植物有效利用土壤磷特性的遗传学研究进展

植物有效利用土壤磷的特性是一系列形态、生理、生化特性的综合反映,包括植物根系活化土壤中难溶性磷、对磷的吸收、转运、分配与利用等。而这些特性又均受控于特定的遗传机制。本文简要概述该特性的细胞遗传学、数量遗传学的研究进展。     

三峡库区珍稀濒危植物荷叶铁线蕨的生物学特性及保护对策

荷叶铁线蕨为三峡库区珍稀濒危植物 ,已被国家列为二级保护植物。本文较系统地综述了荷叶铁线蕨的生物学特性 ,包括其形态特征、生长特性、地理分布、生态学特性和群落学特性 ,分析了荷叶铁线蕨濒危的可能原因 ,并提出了保护措施     

酸马奶中乳酸菌的鉴定及生物学特性的研究

[目的]对从酸马奶中分离出来的10株乳酸菌进行鉴定和生理生化特性研究,为工业生产筛选特性优良的菌种.[方法]通过形态学观察、生理生化特性、分子生物学特性及其对致病菌抑制作用的研究对其进行鉴定,并筛选特性优良菌株.[结果]10株乳酸菌分别为2株Lactobacillus plantarum、2株Enterococcus villorum、2株Enterococcus dispar、3株Enterococcus durans和1株Enterococcus raffinosus;其对Staphylococcus aureus、Escherichia coli和Enteritidis bacillus有不同程度的抑制作用.[结论]菌株HZ24、HZ25具有良好的生物学特性和益生功能,可以应用到食品发酵工业生产中.     

珍稀濒危植物独叶草的生物学特性及保护对策

对我国特有的珍稀濒危植物独叶草的生物学特性,包括其形态特征、生长特性、生境特点、群落学特性和地理分布进行了较系统的综述,分析了独叶草濒危的可能原因,并提出了一些保护措施.     

葡激酶的研究进展

本文综述了葡激酶的生化特性、溶栓特性、免疫原性和临床应用方面的研究进展。     

太子参生物学特性的研究

报道了江苏地道药材太子参Pseudostellaria heterophylla (Miq.)Pax ex Pax et Hoffm的生物学特性,包括形态特征、主要分布区和主产区、生态特性、种子萌发特性、生长发育特性等,为进行太子参的规范化栽培提供科学依据。     

鄂尔多斯地区自然发酵苦菜中优良特性乳酸菌的筛选

【背景】鄂尔多斯地区传统自然发酵苦菜风味和作用独特,但目前尚无关于发酵苦菜中乳酸菌种类及其生物学特性研究的报道。【目的】获得适用于工业化生产特性优良的乳酸菌。【方法】通过测定总酸度筛选高产酸菌株,并进行形态学鉴定、生理生化特性研究,以及16S rRNA基因片段分析。【结果】经鉴定5株高产酸的菌株均为植物乳杆菌,生长温度范围宽,并且具有耐酸、耐碱、耐盐、耐热的特性。【结论】试验菌株具有优良的生理特性和潜在的益生特性,可用于食品工业的生产。     

珍稀濒危植物翅果油树的生物学特性及其保护

翅果油树为我国特有植物,已被列为国家二级重点保护树种。本文较系统地综述了翅果油树的生物学特性,包括其外部形态、内部结构、染色体核型、生长特性、地理分布、生态学和群落学特性、根瘤固氮活性及化学成分等。文章还分析了翅果油树濒危的可能原因并提出了保护措施。     

