大熊猫取食时的利手研究

利手现象广泛存在于人类和非人灵长类动物,以往曾开展了深入的研究工作.然而,针对灵长类以外的物种,尤其是珍稀濒危物种是否存在利手,未曾有过报道.以我国珍稀濒危物种大熊猫为研究对象,通过行为观察法,首次对其利手现象进行了系统研究.结果发现大熊猫在个体水平存在利手现象,但是在群体水平不存在明显的一侧利手优势.雄性个体的利手指数与其年龄呈现显著的负相关关系(r=-0.590,P=0.008,N=19),即幼年雄性个体多表现为左利手,成年和老年雄性多表现为右利手.雌性不存在类似的相关关系(r=0.219,P=0.245,N=30).相对单一的食性和取食、活动及育幼方式,可能是影响大熊猫利手指数的主要原因.     

金丝猴(Rhinopithecus)消化系统的主要特征

在疣猴科种类的消化系统研究中,Ayer（1948）对亚洲的长尾叶猴和Hill（1952）对非洲的橄榄疣猴作了较详细的研究。至于中国的金丝猴,除了本文作者（1983）对胃作了研究外,尚无其他报道。本文就金丝猴消化系统的主要特征报道于后,并与有关种类作了比较。     

金丝猴(Rhinopithecus)的某些结构特征

本文在对金丝猴的三个种群作系统解剖的基础上,与其他灵长类以及金丝猴的三个种群之间进行了比较。结果表明:在金丝猴与其他灵长类进行比较的44个项目中,金丝猴特有者9项;与叶猴相同而与其他灵长类不同者4项;与疣猴类的共同特征9项;与叶猴、类人猿和人相似而为其他猴类所不具备的特征有5项;与类人猿和人相似而为叶猴和其他猴类所不具备的特征有17项。因此,我们认为金丝猴的地位在叶猴之上,是猴超科(Cercopithecoidea) 中最进化的一个属,在灵长类系统发育中处于猴类与猿类之间的中间地位。在金丝猴三个种群之间互异比较中,相互不同的特征均超过60％,似乎完全有理由把它分立为三个种。     

金丝猴(Rhinopithecus)甲状腺的C细胞

本文以HE和镀银显示法研究了三种金丝猴甲状腺C细胞的形态与分布。结果表明,金丝猴的C细胞为圆形或椭圆形,主要分布在甲状腺外侧叶上1/3偏内侧的深部,在下1/3外侧缘浅表面也有少量细胞分布。细胞数量少,分布范围窄,主要位于滤泡内和滤泡之间,以单个细胞分布为主,但在滤泡之间偶尔见到有2—3个细胞在一起的。其他部位未见C细胞。三种金丝猴C细胞的形态、数量和分布无明显差异。     

黑长臂猿(Hylobates concolor)鸣叫行为研究

本文基于对云南黑长臂猿多年的野外研究,报道其鸣叫行为的一些特性。黑长臂猿通常在上午鸣叫,且大多数发生在930分以前,鸣叫的起始时间具季节性变化,有两个较为集中的时间,一个在730分左右,另一个在830分左右,然而起始时间并不与日出时间一致。黑长臂猿平均每两天鸣叫一次,日鸣叫发生频次在50％左右,鸣叫的发生也随着季节而变化。鸣叫的持续时间无群体的差异,一次鸣叫的平均时间在12分钟左右（除了GG群）,但群体在不同季节鸣叫时间长短不一。本文的研究结果同时还表明一个群体的鸣叫并未引起邻近其它群体的鸣叫。     

白眉长臂猿(Hylobates hoolock leuconedys)的染色体研究

本文对两只雄性白眉长臂猿的染色体的C带、G带及Ag-NORs分布进行了较详细的分析,证实染色体数2n=38,并对该种的分类地位提出了一些新看法。     

滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)子宫颈的大体和显微形态学

本文研究了滇金丝猴子宫颈的形态结构。结果表明,滇金丝猴的子宫颈不发达,呈扁平状结构。不存在子宫颈丘,子宫颈管基本上是直的或稍弯曲;粘膜平滑,腺体和隐窝贫乏。子宫颈外口为较薄的腹侧唇和较厚的背侧唇所包围。背侧穹窿深于腹侧穹窿。复层鳞状上皮与柱状上皮的连接位于子宫颈外口处。子宫颈上皮由纤毛细胞和分泌细胞组成。     

滇金丝猴和菲氏叶猴血红蛋白及几种同功酶的比较研究

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术对滇金丝猴和菲氏叶猴血红蛋白和几种同功酶在相同电泳条件下进行了分析和比较。 电泳:采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶圆盘电泳(8.9×0.5cm),T=6.5％;聚丙烯酰胺凝胶板电泳(14×13cm),T=7.2％,pH8.3的Tris—Glycine缓冲液;北京六一仪器厂DYY—Ⅲ型电泳仪;电流3mA/管、2mA/cm~2;电流时间3h(圆盘),5h(板)。染色参考Davidson et al.(1965)、Tashion et al.(1971)、Mikio Kuboki(1978)、牛满江、童弟周(1978)等的方法并略加修改。     

