山杨林的水文生态环境效应研究

用定位观测的方法研究了山杨林(Populus davidiana)的水文生态效应。结果表明,山杨林6年林冠总截流量为309.5 mm,平均截留率为13.5%;山杨林的树干茎流率为3.3%;6年枯枝落叶的截流量为176.3 mm,截留率为7.7%;山杨林地的容重、总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度分别比荒坡提高18.6%、13.8%、3.2%和59.8%;山杨林地的有机质、全氮、速效氮和阳离子交换量分别比农地增加1.6倍、1.1倍、1.3倍和0.65倍;山杨林地比采伐林木垦为农地的地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量大大     

辽西低山丘陵区人工油松林和沙棘林的水文生态效应

利用设置在不同地类内的径流小区,对辽西大凌河流域的沟壑丘陵区进行定位观察,探讨辽西半干旱区主要造林树种油松和沙棘的水文生态效应.结果表明：2002年6月～2004年6月平均降水量为238.9mm时,油松和沙棘平均林冠截留量分别为55.5mm和76.05mm,其截留率分别为23.08%和32.28%,即约有1/4～1/3降水被林冠截留.油松林中凋落物平均截留率为14.17%,沙棘林为20.8%.油松林和沙棘林年均径流深分别为2.516mm和0.893mm;侵蚀量为15.57t km^-2和0.76t km^-2;林地内径流深和侵蚀量约为荒地（对照）的1/20和1/50.林地土壤理化性质,除土壤容重之外,0～20cm土层的总孔隙度、非毛管孔隙度、饱和含水量和非毛管持水量都高于2～40cm土层;油松林和沙棘林土壤有机质、全氮、全钾和速效钾含量均显著高于荒地;pH、全磷和速效磷在地类和不同土层深度中没有显著差异.沙棘林和油松林的非毛管持水量分别是荒地的275.9%和182.1%.     

黄土区次降雨条件下林地径流和侵蚀产沙形成机制——以人工油松林和次生山杨林为例

以黄土区两种常见森林植被(次生山杨林和人工油松林)长期定位观测试验为基础,从水量平衡和径流产沙机理出发,分析了次降雨条件下两种林地和荒地坡面产流产沙过程.结果表明,次降雨量在5.0～50.0 mm范围内,油松林和山杨林的林冠和枯枝落叶层总截留率分别为15.45%～56.80%和20.56%～47.81%,且随降雨量的增大而减小.与荒坡地相比,林地土壤入渗性能显著增强,尤其是0～20cm土层.分析表明,在一般降水条件下林地无径流产生;而在降雨雨强为2.5 mm·min^-1和历时30 min条件下,山杨林地无地表径流产生,荒坡地的径流流速和径流挟沙浓度均为油松林地的23.5倍,而其径流剪切力和径流能量均为后者的8倍;油松林地的径流量和产沙量比荒地分别减少了87.6%和99.4%,与径流小区多年(1988～2000)观测平均值(分别为87.0%和99.9%)相近.     

黄土区次降雨条件下林地径流和侵蚀产沙形成机制——以人工油松林和次生山杨林为例

以黄土区两种常见森林植被(次生山杨林和人工油松林)长期定位观测试验为基础,从水量平衡和径流产沙机理出发,分析了次降雨条件下两种林地和荒地坡面产流产沙过程.结果表明,次降雨量在5.0～50.0 mm范围内,油松林和山杨林的林冠和枯枝落叶层总截留率分别为15.45%～56.80%和20.56%～47.81%,且随降雨量的增大而减小.与荒坡地相比,林地土壤入渗性能显著增强,尤其是0～20cm土层.分析表明,在一般降水条件下林地无径流产生;而在降雨雨强为2.5 mm·min^-1和历时30 min条件下,山杨林地无地表径流产生,荒坡地的径流流速和径流挟沙浓度均为油松林地的23.5倍,而其径流剪切力和径流能量均为后者的8倍;油松林地的径流量和产沙量比荒地分别减少了87.6%和99.4%,与径流小区多年(1988～2000)观测平均值(分别为87.0%和99.9%)相近.     