猫外膝体神经元非寻常的方位调谐特性──Ⅱ．在去视皮层猫和视觉剥夺猫（Dark－reared cats）的研究

以移动的正弦光栅作为刺激,用玻璃微电极记录以冰冻法毁损皮层１７、１８、１９区和外侧上雪氏回（ＬＳ）区后的猫外膝体的单细胞反应,测定了了５７９个细胞的方位调谐特性．另外还在视觉剥夺猫外膝体测定了３４４个细胞的方位调谐特性．与正常猫相似,去视皮层猫和视觉剥夺猫外膝体的少数细胞（约占１０％）具有非寻常的方位调谐特性,包括具蝴蝶形调谐曲线的方位调谐特性、双调谐（Ｂｉｍｏｄａｌ）的方位调谐特性和最优方位随刺激空间频率的不同而变化的方位调谐特性。结果表明,外膝体的非寻常的方位调谐特性并非主要由皮层下行投射所致,而是主要与先天遗传因素有关。     

干旱胁迫对植物气孔特性影响研究进展

综述干旱胁迫对植物叶片气孔特性的影响,从气孔大小、气孔密度、气孔导度等方面概括植物气孔对干旱胁迫的响应,分析植物气孔特性与其抗旱性的关系,并对气孔特性的研究方向进行展望。     

略论棕榈科与新分出的省藤科的系统分类、演化、区系地理及主要的经济用途

棕榈科原省藤亚科因其子房壁及外果皮被倒生、螺旋状排列的鳞片所覆盖,而区别于其他亚科,因而独立分出成一新科--省藤科。作者讨论了棕榈科的祖先种可能在石炭纪时,自原始裸子植物开以顿目在分化、衍生出苏铁目祖先种的进化干上,于白垩纪时分化出的一个分支。在棕榈科的祖先种出现不久后,在其进化的分支上,于白垩纪后期又分化出一旁支,成为棕榈科的姊妹科--省藤科的祖先种。从两祖先种分别再分化、衍生出现今分布地球上该二科的属与种。两科、尤其前者是被子植物、尤其是单子叶植物中最原始的类群之一。作者还提出棕榈科象牙椰亚科与贝叶棕亚科是该科最原始或较原始的两类群;槟榔亚科和腊材榈亚科是较进化的两类群;而水椰亚科祖先种可能源于象牙椰亚科的祖先种,但又演化为该科最进化与特化的类群。省藤科省藤亚科略比鳞果榈亚科原始。作者讨论了两科为泛热带分布的科,指出两科的"现代分布区"在南北两半球热带地区,少数种还延伸分布到两半球暖亚热带、甚至达中亚热带地区,分布区边缘最北达日本中部、中国长江流域及黄河下游的南部,美国加利佛尼亚州与佛罗里达州和地中海北部;最南达智利中部和新西兰南部;而"现代分布中心"在热带与暖亚热带的亚洲,中、南美洲,大洋洲及非洲的东、南、西部;但分布区的"密集中心"则在热带亚洲、热带中及南美洲、南太平洋群岛及非洲东南部。作者还介绍了近50年我国南方引种驯化成功的两科植物近400种(见^*图谱),其中少数为耐寒的种类,有的种已引种到长江流域或更北的地区。引种的大部分种都有其重要的经济用途,包括:1. 食用,如淀粉和树液可制"西米"或制糖,酿酒、醋或作饮料;果或种子榨油,供食用或工业用;某些种的嫩芽作蔬菜,甚至种子代咖啡饮用;2. 药用,有消炎、止血、活血、驱虫、抗癌等用;3. 建筑、工艺与日用品,包括不少种的树干供建普通房子、桥梁、小船;少数种可提制工业用蜡;许多种的纤维制高级缆绳和编织品;还制工艺品与日用品等;4. 代表热带景观的园林工程、绿化及美化环境的观赏树和人行道树及建造园林景观生态类型的树种等。     

