胃肠道菌群与肿瘤发生的关系

人体的胃肠道菌群构成一个庞大、复杂的微生态系统,并且随着年龄的增长而发生动态变化,成年后菌群的结构达到动态平衡。胃肠道菌群具有参与物质代谢、促进机体免疫系统的发育和抑制病原菌定植等生理作用。菌群失调会导致各种疾病的发生,如肠易激综合征、炎症性肠病、肥胖症、1型糖尿病、肠道恶性肿瘤等。本文就胃肠道菌群与肿瘤发生发展关系的最新研究作一综述,并根据最新提出的Alpha-Bug学说和driver-passenger学说,论述了肠道菌群促进大肠癌发生的机制。为阐明胃肠道肿瘤的发生机制提供新的思路。     

活性氧在肿瘤发展和治疗中的作用

活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS)作为机体内的一种活性分子,在细胞信号通路调节和代谢平衡方面起着重要作用。ROS能在氧化应激的条件下,参与肿瘤发生和发展过程。近年的研究表明,ROS亦可通过多种不同的作用机制诱导肿瘤细胞的死亡,且许多改变体内ROS水平的药物也逐渐进入肿瘤治疗的临床阶段。该文综述了ROS的来源及生物学意义的最新进展,重点介绍了ROS在肿瘤发生、发展中的生物学功能以及通过影响ROS水平进行肿瘤治疗的相关研究进展,以期对调控ROS水平进行肿瘤治疗的研究有所启示。     

巨噬细胞与Wnt通路在肿瘤发生发展中的作用

巨噬细胞作为机体固有免疫的重要成员,具有高度异质性,在肿瘤发生发展过程中的多个方面发挥重要作用。Wnt信号通路分子广泛表达于胚胎和成年个体组织,在胚胎/成体干细胞分化、发育和功能调控中发挥重要作用,而且参与多种肿瘤的发生发展过程。近年来越来越多研究表明,Wnt信号通路参与调控巨噬细胞的分化及功能。本文就巨噬细胞与Wnt信号通路对肿瘤发生发展作用的研究进展作一综述。     

ABCC4与人类肿瘤

ABCC4（ATP-binding cassette transporter family class C4,ABCC4）是ABC蛋白家族成员,主要参与转运机体物质代谢中产生的有机阴离子和一些异型生物质等生物学功能。近年研究发现某些人类肿瘤存在Abcc4基因的拷贝数变异,主要表现为Abcc4基因拷贝数增加和ABCC4蛋白过表达,这些改变与肿瘤发生发展、耐药,以及治疗疗效具有相关性。该文综述了Abcc4基因的拷贝数变异和异常表达与肿瘤生物学特性的关系,探讨ABCC4在肿瘤发生发展中的作用机制。     

细胞自噬与肿瘤发生关系的研究进展

细胞自噬是真核生物中高度保守的依赖于溶酶体的降解过程,在维持细胞物质代谢、内环境稳定及基因组完整性等方面起重要作用.自噬功能紊乱与机体多种疾病的发生密切相关.近年来,大量的研究表明,人类多种肿瘤中存在自噬异常,自噬在肿瘤发生发展的各个阶段均扮演着重要角色.本文旨在介绍近年来细胞自噬的研究进展,重点阐述细胞自噬与肿瘤发生的关系,及其在肿瘤治疗中的作用.     

波形蛋白与肿瘤关系的研究进展

波形蛋白是中间纤维蛋白的一种,参与细胞骨架与胞膜的形成。研究发现,波形蛋白在多种上皮癌中大量表达,如前列腺癌、乳腺癌及胃肠道肿瘤等,且参与这些肿瘤的发生发展过程,但是目前其具体作用机制尚不清楚。临床研究发现,波形蛋白能够作为肿瘤诊断与治疗的标志物,探讨波形蛋白分子机制研究及在肿瘤发生发展过程中的作用十分重要。本文主要就波形蛋白在几种肿瘤中的表达及其对肿瘤细胞增殖、迁移的作用进行综述。     

细胞色素P450：肿瘤研究中的新热点

细胞色素P450(CYP450)是体内重要的Ⅰ相代谢酶,与许多前致癌物和致癌物的活化有关。CYP450是目前肿瘤研究中新的热点之一。深入研究CYP450在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用机制及基因多态性与肿瘤易感性的关系,对肿瘤防治有积极作用。现就近年来CYP450在肿瘤领域的研究进展进行综述。     

细胞色素P450：肿瘤研究中的新热点

细胞色素P450（CYP450）是体内重要的Ⅰ相代谢酶,与许多前致癌物和致癌物的活化有关。CYP450是目前肿瘤研究中新的热点之一。深入研究CYP450在肿瘤发生、发展过程中的作用机制及基因多态性与肿瘤易感性的关系,对肿瘤防治有积极作用。现就近年来CYP450在肿瘤领域的研究进展进行综述。     

黏附分子在肿瘤发生及发展中的作用

细胞黏附分子是以配体和受体相结合的形式,介导细胞与细胞间或细胞与基质间相互作用的一类分子,参与机体的多种重要生理和病理过程.近年来,在对肿瘤发生和发展的研究中发现,黏附分子可通过多种途径影响肿瘤的生长、浸润及转移过程.因此.对黏附分子在肿瘤发生和发展中作用及机制的深入研究,可为肿瘤早期诊断提供重要的分子指标和发现新的治疗靶标.并为进而形成临床诊疗新策略提供重要理论支持.现就几种重要黏附分子在肿瘤生长与转移中的作用进行综述.     