黄土区次降雨条件下林地径流和侵蚀产沙形成机制

以黄土区两种常见森林植被(次生山杨林和人工油松林)长期定位观测试验为基础,从水量平衡和径流产沙机理出发,分析了次降雨条件下两种林地和荒地坡面产流产沙过程.结果表明,次降雨量在5.0～50.0 mm范围内,油松林和山杨林的林冠和枯枝落叶层总截留率分别为15.45%～56.80％和20.56%～47.81％,且随降雨量的增大而减小.与荒坡地相比,林地土壤入渗性能显著增强,尤其是0～20 cm土层.分析表明,在一般降水条件下林地无径流产生;而在降雨雨强为2.5 mm·min^-1和历时30 min条件下,山杨林地无地表径流产生,荒坡地的径流流速和径流挟沙浓度均为油松林地的23.5倍,而其径流剪切力和径流能量均为后者的8倍;油松林地的径流量和产沙量比荒地分别减少了87.6%和99.4%,与径流小区多年(1988～2000)观测平均值(分别为87.0%和99.9%)相近.     

子午岭林区山杨-辽东栎混交林的生理生态效应

研究了黄土高原子午岭次生林区山杨林、辽东栎林和山杨-辽东栎混交林3种林分的土壤物理特性和叶片光合特性.结果表明,山杨林地在0～300 cm土层的土壤含水量最大,而在200 cm土层以下,山杨 辽东栎混交林的土壤水分明显改善,并优于辽东栎林;在0～60 cm土层内,山杨林地土壤容重最大、土壤孔隙度最小,而山杨-辽东栎混交林的土壤容重最小、土壤孔隙度最大,且均优于纯林,说明混交林地有深层土壤水分可供利用,同时土壤理化特性得到改善.山杨林和辽东栎林的叶绿素含量较高,且均明显高于山杨-辽东栎混交林.辽东栎林的光合速率和气孔导度最大,其次为山杨林, 二者均明显高于山杨-辽东栎混交林.从叶片水分利用效率来看,辽东栎林>山杨-辽东栎混交林辽东栎>山杨-辽东栎混交林山杨>山杨林.山杨-辽东栎混交林中辽东栎的PSⅡ最大光化学转换效率(F_v/F_m)和PSⅡ潜在活性(F_v/F_o)值均较大,但与辽东栎林的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o值差异不显著,而混交林中山杨的F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o值均相对小于山杨林,且与山杨林的F_v/F_m差异显著,山杨林和辽东栎林的荧光光化学猝灭系数和非光化学猝灭系数值均大于混交林地.因此,子午岭林区辽东栎林更趋于稳定且生长优于其混交林,而山杨林群落将逐步被替代,与纯林类型相比较,其混交林类型可能较不利于山杨的生长.     

黄土高原人工油松林水文生态效应

在陕北黄龙山区利用对降水和设置在林分中的径流小区进行长期定位观测的方法,研究了黄土高原主要造林树种油松林的水文生态效应,据1995-2000年观测结果,中龄人工油松林林冠平均截留率为25.1％,树干茎流量占大气降水量的3.3％,枯枝落叶层的截留率为11.6％。在森林的作用下,林地土壤的理化性质得到了明显的改善。与农地相比,林地容重低8.6％,有机质含量、全氮含量和阳离子代换量分别高130.1％、84.2％和53.2％,细土颗粒组分比例增加。与此同时,林地地表径流量和土壤侵蚀量则分别减少84.5％和99.9％,表明了人工油松林巨大的水文生态作用。     

