酶法制备羟甲基戊二酰CoA还原酶抑制剂手性中间体的研究进展

羟甲基戊二酰CoA(HMG-CoA)还原酶抑制剂是降血脂药物。综述了近年来国内外酶法制备HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂手性中间体的研究进展,从不对称合成和外消旋体拆分2个方面介绍了酶法制备HMG-CoA还原酶抑制剂手性中间体的工艺路线和研究水平,对其工业化前景进行了展望。     

摩氏摩根菌产酯酶条件优化及在普瑞巴林手性中间体合成中的应用

为建立廉价、高效的普瑞巴林关键手性中间体生产工艺,经单因素优化和正交试验,确定了摩氏摩根菌CCTCC M 2011175最佳产酯酶培养基,组成(g/L)为葡萄糖15.0,牛肉膏7.0,Na2HPO41.0,Fe2(SO4)30.1,吐温-8010.0。优化后酯酶比酶活达到1 071.0 U/L,为出发培养基的2.5倍。以培养基优化后获得的摩氏摩根菌菌体为催化剂,立体选择性拆分外消旋2-羧乙基-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸乙酯水解,转化率达到45%,对映体过量值(e.e.)大于94%,为酶法生产普瑞巴林关键手性中间体奠定了良好基础。     

重组腈水解酶催化合成(S)-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸

(S)-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸是合成普瑞巴林的关键手性中间体。笔者以表达来源于Brassica rapa subsp.的重组腈水解酶工程菌Br Nit为催化剂,不对称水解外消旋异丁基丁二腈(IBSN)制备(S)-3-氰基-5-甲基己酸。考察反应温度、p H以及不同底物浓度和金属离子对全细胞催化IBSN水解的影响。结果表明:全细胞催化的最适温度为30℃,最适p H为8. 0,最适底物浓度为180 mmol/L。在此条件下,利用10 g/L湿菌体催化水解IBSN,反应6 h转化率可达45. 1%,产物对映体过量值(e.e.值)达到97. 9%。     

油松毛虫雌蛾对油松松针两种手性化合物的触角电位反应

采用触角电位技术测定了油松毛虫雌蛾触角对油松挥发物的两对手性单萜的剂量反应,并在饱和剂量下测定了α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯手性化合物及其消旋体的触角电位值。剂量反应测试表明,油松毛虫雌蛾对(-)-α-蒎烯的饱和剂量为1 600 μL,对(+)-α-蒎烯、(+)-β-蒎烯、(-)-β-蒎烯的饱和剂量为800 μL。α-蒎烯右旋异构体的反应值高于(-)-α-蒎烯的反应值,说明(+)-α-蒎烯能够更有效的与感受器中的分子受体结合;β-蒎烯则相反,(-)-β-蒎烯的EAG反应值高于(+)-β-蒎烯,说明β-蒎烯的右旋异构体不能有效的与多数感受器中的分子受体结合。在饱和剂量下的测定结果表明油松毛虫雌蛾对α-蒎烯和β-蒎烯消旋体的反应均与对其手性异构体反应相当,说明油松毛虫雌蛾用同一个感受细胞来接受α-蒎烯的两个对映异构体,同样β-蒎烯的两个对映异构体也是被同一个受体细胞来接受。结果提示,手性化合物的比例可能在油松毛虫寄主识别中有重要作用。     