川金丝猴(Rhinopithecus roxellanae)月经周期促黄体素(LH)的分泌水平

本工作用改进的LH体外生物测定法,测定了一只川金丝猴两个月经周期的晨尿LH含量。结果表明LH峰分别出现在各月经周期的第16天和第11天。LH峰的平均水平为100.0±9.0 miu/ml尿[以人促黄体素(hLH)69/104作为标准],是滤泡期LH平均水平的6倍,黄体期LH平均水平的4倍。提示川金丝猴月经周期LH的分泌情况与人和猕猴的极为相似。     

云南龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性分析

2006年11月-2007年12月,对云南云龙县龙马山滇金丝猴(Rhinopithecus bieti)冬季食性进行了研究.采用粪便显微组织学分析技术分析龙马山滇金丝猴冬季采食植物的种类组成和比例,并测定了该猴群主要取食的15种植物(包括两种松萝科植物)(取食食物百分比>1%)和次要取食的10种植物(取食食物百分比<1%)的化学成分.研究结果表明,龙马山滇金丝猴冬季取食的植物共计26科45种,其中云龙箭竹、长松萝、花松萝、实竹、空心箭竹分别占19.78%、10.28%、8.37%、4.93%、4.46%,是滇金丝猴冬季主要取食的植物种类,占取食植物的47.99%.木本植物和草本植物的叶是滇金丝猴的主要食物,在冬季食物中所占百分比最高,达75%.冬季滇金丝猴比较喜欢采食P/F值较高、单宁含量较低的食物,其主要食物比次要食物含有较高的P/F值和较低的单宁(P<0.05).     

白头叶猴种群的调查研究

1991年7—10月,作者在广西扶绥县(山弄)癝对白头叶猴种群进行调查。结果表明:生活在(山弄)癝栖息地的白头叶猴为166只,分属28个猴群和3只雄性独猴。最大群有16只,最小群2只,平均每群5.3只。种群密度为每平方公里8只。在已划分年龄组的23个猴群中,成年猴88只,占67.6％,青年猴25只,占20.2％,幼猴20只,占12.2％。     

笼养白头叶猴夏季水分摄入与消耗的初步研究

叶片中的水分含量是白头叶猴水分的主要来源,占水分需求总量的８３．６８％,其它的１６．３２％来自于自由水。在笼养条件下,白头叶猴可饮用自来水,野生状态下,动物饮用露水或雨水。尽管饮水行为不是每天都有,但能经常观察到,特别是在夏季雨后．除了体表和呼吸系统的水分蒸发外,白头叶猴通过尿和粪便丢失的水分含量分别是４４．６８％和５５．３２％。     

THE OLFACTORY-GUSTATORY BASIS OF FOOD PREFERENCE IN THE HERBIVOROUS PROSOBRANCH, LITTORINA LITTOREA (LINNAEUS)

Studies of food preference often measure the rate of consumptionof prey items by a predator; this confounds the factors determiningattractiveness and edibility, ignoring the fact that preferencesare probably resolved at the pre-ingestive stage of a consumer'sfeeding behaviour. In this paper, a novel technique has beendeveloped to measure the importance of chemical stimuli to feed,perceived by olfactory and gustatory means, as determinantsof the subsequent feeding behaviour of the generalist intertidalherbivore,Littorina littorea (L.). Cell-free extracts of a rangeof algae were presented simultaneously, impregnated in artificialcellulose-based substrates. Subsequent ranking of feeding preferencesreveals hierarchies which correspond with those establishedby other workers, using intact algae to feed L. littorea. Extractsof ephemeral early successional species (e.g. Ulva lactuca,Porphyra umbilicalis) generally provoke a more positive feedingresponse than perennial late successional species (e.g. Fucusvesiculosus, Asco-phyllum nodosum). Animals fed a preferredalga (Ulva lactuca) prior to preference trials displayed a reductionin the strength of preference relative to starved animals. Therewas no evidence of ‘switching’ of preference rankingsdue to satiation, however. These findings confirm the importanceof olfactory-and gustatory-mediated feeding behaviour as theprimary determinant of food preference in L. littorea. Theyare consistent with the hypothesis that the factors which determinethe attractiveness of a food type, such as chemical cues, arethe criteria by which consumers predict the value of that food.     