华南地区八种人工林的土壤物理性质

研究了华南地区8种林地的土壤物理性质,根据其土壤特点分为4类。第1类为马占相思林地、黎蒴-加勒比松林地、火力楠-木荷林地、木荷林地和湿地松林地,特点是上层的土壤容重小于中层和下层,毛管孔隙度中等或较小,非毛管孔隙度中等或较大,非毛管孔隙度和总孔隙度为上层大于中层和下层,自然含水量中等或较大,随着土壤深度的增加而下降或稳定。除了马占相思林地上层外,毛管持水量为中等或较小;第2类为柚木林地,土壤容重较大,且3层土壤的容重相近,毛管孔隙度和毛管持水量较大,非毛管空隙度和自然含水量较小;第3类为落羽杉林地,各层土壤的自然含水量远远大于其他林地。上层和中层的土壤容重、毛管孔隙度和非毛管空隙度中等,毛管持水量大。下层的土壤容重和非毛管空隙度大、毛管空隙度和毛管持水量小。第4类为尾叶桉林地,上层的土壤容重大于中层和下层,毛管孔隙度和毛管持水量较大,非毛管空隙度和自然含水量较小。     

亚热带常绿阔叶林的水文生态特征

对日本冲绳岛亚热带天然次生常绿阔叶林的水文生态特性进行了为期3年的定位观测.结果表明,观测期间年平均降雨量高达3325mm,台风降雨(包括直接和间接影响)占年降雨量的42.3%;穿透雨量和树干流量分别为年降雨量的53.9%和30.9%,较高的树干流量可能与高风速、强度降雨以及优势树种的树冠构造紧密相关.林冠截留损失占年降雨量的15.2%,低于世界范围内其它多数常绿阔叶林(15%～30%).年平均地表径流和壤中流量分别是1092mm和613mm,分别占年降雨量的32.8%和18.4%;较高的径流量可能是由不良的土壤物理性质引起的.试验林土壤尤其是下层土壤非毛管孔隙度低(8%～12%)、粘粒含量极高(51.9%～60.5%),水分渗透缓慢(12ml·min^-1).0～70 cm土层的有效蓄水量和最大蓄水量分别为85 mm和324mm,林地凋落物层的最大持水量为2.8 mm,接近或低于中国亚热带和热带山地雨林.     

长白山四种林分土壤CO2释放通量的研究

对长白山地区 4种典型林分下土壤释放CO2 通量的研究表明 ,在较短的时间尺度上 ,4种林型在CO2 释放通量上有显著的差别 ,各林型CO2 通量的释放表现出明显的空间异质性 ,其释放顺序为 :山杨白桦混交林 >原始阔叶红松林 >白桦林 >山杨林 ,其中山杨白桦混交林对CO2 释放的贡献最大 ,而山杨林最小。 4种林分土壤CO2 通量的全日变化过程并不一致 ,除山杨白桦混交林和气温有较一致性的规律 ,呈较明显的单峰型外 ,其余并无明显的变化规律。凋落物对林地CO2 释放通量的变化有显著的影响 ,有凋落物覆盖的林地土壤CO2 释放量明显大于无凋落物覆盖的林地 ,其平均通量为 2 6 2 86～ 5 5 6 5 5mgC·m-2 ·h-1,而无凋落物覆盖林地土壤CO2 的平均通量为 2 0 5 85～ 395 6 9mg·m-2 ·h-1。凋落物排放CO2 量占林地总排放量的14 %～ 30 % ,并且改变了林地CO2 释放通量大小的排序。     

覆土栽培对高节竹笋品质的影响

为了生产高品质高节竹笋,提高竹林经济效益,该研究通过调查并测定了覆土1a、覆土2a和不覆土栽培的高节竹林竹笋外观形态和营养物质、呈味物质、氨基酸含量,分析了覆土栽培对高节竹笋品质与适口性的影响。结果表明:覆土栽培1a和2a的高节竹笋个体重量及可食率分别较未覆土栽培高节竹笋提高了107.58%、165.73%及8.77%、13.63%,而且高节竹笋个体重量及可食率覆土栽培年限之间差异显著;覆土栽培高节竹笋长度总体显著高于未覆土栽培高节竹笋,且覆土栽培年限之间并无显著差异;高节竹笋基茎则为覆土栽培1a与未覆土栽培之间无显著差异,且均显著低于覆土栽培2a的高节竹笋。覆土栽培高节竹笋蛋白质、单宁、草酸、总酸、纤维素、木质素和各类氨基酸含量及氨基酸总量总体上有明显降低,而脂肪、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比则明显提高;鲜味、甜味和芳香类氨基酸比例有所升高,而苦味氨基酸比例则有所降低。综合分析表明,覆土栽培能明显改善高节竹笋外观形态质量,增加香味和甜味,减少酸涩味和粗糙度,竹笋品质和适口性明显提高,且覆土栽培2a的影响作用更为明显。     

