水稻温敏叶绿素突变体叶片超微结构的研究

对温敏转绿型叶绿素突变体1103S和武金4B“斑马叶”性状表达过程中叶绿素含量、叶绿体超微结构的变化进行了比较研究。结果表明,在一定条件下,叶片的失绿、复绿与叶绿素含量的下降、上升变化趋势一致;叶绿体结构在失绿区表现为严重退化,基粒和基粒片层减少,淀粉粒和嗜锇粒增多;复绿后,其叶绿体结构重建和恢复     

水稻温敏叶绿素害变体叶片超微结构的研究

对温敏转绿型素突变体1103S和武金4B“斑马叶”性状表达过程中叶绿素含量,叶绿体超微结构的变化进行了比较研究,结果表明,在一定条件下,叶片的失绿,复绿与叶绿素含量的下降,上升变化趋势一致;叶绿体结构在失绿区表现为严重退化,基粒和基粒片层减少,淀粉粒和嗜饿粒增多,复绿后,其叶绿体结构重建和恢复。     

温敏失绿突变体水稻1103s在失绿过程中全叶蛋白的变化

从全叶蛋白比较入手,研究了温敏失绿突变体水稻（ＯｒｙｚａｓａｔｉｖａＬ．）１１０３ｓ失绿前、后的变化,并结合该突变体在不同温度处理和遗传背景下叶片全蛋白的变化特征分析了变温诱导与失绿的关系。结果表明,诱导后１１０３ｓ的叶片上,失绿部分的组织中没有出现冷胁迫的迹象,其Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ的大、小亚基表现正常。一个５１ｋＤ（ＰＩ＝４．５）的特异蛋白Ｐ１在失绿部分的组织中消失,而在叶片绿色部分的组织中检测到了Ｐ１蛋白,不过量有所减少,说明在失绿叶片上突变基因的表达存在组织差异性。Ｐ１蛋白在常温下生长的１１０３ｓ叶片中为一大量蛋白,此蛋白在“８９０２ｓ”、“窄叶青８号”等品种中均可检测到;并且持续低温处理的１１０３ｓ植株和１１０３ｓ×８９０２ｓ杂交一代的叶片中Ｐ１蛋白的表达未受影响。由此推测,Ｐ１蛋白是水稻叶片中的一个与叶绿素的代谢过程密切相关的重要功能蛋白。在１１０３ｓ中,Ｐ１蛋白的变化不是温度诱导的直接后果,而是受突变所导致的温敏过程调控的下游变化。     

水稻温敏失绿突变体的Rubisco活化酶活性、蛋白质与氨基酸组分的变化

在水稻温敏失绿突变性状表达过程中,对其Rutbsico含量、Rubsico活化酶活性,全叶蛋白及游离氨基酸组分变化进行测定。结果表明：突变体的Rubisco结构和含量与野生型一样,保持相对稳定;而其Rubisco活化酶活性则随一个分子量为56．2kD(PI=4．5)的特异蛋白质的存在与消失发生明显改变。当突变性状表达时,分子量为56.2kD(PI=4．5)的特异蛋白消失,其Rubisco活化酶活性下降;当叶片失绿区域复绿时,56.2kD(PI=4．5)特异蛋白出现,则Rubisco活化酶活性上升。这一密切地相关关系表明,突变体的Rubisco活化酶活性变化在光合作用过程中,除与自身结构和含量有关外,还与叶片中这一特异蛋白的存在密切相关,它可能是Rubisco活化酶活性的调节蛋白。这种调节具体表现在氨基酸代谢上,是对上游氨基酸的阻遏调控,从而使叶绿体的结构物质合成受阻,最终导致类囊体膜的退化。     

水稻温敏失绿突变体的Rubisco活化酶活性、蛋白质与氨基酸组分的变化

在水稻温敏失绿突变性状表达过程中,对其Rubsico 含量、Rubsico 活化酶活性,全叶蛋白及游离氨基酸组分变化进行测定。结果表明:突变体的Rubisco 结构和含量与野生型一样,保持相对稳定;而其Rubisco 活化酶活性则随一个分子量为56.2kD(PI=4.5)的特异蛋白质的存在与消失发生明显改变。当突变性状表达时,分子量为56.2kD(PT=4.5)的特异蛋白消失,其Rubisco 活化酶活性下降;当叶片失绿区域复绿时,56.2kD(PI=4.5)特异蛋白出现,则Rubisco 活化酶活性上升。这一密切地相关关系表明,突变体的Rubisco 活化酶活性变化在光合作用过程中,除与自身结构和含量有关外,还与叶片中这一特异蛋白的存在密切相关,它可能是Rubisco 活化酶活性的调节蛋白。这种调节具体表现在氨基酸代谢上,是对上游氨基酸的阻遏调控,从而使叶绿体的结构物质合成受阻,最终导致类囊体膜的退化。     

