America. China is therefore an area the richest in species of Deutzia in the world, making up 80% of the total species of this genus. The greatest concentration area is in Sichuan (23 species), Yunnan (21 species), Hubei (12 species) and Shanxi (10 species), this is boundary area between Sino-Himalayan subregion and Sino-Japanese subregion, where occur abundant species (including 39 endemic species) and diverse taxa (2 section and 4 subsection). Based on these facts it is proposed that the present center of distribution and differentiation of Deutzia be in the southern part of the Hengduan Mountains, the Qingling Range and C. China.     

云南省小黑山自然保护区种子植物区系研究

小黑山自然保护区有野生种子植物170科787属2195种。分析表明该区种子植物区系的地理成分复杂,联系广泛。热带性质的属有506属,占总属数的68.6%,温带性质的属有224属,占总属数的30.4%。热带性质的种890种,占总种数的40.9%,温带性质的种有1267种,占总种数的58.3%。表明该地区植物区系具有明显的亚热带性质,同时深受热带植物区系的影响。植物区系来源主要由东亚成分、热带亚洲成分(印度—马来西亚成分)、中国特有成分三部分融合而成。特有现象明显,有东亚特有科5科,中国特有属6属,中国特有种778种,占种总数的35.8%,而云南特有种有355种,占中国特有种的45.6%。保护区还拥有众多的珍稀濒危植物。     

江西木兰科植物区系地理分析

对江西木兰科植物7属23种的地理分布和区系特征进行了分析。属的分布区类型可划分为：热带亚洲分布、东亚一北美间断分布和中国特有分布。种的分布区类型可划分为：热带亚洲分布、东亚分布和中国特有分布。江西木兰科植物可划分为赣北、赣西北、赣西南、赣南、赣东南、赣东北共6个分布区。该区系以亚热带成分为主,具有种类丰富、区系成分复杂、多型性突出、特有现象较显著和与周边省份联系较密切等特点,属木兰科植物现代分布中心边缘分化比较强烈的区域之一。     

青藏高原跳甲亚科昆虫区系研究

讨论青藏高原（包括横断山区）的跳甲亚科昆虫区系。该区已知47属228种。1）据属级阶元的分布类型分析,以东洋属和南型属种显占优势,是区系主体,显示该区跳甲区系的热带渊源,其中高山属种赋予该区以高山区系特征;2）该区物种分化活跃,是某些多种属中国种类的分布中心和分化中心;3）联系中国跳甲亚科区系,在地理分布格局上显示西－东分布,如Hespera属的分布和西南－东北分布或西南－东北的间断分布格局,如Pentamesa和Stenoluperus属的分布。这种地理分布格局反映青藏高原的隆起给中国昆虫区系带来重要影响。