不同强度疏伐改造对马尾松林分水源涵养功能时空格局的影响

为了解马尾松林分改造过程中水源涵养功能的动态变化,提升林分的生态服务功能,1994年在福建省尤溪国有林场城镇景观林中选择22年生的马尾松林,通过方差分析分析20%强度疏伐改造、35%强度疏伐改造、50%强度疏伐改造和对照4种处理间林分持水量的变化,结果表明:随着改造时间的推移,各处理林分水源涵养量显著升高(P0.05),疏伐改造强度越大林分水源涵养量增加越明显。土壤层持水量占林分总持水量的95.89%—97.18%,改造前5 a不同处理间土壤层0—20 cm和土壤层20—40 cm持水量差异均不显著(P0.05),改造10 a后改造林分土壤层0—20 cm和土壤层20—40 cm持水量均显著高于对照林分(P0.05)。林分地上部分持水量仅占林分水源涵养量的2.82%(45.64 t/hm~2)—4.11%(76.81 t/hm~2),但改造后存在显著变化(P0.05)。林冠层在林分改造10a后持水量显著高于对照林分(P0.05),但疏伐改造强度越大其持水量越小;林下植被层在林分改造5 a后持水量显著低于对照林分(P0.05),同样疏伐改造强度越大其持水量越小;凋落物层在林分改造5 a后持水量显著高于对照林分(P0.05),持水量随疏伐改造强度增大而增大。林冠层和凋落物层持水量比重随着改造时间的推移呈显著增加趋势(P0.05),林下植被层则呈显著下降趋势(P0.05)。以上结果表明,改造初期林分持水量变化强烈,疏伐改造强度越大林分持水量越低;但长期来看,改造林分更有利于林分水源涵养功能的提升。     

受干扰长白山阔叶红松林林分组成及冠层结构特征

通过样地调查对不同干扰方式产生的过伐天然林、次生白桦林和人工落叶松林等群落的结构组成进行分析和分类探讨 ,并选取了林窗片断和叶面积指数两个能表示群落冠层结构的指标进行分析。结果表明 ,林窗片断值分别为 :原始阔叶红松林 0 194、原始阔叶类 0 185、结构转换型 0 315、结构保留型 0 36 3、结构破坏型 0 2 35、严重干扰类型 0 5 5 0、次生白桦林0 2 13和人工落叶松林 0 2 2 7;叶面积指数分别为 :原始阔叶红松林 1 76 6、原始阔叶类 1 6 80、结构转换型 1 2 5 0、结构保留型 1 0 2 8、结构破坏型 1 5 5 0、严重干扰类型 0 6 35、次生白桦林1 731和人工落叶松林 1 4 73。     

云南松林的生物量研究

本文研究了云南省易门县海拔1600—1700m的云南松中幼龄林分的生物量。云南松林的生物量随林龄的增加而增加。4年生林分的总生物量为9.985吨/公顷,11年生林分为27.874吨/公顷,23年生林分为69.852吨/公顷。乔木层的器官生物量分配比例随林龄而变化。针叶和树皮的分配比例随林龄的增加而迅速下降;干材和根的比例则不断上升,其中以干材增加最快;树枝的分配比例以11年生林分最大,23年生林分次之,4年生林分最小。     