小麦旗叶黄化转绿突变体的生理分析及细胞学研究

叶色突变体是研究植物光合作用机理的理想材料。该研究以小麦旗叶黄化转绿突变体LF2090及其野生型H_261为材料,对其主要农艺性状、光合色素含量、光合参数和叶绿体超微结构进行比较分析。结果显示:突变体在旗叶黄化期叶绿素b含量显著降低,叶绿体结构基本正常,光合速率无显著变化;在旗叶转绿期,突变体叶绿素b相对含量提高,但各色素含量均显著下降,叶绿体内基粒大部分消失,细胞间CO_2浓度及光合速率均显著下降。研究表明,叶绿素a与叶绿素b间的比例变化导致突变体旗叶叶片颜色发生由黄转绿的变化;突变体LF2090旗叶气孔部分关闭是该突变体光合速率降低和农艺性状较差的主要原因,同时色素含量降低导致叶绿体结构的改变也影响着旗叶的光合效率。     

水稻叶绿体基粒缺乏突变体的叶绿素蛋白质复合体分析

我们曾报道一个细胞核隐性基因控制的黄绿色水稻突变体。其叶片的叶绿素含量仅为正常品种叶片的1/3,Chla:Chlb比值很高;叶绿体缺乏基粒,即基粒数和每一基粒的片层数均很少;但以叶绿素量为基数的光合活性较高。为了认识色素含量、基粒结构和光合功能之间相互关系,对正常品种和突变体叶绿体膜的叶绿素蛋白质复合体作了比较分析。结果表明,突变体缺乏24KD的捕光叶绿素a/b蛋白质复合体,但富有28KD的叶绿素a蛋白质复合体CPa。从试验结果推论,叶绿体片层的垛叠和捕光叶绿素a/b蛋白质复合体的含量有正的相关,非垛叠片层则富有叶绿素a蛋白质复合体CPa;     

一个黄绿色水稻突变体的光合作用特性

本文报道一个黄绿色水稻突变体光合器官结构和功能的某些特点,该突变体是作者通过花药培养得到的细胞核突变体。突变体叶片的叶绿素含量、叶黄素和β-胡萝卜素含量分别约为正常叶片的30％、40％和75％;chl a/chl b比值显著高于正常叶片。对SDS增溶的叶绿体片层叶绿素蛋白质复合物分析表明,突变体的捕光chl a/chl b蛋白质复合物极度减少,该复合物的chl a/chl b比值大于3。突变体的叶绿体明显缺乏基粒堆积,在日光下容易较快积累淀粉粒。突变体的叶绿体悬液有较高的铁氰化钾光还原活性。在2万lux日照强度下,突变体叶片同化二氧化碳的速率,以单位叶面积计算为正常叶片的75％,以单位叶绿素计算为正常叶片的185％。结果证明,叶绿体基粒结构与捕光chl a/b蛋白质含量正相关,它并非为光合作用基本过程的进行所必需。     

小麦黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构研究

利用透射电镜对小麦自然黄化突变体及其突变亲本(西农1718)叶片细胞叶绿体的数目、形态及超微结构进行比较分析。结果发现:(1)3种不同黄化程度突变体的叶绿体分布、数目、形状及大小与突变亲本无明显差异;(2)突变体叶绿素含量为野生型58%的黄绿植株与其突变亲本叶绿体超微结构无明显差异,基质类囊体与基粒类囊体高度分化,基粒数目以及基粒片层数目较多;(3)突变体金黄和绿黄植株的叶绿素含量分别为野生型的17%、24%,其叶绿体超微结构与突变亲本明显不同,突变体的叶绿体发育存在明显缺陷,其中突变体金黄植株的叶绿体内无基粒、基质片层清晰可见,有淀粉粒,嗜锇颗粒较多,而突变体绿黄植株的叶绿体内有基粒,但明显少于突变亲本,且基粒片层较少,基质类囊体较发达。结果表明该黄化突变体叶绿体超微结构的改变,是由于叶绿素含量降低造成,推测,该黄化突变是由于叶绿素合成受阻导致的。     

水稻叶色突变体叶绿体发育规律研究

从温敏核不育系水稻'810S'中筛选出一个生长发育正常的淡黄绿叶色自然突变株'标810S',其叶绿素含量约为'810S'的50%,光合速率比野生型高.以'810S'为对照,对'标810S'进行叶片形态、叶肉细胞和叶绿体超微结构以及叶绿体蛋白研究.结果显示,'标810S'的叶长、宽和面积与'810S'相似;叶肉细胞和叶绿体发育稍迟缓,片层结构减少;叶绿体蛋白约为对照的55%,并初步鉴定出与光合作用相关的差异蛋白点13个,其中4个缺失蛋白,包括1个RuBP大亚基缺失.推测该水稻突变体叶色变浅与叶绿体基粒片层减少有关.     