中国昆虫染色体研究现状与展望

简要叙述了中国昆虫染色体研究的现状,包括研究涉及的昆虫类群、核型分析结果、研究方法和手段、染色体有丝分裂、减数分裂、染色体形态变异、结构变异和数量变异等。我国学者对昆虫染色体研究从20世纪30年代开始,迄今已对蜉蝣目、蜚蠊目、直翅目、半翅目、同翅目、鞘翅目、鳞翅目、双翅目、蚤目和膜翅目等10目481种昆虫的核型进行了研究,主要集中在蝗虫、蝽类、蚜虫、蚕类、果蝇、摇蚊及实蝇等。在染色体行为方面的研究主要有：蚕类和果蝇等有丝分裂;蜚蠊类、蝗类、蝽类和蚕类的减数分裂及性别决定机制;部分昆虫的联会复合体分析。染色体结构变异的研究主要集中在果蝇和蚊类昆虫的唾腺染色体;果蝇的B染色体;蚕类和蚊类昆虫染色体的缺失、易位和倒位等变异;蚕蛾类的数量变异。研究结果多应用于昆虫系统分类和进化的探讨,揭示昆虫遗传与变异规律。通过与国外研究成果对比,提出昆虫染色体研究的必要性,并对我国未来昆虫染色体研究进行了展望。     

Sugars in crop plants

We review current knowledge of the most abundant sugars, sucrose, maltose, glucose and fructose, in the world's major crop plants. The sucrose‐accumulating crops, sugar beet and sugar cane, are included, but the main focus of the review is potato and the major cereal crops. The production of sucrose in photosynthesis and the inter‐relationships of sucrose, glucose, fructose and other metabolites in primary carbon metabolism are described, as well as the synthesis of starch, fructan and cell wall polysaccharides and the breakdown of starch to produce maltose. The importance of sugars as hormone‐like signalling molecules is discussed, including the role of another sugar, trehalose, and the trehalose biosynthetic pathway. The Maillard reaction, which occurs between reducing sugars and amino acids during thermal processing, is described because of its importance for colour and flavour in cooked foods. This reaction also leads to the formation of potentially harmful compounds, such as acrylamide, and is attracting increasing attention as food producers and regulators seek to reduce the levels of acrylamide in cooked food. Genetic and environmental factors affecting sugar concentrations are described.     

State and management of wetlands in Bangladesh

Wetlands are a vital link between land and water in Bangladesh. A majority of the people of Bangladesh are critically dependent on wetlands. In this paper, the values of wetlands, causes and effects of wetlands degradation, as well as the present wetlands management approach, are analyzed and recommendations for wetlands management are suggested based on participatory rural appraisal (PRA), field visit, personal experience, and existing literature and information. Wetlands play a crucial role in maintaining the ecological balance of ecosystems, but wetlands habitat of Bangladesh is under constant threat due to increase of population, intensive agriculture, overfishing, siltation, pollution, ill-planned infrastructures, lack of institutional coordination, lack of awareness, etc. As a result biodiversity is reducing, many species of flora and fauna are threatened, wetlands-based ecosystem is degenerating, and the living conditions of local people are deteriorating as livelihoods, socioeconomic institutions, and cultural values are affected. Wetlands management is not addressed separately in water management activities of Bangladesh. In order to balance human needs and wetlands conservation, a mainly community-based wetlands management approach has been taken in Bangladesh, but this is not enough to prevent the degradation of wetlands. Therefore, Bangladesh now needs a comprehensive strategy combining political, economic, social, and technological approaches to stop further degradation of wetlands. Therefore, wetlands management should be incorporated into a system of integrated land and water use and, indeed, into the socioeconomic system of the country. Policies, strategies, and management plans for sustainable use and conservation of wetlands of Bangladesh must be based on solid knowledge and understanding of their ecological and socioeconomic functions and processes.     