内蒙古锡林郭勒草地的草种组分与放牧压的关系研究

通过了采样调查,对内蒙古锡林河流域的放牧草地群落的组成成分,现存生物量,物种多样性等与放牧强度的关系进行了研究。结果表明,距离定居点越远放牧强度越弱,出现了以羊草(Leymus chinensis)和大针茅(Stipa grandis)为优势种的群落。距离定居点越近放牧强度越强,出现了以糙隐子草(Cleistogenes squarrosa)和寸苔草(Carex korshinskyi)为优势种的群溶。单位样方内(1m^2)地上部的现存生物量在强放牧压下的127．3g和较弱放牧压下的303g之间变化。物种多样性的变化则独立于放牧强度差异,在3．13至3．64之间波动。为了判断放牧草地的牧草的生长状态,采用了生长状态质量指数(Stand quality index：SQI)来评价了实验样地群落的生长状态。在定居点的内部,SQI为278,而在离定居点4公里远的样地,指数则变为667。禁牧13年的原退化样地的SQI值从420上升至624。     

The morphology of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) in the North York Moors—a comparison of the mature stand and the interface with heather (Calluna vulgaris (L.) Hull) 1. The fronds

The encroachment of bracken (Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn) into areas previously dominated by heather represents a threat to the ecology, agricultural economy and landscape value of many UK upland areas, including the moorland of the North York Moors National Park. The morphology of bracken, within a mature stand and at several bracken-heather interfaces, has been studied at a number of sites within the National Park. Differences have been found in the frond growth of bracken in a mature stand, at stationary stand margins, and at advancing stand margins where bracken is encroaching into heather. Frequency of fronds present on bracken rhizome growing at a stationary stand margin close to the interface with heather (1–2 m behind the boundary) are approximately the same as those found within a mature stand. At advancing margins (again 1–2 m behind the boundary), maximum frond densities were often found to exceed those present in either a mature stand or at a stationary margin. Frond numbers decline rapidly at the stand margins as distance from the stand increases. This is especially true where the front is stationary and bracken is not encroaching into heather at a significant rate. Maximum frond heights in a mature stand consistently exceed those at stand margins (even 1–2 m into the stand) and are greater at stationary margins than at advancing margins. Outlying fronds at the edges of bracken stands are generally present in greater numbers, and further into the area dominated by heather, where the margin is advancing. Heights of outlying fronds fall as distance from the bracken stand increases, as does stipe length. Fronds at the edges of bracken stands emerge each spring before those further into the stand and are therefore particularly vulnerable to frost damage. Outlying fronds are not, however, the first to emerge. Early emerging fronds reach their maximum height and eventually become senescent before later emerging fronds. Whilst most fronds emerge before the end of June a few fronds continue to emerge throughout the summer. Frond densities close to the edges of bracken stands (1–2 m into the stand) are comparable to those in a mature stand. At advancing stand margins frond densities generally exceed those in a mature stand, suggesting that a large number of potential entry points for foliage-applied herbicides are available for bracken control at the stand margins. The ratio of potential uptake points to biomass of rhizome is also greatest at the edges of the stand, and the canopy 1–2 m into the stand is usually almost completely closed. It is possible therefore, the efficacy of herbicides could be improved by the use of small scale applications, using tractors or hand-held sprayers, close to the margins of bracken stands.     

闽北天然阔叶林生长模型的研制及应用

以闽北地区无人为干预的天然阔叶林为对象建立林分生长模型并提出预估方法。当森林经理调查获得小班各林分因子后,应用作者研制的林分生长模型及预估方法,可以对无人为干预的天然阔叶林小班森林资源数据进行连续预估和动态更新。还以最大密度林分株数和平均胸径存在的幂函数关系为依据,提出了林分相对密度指标,并从理论上推导出一个自然稀疏模型,为掌握林分密度动态和应用生长模型、实现无人为干扰林分的动态预估提供了一条切实可行的途径。     