金叶连翘叶片色素含量和解剖结构研究

金叶连翘不同冠层的成熟叶片呈现为不同颜色。以朝鲜连翘深绿色叶为对照,观察金叶连翘冠层上、中、下位叶色,测定其叶片大小和叶绿素a、叶绿素b、总叶绿素及类胡萝卜素含量,同时观察分析叶片横切面解剖结构,旨在阐明叶片色素含量和解剖结构对叶色的影响。研究表明:上层黄色、中层黄绿色、下层浅绿色,黄、黄绿、浅绿色叶总叶绿素含量分别是对照组的0.51%、4.44%和66.47%,均极显著低于对照(P <0.01),但黄绿叶的叶绿素a/b比值显著升高(P <0.05),黄、黄绿叶的总叶绿素/类胡萝卜素比值极显著降低(P <0.01)。黄、黄绿叶的叶绿体发育停滞于单片层时期,类囊体分化程度低,浅绿叶类囊基粒片层肿胀;黄叶细胞器降解,栅栏组织细胞形状难以辨别,黄绿叶上表皮细胞凸起。金叶连翘属于总叶绿素及叶绿素b合成减少型突变体,表现为叶绿素严重缺失,类胡萝卜素相对含量升高;其叶绿体发育停滞,类囊体结构异常,是金叶连翘叶片呈现不同颜色的主要因素,与其叶片解剖显微结构无关。     

表达阳离子抗菌肽的转基因棉花表型异常

用基因枪轰击茎尖法将人工合成的阳离子抗菌肽CEMA基因导入棉花中,获得3株转基因棉花,它们均出现嵌合体表型。在表型不正常的枝条上,叶片扭曲畸形,出现灰绿色与绿色条纹相间的花叶,花器发育异常、无花粉、人工授粉不能结实。花叶区的叶绿素含量降低约20％,叶肉栅栏组织细胞局部缺损,维管束及其管状分子数目减少。叶片灰绿色区叶肉细胞的次生壁明显增厚,局部区域吞噬现象明显,叶绿体内基粒片层数目较少,嗜锇小体明显较多,类囊体腔不明显。PCR分析表明,仅在不正常枝条的花叶中检测到外源CEMA基因。     

Dismantling of Arabidopsis thaliana mesophyll cell chloroplasts during natural leaf senescence

One of the earliest events in the process of leaf senescence is dismantling of chloroplasts. Mesophyll cell chloroplasts from rosette leaves were studied in Arabidopsis thaliana undergoing natural senescence. The number of chloroplasts decreased by only 17% in fully yellow leaves, and chloroplasts were found to undergo progressive photosynthetic and ultrastructural changes as senescence proceeded. In ultrastructural studies, an intact tonoplast could not be visualized, thus, a 35S-GFP::δ-TIP line with a GFP-labeled tonoplast was used to demonstrate that chloroplasts remain outside of the tonoplast even at late stages of senescence. Chloroplast DNA was measured by real-time PCR at four different chloroplast loci, and a fourfold decrease in chloroplast DNA per chloroplast was noted in yellow senescent leaves when compared to green leaves from plants of the same age. Although chloroplast DNA did decrease, the chloroplast/nuclear gene copy ratio was still 31:1 in yellow leaves. Interestingly, mRNA levels for the four loci differed: psbA and ndhB mRNAs remained abundant late into senescence, while rpoC1 and rbcL mRNAs decreased in parallel to chloroplast DNA. Together, these data demonstrate that, during senescence, chloroplasts remain outside of the vacuole as distinct organelles while the thylakoid membranes are dismantled internally. As thylakoids were dismantled, Rubisco large subunit, Lhcb1, and chloroplast DNA levels declined, but variable levels of mRNA persisted.     

建兰水晶艺叶片的超微结构和转录组学分析

水晶艺建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)因其叶片上呈现出白色透明状,犹如水晶而得名,观赏价值高,但是其形成机理不明确。该研究以建兰‘铁骨水晶’为试验材料,通过对水晶叶片和绿色叶片进行显微结构和超微结构观察,并结合转录组测序等方法,探索建兰水晶艺叶片形成的原因。结果表明:(1)建兰‘铁骨水晶’水晶叶片比绿色叶片薄,叶肉细胞数量减少,形状不规则,且叶绿体含量少;水晶叶片的表皮气孔数量较绿色叶片显著减少;水晶叶片的叶肉细胞中叶绿体结构发育不良,叶绿体双膜和类囊体膜模糊,细胞中存在着大量的嗜锇颗粒。(2)转录组数据分析显示,水晶叶片中与光合作用-天线蛋白、光合作用等代谢途径相关的基因表达量显著下降,而与色素合成代谢途径相关的基因表达量上升。研究推测,建兰水晶艺叶形成的原因可能是由于与光合作用相关的基因表达量降低,导致叶绿体发育不良,叶绿素合成受阻,从而形成白色透明状叶片。     