新型扁桃酸消旋酶的基因挖掘和性能表征

消旋酶是实现手性化合物去消旋化制备光学纯化学品的重要工具,来源于恶臭假单胞菌的扁桃酸消旋酶(MR),是目前唯一可以催化两种构型扁桃酸互相转换的消旋酶。通过基因组数据挖掘获得了9个新的扁桃酸消旋酶基因及活性蛋白,其中来源于放射性土壤杆菌Agrobacterium radiobacter的Ar MR酶对扁桃酸和邻氯扁桃酸具有较高的催化活力,而且该酶的异源表达水平也较理想。ArMR催化扁桃酸消旋反应的最适温度为50℃,最适pH为7.8。该酶在30℃、40℃和50℃下的半衰期分别为70.7、7.2、0.17 h。ArMR对(R)-和(S)-扁桃酸的K_M值分别为1.44 mmol/L和0.81 mmol/L,k_(cat)值分别为410 s~(–1)和218 s~(–1);对(R)-和(S)-邻氯扁桃酸的KM值分别为6.48 mmol/L和6.37 mmol/L,而k_(cat)值为0.22 s~(–1)和0.23 s~(–1)。Mg~(2+)和Mn~(2+)对该酶的活力有促进作用,而Zn~(2+)使其完全失活。新型扁桃酸消旋酶的发现和表征为今后此类酶的深入研究和开发提供了更多资源和数据参考。     

核糖核酸一级结构微量分析方法的研究——Ⅰ.萤光试剂的制备和核苷二醛、5′-次甲基核苷二醛的萤光标记

本文报告了两种萤光试剂的制备方法并用一种萤光试剂标记了四种核苷二醛和四种5'-次甲基核苷二醛。萤光试剂Ⅰ,1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰-甘氨酰肼(DNS-Dly-NHNH_2)的制备方法:1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰氯(DNS-Cl)与甘氨酸乙酯(Gly-OC_2H_5)反应,得1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰-甘氮酸乙酯(DNS-Gly-OC_2H_5),DNS-Gly-OC_2H_5经肼解得DNS-Gly-NHNH_2。萤光试剂Ⅱ,1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰肼(DNS-NHNH_2)的制备方法:1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰氯直接肼解得1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰肼(DNS-NHNH_2)。DNS-Gly-NHNH_2与腺苷二醛,鸟苷二醛,胞苷二醛以及尿苷二醛反应,分别得到四种萤光标记的核苷腙:DNS-Gly-_(HO)A_R,DNS-Gly-_(RO)G_R,DNS-Gly-_(HO)C_R,以及DNS-Gly-_(HO)U_R。DNS-Gly-NHNH_2与5'-次甲基腺苷二醛,5'-次甲基鸟苷二醛,5'-次甲基胞苷二醛以及5'-次甲基尿苷二醛反应,分别得到四种萤光标记的5'-次甲基核苷腙:DNS-Gly-_(H_2)A_R,DNS-Gly-_(H_2)G_R,DNS-Gly-_(H_2)C_R以及DNS-Gly—_(H_2)U_R。     

核糖核酸一级结构微量分析方法的研究——Ⅰ.萤光试剂的制备和核苷二醛、5′-次甲基核苷二醛的萤光标记

本文报告了两种萤光试剂的制备方法并用一种萤光试剂标记了四种核苷二醛和四种5′-次甲基核苷二醛。萤光试剂Ⅰ,1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰-甘氨酰肼(DNS-Gly-NHNH_2)的制备方法:1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰氯(DNS-Cl)与甘氨酸乙酯(Gly-OC_2H_5)反应,得1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰-甘氨酸乙酯(DNS-Gly-OC_2H_5),DNS-Gly-OC_2H_5经肼解得DNS-Gly-NHNH_2。萤光试剂Ⅱ,1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰肼(DNs-NHNH_2)的制备方法:1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰氯直接肼解得1-二甲氨基萘-5-磺酰肼(DNs-NHNH_2)。DNs-GIy-NHNH_2与腺苷二醛,鸟苷二醛,胞苷二醛以及尿苷二醛反应,分别得到四种萤光标记的核苷腙:DNs-GlY-_(Ho)A_R,DNS-Gly-_(Ho)G_R,DNs-Gly-_(Ho)C_R,以及DNS-Gly-_(HO)U_R。DNS-Gly-NHNH_2与5′-次甲基腺苷二醛,5′-次甲基鸟苷二醛,5′-次甲基胞苷二醛以及5′-次甲基苷二醛反应,分别得到四种萤光标记的5′-次甲基核苷腙:DNS-Gly-_[H(?)]A_R,DNS-Gly-_[H(?)]G_R,DNS-Gly-_[H(?)]C_R 以及DNS-Gly-_[H(?)]U_R。     