The role of the microbiome in the neurobiology of social behaviour

Microbes colonise all multicellular life, and the gut microbiome has been shown to influence a range of host physiological and behavioural phenotypes. One of the most intriguing and least understood of these influences lies in the domain of the microbiome's interactions with host social behaviour, with new evidence revealing that the gut microbiome makes important contributions to animal sociality. However, little is known about the biological processes through which the microbiome might influence host social behaviour. Here, we synthesise evidence of the gut microbiome's interactions with various aspects of host sociality, including sociability, social cognition, social stress, and autism. We discuss evidence of microbial associations with the most likely physiological mediators of animal social interaction. These include the structure and function of regions of the ‘social' brain (the amygdala, the prefrontal cortex, and the hippocampus) and the regulation of ‘social’ signalling molecules (glucocorticoids including corticosterone and cortisol, sex hormones including testosterone, oestrogens, and progestogens, neuropeptide hormones such as oxytocin and arginine vasopressin, and monoamine neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine). We also discuss microbiome‐associated host genetic and epigenetic processes relevant to social behaviour. We then review research on microbial interactions with olfaction in insects and mammals, which contribute to social signalling and communication. Following these discussions, we examine evidence of microbial associations with emotion and social behaviour in humans, focussing on psychobiotic studies, microbe–depression correlations, early human development, autism, and issues of statistical power, replication, and causality. We analyse how the putative physiological mediators of the microbiome–sociality connection may be investigated, and discuss issues relating to the interpretation of results. We also suggest that other candidate molecules should be studied, insofar as they exert effects on social behaviour and are known to interact with the microbiome. Finally, we consider different models of the sequence of microbial effects on host physiological development, and how these may contribute to host social behaviour.     

蜜蜂脂肪体的形态和功能研究进展

脂肪体是昆虫体内的一种多功能器官,近似于脊椎动物的肝脏, 分布于昆虫腹部、胸部甚至头部腔体中,以腹部脂肪体最为发达。蜜蜂脂肪体有外周脂肪体和围脏脂肪体两种类型,由营养细胞、尿酸盐细胞和绛色细胞组成。同其他昆虫中类似,脂肪体在蜜蜂的生命活动中扮演着重要的角色,其形态和功能随发育阶段、季节和劳动分工的变化而变化。脂肪体结构相对简单,但生理功能非常复杂。脂肪体最主要的功能是能量物质的储存和代谢,其不仅是蜜蜂营养物质(即脂质、碳水化合物和蛋白质)的中央储存库,而且是营养代谢的中间站,具有多种能量和物质相互转换的酶系,承担代谢水的供应并合成嘌呤和嘧啶及许多重要的蛋白质。同时,脂肪体是昆虫发育和行为调控过程中各种激素和营养信号的交换中心,脂肪体激素和营养信号参与调控蜜蜂脂肪体发育、营养物质代谢、生殖及劳动分工。脂肪体兼具能量储存和释放、生物合成和分解、营养感知调节、代谢信号整合、内分泌调节、免疫和解毒、磁场感受、提高抗寒能力、保护体腔内器官等多种功能。鉴于脂肪体的重要作用,蜜蜂脂肪体形态和功能的研究成果可以对昆虫营养信号通路的解析、蜂产品高产良种的选育和蜜蜂病害防治的研究提供参考和思路。     

Global diversity of dobsonflies,fishflies, and alderflies (Megaloptera; Insecta) and spongillaflies,nevrorthids, and osmylids (Neuroptera; Insecta) in freshwater

The insect orders Megaloptera and Neuroptera are closely related members of the superorder Neuropterida, a relict lineage of holometabolous insects that also includes the Raphidoptera. Megaloptera, composed of the families Sialidae and Corydalidae (including subfamilies Chauliodinae and Corydalinae), has fully aquatic larvae that occur in a wide variety of lotic and lentic habitats, including temporary streams. In total, 2 of 17 families of Neuroptera have aquatic larvae: Nevrorthidae live in the benthos of fast-flowing streams and Sisyridae reside on freshwater sponges. A third family of Neuroptera, Osmylidae, contains some water-dependent species that reside under leaves and rocks along the margins of waterbodies. We recognize 328 extant, described species of Megaloptera (composed of 116 species of Chauliodinae, 131 species of Corydalinae, and 81 species of Sialidae) and 73 species of aquatic Neuroptera (composed of 12 species of Nevrorthidae and 61 species of Sisyridae). Additionally, we estimate that 45 species of Osmylidae are water-dependent, although the ecology of this group is poorly understood. Chauliodinae and Corydalidae are both found in the New World, the Oriental region, and South Africa, but are absent from Europe, the Middle East, Central Asia, tropical Africa, and boreal regions. Chauliodinae is quite speciose in Australia, whereas Corydalinae is absent. Sialidae is most speciose in temperate regions, and is absent from tropical Africa and portions of the Oriental region. Sisyridae and Osmylidae are nearly cosmopolitan, but the relict family Nevrorthidae is limited to Japan, the Mediterranean, and Australia. The discovery of many new species in recent years, particularly among Corydalidae in the Neotropics and China, suggests that our knowledge of aquatic neuropterid diversity is far from complete. Guest editors: E. V. Balian, C. Lévêque, H. Segers and K. Martens Freshwater Animal Diversity Assessment     