Three-dimensional organization of higher-plant chloroplast thylakoid membranes revealed by electron tomography

The light-harvesting and energy-transducing functions of the chloroplast are performed within an intricate lamellar system of membranes, called thylakoid membranes, which are differentiated into granum and stroma lamellar domains. Using dual-axis electron microscope tomography, we determined the three-dimensional organization of the chloroplast thylakoid membranes within cryo-immobilized, freeze-substituted lettuce (Lactuca sativa) leaves. We found that the grana are built of repeating units that consist of paired layers formed by bifurcations of stroma lamellar sheets, which fuse within the granum body. These units are rotated relative to each other around the axis of the granum cylinder. One of the layers that makes up the pair bends upwards at its edge and fuses with the layer above it, whereas the other layer bends in the opposite direction and merges with the layer below. As a result, each unit in the granum is directly connected to its neighbors as well as to the surrounding stroma lamellae. This highly connected morphology has important consequences for the formation and function of the thylakoid membranes as well as for their stacking/unstacking response to variations in light conditions.     

Characteristics of Photosynthate Partitioning during Chloroplast Development in Avena Leaves

The first leaves (40 millimeters long) of 4-day-old light-grown Avena sativa L. cv Victory I seedlings contained a complete age sequence of cells from the base to the tip, and within these tissues all stages of chloroplast development could be observed. Although chloroplasts underwent progressive development, a marked increase in number of thylakoids per granum, in chloroplast volume, and in chlorophyll content occurred in the region between 20 and 30 millimeters from the base. Photosynthetic CO₂ fixation (per unit chlorophyll) increased markedly during chloroplast development and closely followed structural changes in chloroplasts. It was also found that the partitioning of photosynthates differed greatly in the segment from 30 to 40 millimeters (at the tip of the leaf) compared with the segment nearer to the leaf base, although both total ¹⁴CO₂ fixation and chlorophyll content per segment did not change significantly along the length of the leaves. As the thylakoid system reached full maturation, partitioning of photosynthates into sucrose increased but partitioning decreased into starch, lipids, and phosphorylated intermediates.     

Heat shock increases thermotolerance of photosynthetic electron transport and the content of chloroplast membranes and lipids in wheat leaves

Preliminary heating of 15-16-day-old wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants for 3 h at 37–38°C (heat shock, HS) increased the tolerance of photosynthetic electron transport (determined as the reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol by isolated chloroplasts) toward heating of leaves at 42–48°C in high light (100 klx). At the same time, HS did not affect the activity of the xanthophyll cycle reactions in the 30–48°C temperature range. HS exposure induced an increase in the thylakoid length, the number of grana, and the average number of thylakoids per granum. The volume of the thylakoid system increased 1.4-fold. Such indices as the total content of chlorophylls (a + b), the chlorophyll a/b ratio, as well as the contents of individual carotenoids, chloroplast membrane proteins, and the soluble leaf proteins remained unchanged. The de novo photosynthetic membrane formation was accompanied by the 1.5-fold increase in major chloroplast lipids. It was concluded that, in mature wheat chloroplasts, HS induced the formation of thylakoids characterized by a changed molecular structure and by increased lipid/protein and lipid/chlorophyll ratios.     

水杨酸和茉莉酸甲酯对丹参幼苗叶片显微结构、光合及非结构糖积累的影响

研究了水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)处理对丹参(Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge)幼苗叶片显微结构、叶片光合能力及幼苗中非结构糖积累的影响.结果显示:SA处理增加了丹参幼苗叶片气孔密度;叶肉细胞排列紧密、体积减小,叶肉细胞内叶绿体数目减少,但叶绿体体积增大,叶绿体基粒片层结构的数目增加;叶片中叶绿素a、b含量、叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率以及净光合速率均增加;同时,幼苗根中和叶片中酸性转化酶活性降低,幼苗地上部分蔗糖含量及可溶性糖总量显著高于对照.MeJA处理减少了叶片气孔密度,气孔发育畸形;叶肉细胞间隙增大,栅栏细胞层数减少,叶肉细胞内叶绿体数目减少,叶绿体体积减小,叶绿体基粒片层结构被破坏;叶片中叶绿素a及类胡萝卜素含量、叶片的净光合速率低于对照,叶气孔导度、蒸腾速率增强;同时,幼苗根中及叶中酸性转化酶活性增加,幼苗根中蔗糖含量及可溶性糖总量显著低于对照.可见,SA处理能促进植物叶片显微结构发育,增强叶片光合能力,抑制蔗糖降解并促进蔗糖积累;而MeJA处理则破坏了植物叶片显微结构,降低了叶片光合能力,促进了蔗糖降解并减少蔗糖积累.