树舌灵芝的化学成分及新化合物的绝对构型测定

利用各种色谱技术从树舌灵芝的子实体中分离得到8个化合物,结合波谱学方法鉴定了它们的结构,分别为:shushene A(1)、shushene B(2)、lucidulactone A(3)、2,3-dihydroxy-1-(4-hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-propanone(4)、6-hydroxy-4H-chromen-4-one(5)、1-(4-ethylphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol(6)、1-(2-ethylphenyl)-1,2-ethanediol(7)和吲哚醛(8)。其中化合物1和2是新化合物,化合物3~8系首次从树舌灵芝中获得。化合物1和2是外消旋体,我们对其进行了手性拆分并通过量子化学计算确定了其对映体的绝对构型。此外,还采用ELISA法对化合物1和2的肾保护活性进行了测试。     

定点突变改善PvEH1对邻甲基苯基缩水甘油醚的催化特性

环氧化物水解酶能够对外消旋环氧化物进行动力学拆分保留单构型的环氧化物。测定了菜豆环氧化物水解酶(Pv EH1)针对苯基缩水甘油醚及其甲基衍生物的催化特性,并基于分子对接及多序列比对分析确定7个突变位点,通过单点和组合突变对Pv EH1进行改造,以期改善Pv EH1对邻甲基苯基缩水甘油醚(1a)的催化特性。底物谱分析表明Pv EH1对1a的催化活性(157.2U/g湿细胞)和对映选择性(E=5.6)最高。单点突变结果显示E.coli/pveh1~(L105I)和E.coli/pveh1~(V106I)对1a的催化活性和对映选择性均有明显提高;L105I和V106I位组合突变菌株E.coli/pveh1~(L105I/V106I)的催化活性(493.8U/g湿细胞)是E.coli/pveh1的3.1倍,对映选择性(E=8.3)也提高至E.coli/pveh1的1.5倍。纯化后Pv EH1~(L105I/V106I)的催化活性为17.6U/mg,是Pv EH1的1.5倍,对1a的催化效率提高至Pv EH1的2.1倍。SDS-PAGE分析表明提高了蛋白质的可溶性表达量。利用E.coli/pveh1~(L105I/V106I)全细胞催化100mmol/L 1a水解动力学拆分获得手性纯(R)-1a(ee96%)的产率和时空产率分别为31.2%和5.12g/(L·h),因此,在手性纯(R)-1a的制备中,E.coli/pveh1~(L105I/V106I)是一种颇具潜力的生物催化剂。     

利用产脂肪酶B的毕赤酵母工程菌生物拆分制备西司他丁关键手性中间体的体系优化

S-(+)-2,2-二甲基环丙烷甲酸(S-(+)-DMCPA)是合成西司他丁的关键手性中间体。构建的毕赤酵母工程菌生产的脂肪酶可高选择性催化外消旋2,2-二甲基环丙烷甲酸乙酯(DMCPE)不对称水解制备S-(+)-DMCPA。对该工程菌产胞外脂肪酶的产酶条件及生物拆分反应条件进行优化,以提高其催化效率。优化获得重组毕赤酵母最佳产酶条件:采用BMMY培养基,培养基初始p H 8.0,500 m L摇瓶装50 m L培养基,每隔4 h向培养基中补加终体积分数为1%的甲醇。培养192 h后,发酵液中脂肪酶比酶活为4.41 U/L,较优化前提高了90.9%。利用含脂肪酶的发酵上清液进行DMCPE的生物拆分反应,底物浓度为15 mmol/L,30℃反应36 h,S-(+)-DMCPA的产率可达43.8%,e.e.值为99.8%。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.