北京市手足口病的病原学研究

1984年北京手、足、口病流行时,采集了18例病人的皮疱液标术。用乳小白鼠作病毒分离,10份阳性,鉴定为阿萨奇A16型病毒(CoxA16)。双份血清标本中和抗体测定结果亦证明为CoxA18感染。     

PREFERENCE HIERARCHIES AND THE ORIGIN OF GEOGRAPHIC SPECIALIZATION IN HOST USE IN SWALLOWTAIL BUTTERFLIES

Four allopatric populations of the widely distributed western anise swallowtail butterfly, Papilio zelicaon, use different plant genera as hosts, but simultaneous choice experiments showed that these populations have diverged only slightly in oviposition preference. Of the four populations—two from southeastern Washington State, one from coastal southwestern Washington State, and one from central California—three use hosts that are not available to any of the others. Although variation for the degree of preference for particular plant species occurred within and among populations, all four populations ranked hosts in the same overall order. Monophagy on a local, low-ranking host outside the range of high-ranking hosts did not necessarily lead to the loss of preference for those high-ranking hosts, thereby indicating that the high-ranking hosts would still be accepted, and in some cases even preferred, if a population encountered them again. Hence, the overall preference hierarchy among P. zelicaon populations appears to be evolutionarily conservative. Analyses of differences among families within the California population indicated that increased preference for some hosts is inversely correlated, whereas preference for other hosts may be uncorrelated. Positive correlations may also occur but were not observed among the plant species tested. Overall, the results indicate local monophagy on different plant species in P. zelicaon has not involved major reorganizations in the preference hierarchy of ovipositing females, even in populations that may have fed on a low-ranking host for many generations. Instead, small increases in preference for local hosts have occurred within an evolutionarily conservative preference hierarchy.     

黑线仓鼠的食物与食量

作者从1983年至1989年,在河北省三个不同的气候区,对农田中的黑线仓鼠(Cricetulus,bara-bensis)的食物与食量进行了调查。结果表明,黑线仓鼠主要取食农作物种子。同时取食草籽和根、茎、叶、花、果实及动物性食物。不同地区、不同作物地、不同季节和年度、不同性别鼠的食物差异显著。食物差异与鼠的种群繁值及数量动态有关。月夹捕率与颊囊中食物的总检出率和种子检出率正相关非常显著。直线回归方程式分别为y=38.388+2.866x n=60 r=0.343>r_(0.01)=0.325和y=29.734+2.669x r=0.394>r_(0.01360)=0.325。黑线仓鼠对食物的选择,主要受到食物质量的影响,同时也受到食物频度、作物的物候变化、动物的群落结构、种群密度、种内与种间竞争等多种因素的综合影响。在不同的时间和栖息地影响它食物选择的主要因素不同。日食量4-5g。     

鸡脚参化学成分研究

从鸡脚参[Orthosiphon wulfenioides(Dies)Hand．-Mazz]根部分离得到5种物质(Ⅰ～Ⅴ),通过波谱分析鉴定Ⅰ～Ⅳ为豆甾醇(Ⅰ)、豆甾醇-3-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖甙(Ⅱ)、6,7-去氢罗伊林酮(Ⅲ)和白桦酸(Ⅳ),Ⅴ为齐墩果酸与乌苏酸的混合物。     

TRANSPORT OF UNCONTAMINATED AND MOLLUSCICIDE-CONTAINING FOOD IN THE DIGESTIVE TRACT OF THE SLUG DEROCERAS RETICULATUM (MULLER)

By X-ray analysis of food transport in the alimentary tractof Deroceras reticulatum it was shown that even ten hours afteringestion of a thorium sulfate-containing bait, this materialcan be detected in the crop. After 2.5 h, some parts of labelledfood passes down from the anterior to the posterior part ofthe gut. After 13 h, thorium sulfate-containing material canbe observed only in the gut. After 19 h, no more labelled materialis present in the alimentary tract of the animals. After addition of Cloethocarb, the animals feed on only smallamounts of food. The labelled material only enters the anteriorpart of the gut. After ten hours, the food does not move anymore and does not leave the crop even 19 h after feeding. After molluscicide application, the crop epithelium is moreinfolded than in control animals and the cells are elongated.After 30 h, cells protrude into the lumen of the digestive tract. (Received 11 May 1992; accepted 26 June 1992)     

A QUANTITATIVE GENETIC ANALYSIS OF OVIPOSITION PREFERENCE AND LARVAL PERFORMANCE ON TWO HOSTS IN THE BRUCHID BEETLE,CALLOSOBRUCHUS MACULATUS

The presence of positive genetic correlations between oviposition or feeding preference for hosts, and performance on those hosts, is of fundamental importance to models of host race formation, sympatric speciation, and the maintenance of genetic variation within phytophagous insect populations. In this paper, I estimate the amount of genetic variation in oviposition preference and larval performance present in two California populations of a cosmopolitan pest of stored legumes, Callosobruchus maculatus (Bruchidae: Coleoptera), and examine whether positive genetic correlations exist between preference and performance. High levels of genetic variation in both preference and performance were detected in one population (Bay Area population, h² = 0.73 for oviposition preference), but not in another population (Davis population). A second estimate of the amount of genetic variation for oviposition preference in the Bay Area population, after three generations of laboratory rearing, supports the hypothesis that the absence of significantly nonzero heritabilities in the Davis population is probably due to the three generations of laboratory rearing prior to the start of the experiment. No positive genetic correlations were detected between preference and any performance character measured. Data are also presented on the genetic correlations between performance on azuki (Vigna angularis) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata). Genetic correlations were found to be positive for all characters in both populations of C. maculatus (range 0.132 to 0.542).