大兴安岭地区天然落叶松林乔木碳增量的研究

基于1990~2010年黑龙江省大兴安岭地区4期森林资源连续清查的602块固定样地数据,分析了大兴安岭地区天然落叶松林年均枯损木碳释放量、进界木碳储量、碳净增量的动态变化以及随立地质量、林分密度的变化规律。结果表明：该地区各龄组碳释放量在0.133 7~0.484 1 t·hm^-2·a,碳释放量随着龄组的增大而增大;进界木碳储量在幼龄林时较大,为0.128 2 t·hm^-2·a,近熟林最小,为0.040 0 t·hm^-2·a,其他龄组差异不大;碳净增量随着龄组的增大而减小,幼龄林、中龄林、近、成、过熟林分别为1.374 9、0.982 1、0.649 9、0.538 1、0.240 7 t·hm^-2·a;相同立地质量条件下,各龄组碳释放量与林分密度成正比。幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林随林分密度的增大进界木碳储量减小,近熟林和过熟林规律不明显。除幼龄林之外,各龄组在林分密度为中时,林分碳净增量最大;相同林分密度条件下,各龄组（近熟林、成熟林无明显规律）碳释放量与立地质量成负相关关系。各龄组（过熟林除外）立地质量越好,进界木碳储量越小;相同林分密度条件下,立地质量越好,碳净增量越大。     

Differences in bird communities in postfire silvicultural practices stands within pine forest of South Korea

We examined differences in bird communities in relation to characteristics of habitat structure in a pine forest, Samcheok, South Korea. An unburned stand, a stand burned 7 years earlier and then naturally restored, and a stand where Japanese red pine Pinus densiflora seedlings were planted after the fire were used for the survey. Habitat structure was dramatically changed by postfire silvicultural practices. Number of stand trees, shrubs, seedlings, snags, and vegetation coverage were significantly different among study stands. We made 1,421 detections of 46 bird species during 23 separate line transect surveys per stand between February 2007 and December 2008. The mean number of observed bird species and individuals, bird species diversity index (H′), and Simpson’s diversity index (D _s) were highest in the unburned stand and lowest in the pine seedling stand. There were more species and individuals of forest-dwelling birds in the unburned stand than both burned stands. Canopy and cavity nesters, foliage searchers, bark gleaners, and timber drillers were significantly higher in the unburned stand. In the pine seedling stand, densities of birds that prefer open field and shrub cover were higher. Stand structure was simplified in the pine seedling stand by postfire practices. Because of differences in habitat structure and bird communities, postfire practices in the burned stand should be re-evaluated. Also, management strategies for pine forest after forest fires are needed based on results of long-term experiments.     

A comparison of species composition and stand structure between planted and natural mangrove forests in Shenzhen Bay,South China

Aims For assisting faster restoration of damaged or severely disturbed coastal ecosystems, selected mangrove species have been planted on previously mangrove-inhabited sites of the tropical and subtropical coasts of southern China. The objective of this study was to understand the stand dynamics of the planted mangroves and their functional traits in comparison with natural mangrove forests under similar site conditions.Methods Species composition, stand density, tree size distribution, and aboveground production were investigated along three transects in a 50-year-old planted mangrove stand and three transects in an adjacent natural mangrove stand in Shenzhen Bay, South China. Measurements were made on tree distribution by species, stand structure, and aboveground biomass (AGB) distribution. Analyses were performed on the spatial patterns of tree size distribution and species association.Important findings We found that the planted and natural mangrove stands did not differ in stand density, average diameter at breast height (DBH), species composition, and AGB. Spatial distribution of AGB and frequency at species level were also similar between the planted and natural stands. However, the traits in stand structure were more variable in the planted stand than in the natural stand, indicating higher spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the development and succession of planted mangroves. Geostatistical analyses show that both DBH and AGB were spatially auto-correlated within a specific range in the direction perpendicular to coastline. More than 60% of the variance in these attributes was due to spatial autocorrelation. The Ripley's K -function analysis shows that the two dominant species, Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina, clumped in broader scales in the natural stand than in the planted stand and displayed significant interspecific competition across the whole transect. It is suggested that interspecific competition interacts with spatial autocorrelation as the underlying mechanism shaping the mangrove structure. This study demonstrates that at age 50, mangrove plantations can perform similarly in stand structure, spatial arrangement of selected stand characteristics and species associations to the natural mangrove forests.