Shark Tagging: A Review Of Conventional Methods and Studies

The tagging of sharks using conventional tags has long been recognized as a valuable means for studying various aspects of their life history, migrations and movements, and population structure. Conventional tags are defined as those that can be identified visually without the use of special detection equipment. Tagging studies specifically targeting sharks began in the late 1920's, and today numerous cooperative shark tagging programs exist worldwide. Cooperative programs depend on the joint participation of scientists and public volunteers to accomplish research objectives. Benefits and problems of these programs are discussed using the tagging methodologies, protocols, and results of the National Marine Fisheries Service Cooperative Shark Tagging Program. An additional 63 shark tagging studies and programs of all types are reviewed. Information useful for behavioral, biological, and fishery management studies can be derived from data resulting from these studies, including species and size composition, sex ratios, spatial and temporal distribution, migrations, movement patterns, rates of travel, delineation of pupping grounds, distribution of maturity intervals, indices of relative abundance, and recognition of individuals. Specific tagging experiments can be designed to provide additional data on age and growth, homing and site fidelity, dispersal rate, residence time, movement rates, tag shedding, and population parameters (e.g. size, mortality, recruitment, exploitation, interaction rates, and stock identity). Sources of bias inherent in tagging and recapture data include mortality, variation in tagging effort and fishing pressure, non-recovery and non-reporting of tags, and tag shedding. Recent advances in tagging methodologies that complement and extend conventional tagging studies will further our knowledge on shark movements and migrations, particularly in the areas of resource utilization and management, space utilization, and population dynamics.     

How Romanowsky stains work and why they remain valuable — including a proposed universal Romanowsky staining mechanism and a rational troubleshooting scheme

Abstract

An introduction to the nomenclature and concept of “Romanowsky stains” is followed by a brief account of the dyes involved and especially the crucial role of azure B and of the impurity of most commercial dye lots. Technical features of standardized and traditional Romanowsky stains are outlined, e.g., number and ratio of the acidic and basic dyes used, solvent effects, staining times, and fixation effects. The peculiar advantages of Romanowsky staining are noted, namely, the polychromasia achieved in a technically simple manner with the potential for stain intensification of “the color purple.” Accounts are provided of a variety of physicochemically relevant topics, namely, acidic and basic dyeing, peculiarities of acidic and basic dye mixtures, consequences of differential staining rates of different cell and tissue components and of different dyes, the chemical significance of “the color purple,” the substrate selectivity for purple color formation and its intensification in situ due to a template effect, effects of resin embedding and prior fixation. Based on these physicochemical phenomena, mechanisms for the various Romanowsky staining applications are outlined including for blood, marrow and cytological smears; G-bands of chromosomes; microorganisms and other single-cell entities; and paraffin and resin tissue sections. The common factors involved in these specific mechanisms are pulled together to generate a “universal” generic mechanism for these stains. Certain generic problems of Romanowsky stains are discussed including the instability of solutions of acidic dye–basic dye mixtures, the inherent heterogeneity of polychrome methylene blue, and the resulting problems of standardization. Finally, a rational trouble-shooting scheme is appended.