氨基酸代谢重编程在肿瘤发生发展及免疫治疗中的作用

代谢重编程是肿瘤细胞的主要特征。除了我们熟知的Warburg效应外,氨基酸及代谢产物影响肿瘤的发生发展,改变肿瘤微环境,在免疫应答及调节免疫细胞功能中的作用愈发明显,参与获得性及先天性免疫调节,因此氨基酸代谢受到越来越多的关注。肿瘤免疫治疗通过靶向特定分子及异常代谢过程,改变肿瘤微环境,协助自身免疫系统杀伤肿瘤细胞。氨基酸代谢能从信号转导、肿瘤炎性环境、新生血管生成、肿瘤细胞侵袭和转移等方面参与调节肿瘤微环境及抗肿瘤免疫应答,因此是肿瘤免疫治疗中重要的干预靶点。该文主要综述了近几年氨基酸代谢重编程在肿瘤发生发展及免疫治疗中的进展。     

The Role of Gut Microbiota in Modulating Tumor Growth and Anticancer Agent Efficacy

An increasing number of studies have revealed an interaction between gut microbiota and tumors. The enrichment of specific bacteria strains in the intestines has been found to modulate tumor growth and influence the mechanisms of tumor treatment. Various bacteria are involved in modulating the effects of chemotherapeutic drugs currently used to treat patients with cancer, and they affect not only gastrointestinal tract tumors but also distant organ tumors. In addition, changes in the gut microbiota are known to be involved in the antitumor immune response as well as the modulation of the intestinal immune system. As a result, the gut microbiota plays an important role in modulating the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, gut microbiota could be considered as an adjuvant treatment option with other cancer treatment or as another marker for predicting treatment response. In this review, we examine how gut microbiota affects cancer treatments.     

不同大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)个体肠道菌群结构差异研究

目的:肠道微生物能够帮助宿主完成多种生理生化功能,对宿主的健康生长也起到非常重要的作用。大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)是我国北方最重要的海水养殖品种之一。然而,细菌性疾病的频发造成大规模的鱼类死亡。此外,许多大菱鲆致病菌也被证实是人类潜在的致病菌。因此鉴定成年养殖大菱鲆肠道中所包含的核心菌群,并筛选可能与大菱鲆或人类健康密切相关的细菌尤为重要。方法:构建三个大菱鲆个体肠道16S rRNA文库,利用限制性片段长度多态性分析(RFLP)及生物信息学技术研究三个大菱鲆个体肠道菌群结构及多样性。结果:共得到758个阳性克隆,16个OTU类型。分类分析显示,变形菌门在大菱鲆肠道中占优势地位。进一步将细菌按属来分类显示,弧菌属所占的比例最高,约为95.3%。韦恩图显示大菱鲆三个个体共有的OTU类型数量为3,分别占三个大菱鲆个体肠道文库中阳性克隆总数的94.9%、96.7%以及93.5%。分类结果显示它们分别属于条件致病菌哈氏弧菌、副溶血弧菌和创伤弧菌。结论:大菱鲆的核心肠道菌群为弧菌属,它的主要成员哈氏弧菌、副溶血弧菌和创伤弧菌对大菱鲆及人类的健康起到关键的作用。在水产养殖过程中,通过监控这些弧菌种类的浓度变化能够及时对养殖环境进行评价,并及时调整温度、水质等因素,这为预防大菱鲆细菌性疾病,保证人类健康提供重要的理论依据。     

Unexpected guests in the tumor microenvironment:microbiome in cancer

Although intestinal microbiome have been established as an important biomarker and regulator of cancer development and therapeutic response,less is known about the role of microbiome at other body sites in cancer.Emerging evidence has revealed that the local microbiota make up an important part of the tumor microenvironment across many types of cancer,espe-cially in cancers arising from mucosal sites,including the lung,skin and gastrointestinal tract.The populations of bacteria that reside specifically within tumors have been found to be tumor-type specific,and mechanistic studies have demonstrated that tumor-associated microbiota may directly regulate cancer initiation,pro-gression and responses to chemo-or immuno-thera-pies.This review aims to provide a comprehensive review of the important literature on the microbiota in the cancerous tissue,and their function and mechanism of action in cancer development and treatment.     

Probiotics: an overview of beneficial effects

Food products fermented by lactic acid bacteria have long been used for their proposed health promoting properties. In recent years, selected probiotic strains have been thoroughly investigated for specific health effects. Properties like relief of lactose intolerance symptoms and shortening of rotavirus diarrhoea are now widely accepted for selected probiotics. Some areas, such as the treatment and prevention of atopy hold great promise. However, many proposed health effects still need additional investigation. In particular the potential benefits for the healthy consumer, the main market for probiotic products, requires more attention. Also, the potential use of probiotics outside the gastrointestinal tract deserves to be explored further. Results from well conducted clinical studies will expand and increase the acceptance of probiotics for the treatment and prevention of selected diseases.     

Perspectives of new potential therapeutic applications of somatostatin analogs

At the present time only two long-acting somatostatin (SS) analogs, octreotide and lanreotide, are commonly used in the routine therapy. Both analogs have a high affinity mainly to a somatostatin receptor subtype 2 (SSTR2). The established indications for SS analogs treatment include acromegaly, neuroendocrine tumors of the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract, and some gastro-enterologic diseases (pancreatitis, gastrointestinal bleedings, refractory diarrheas, pancreatic and intestinal fistulas). The recent investigations allow to predict the enlargement of therapeutic applications of SS analogs. It concerns pituitary tumors other than somatotropinoma, tumors of other endocrine glands like thyroid and adrenal gland, as well as some non-endocrine tumors. The progress depends on the introduction of new SS analogs with high affinity for SS receptor subtypes other than SSTR2, because some tumors present the high expression of SSTR1 (e.g. prostatic cancers) or SSTR5 (e.g. colonic cancers). Great hopes are connected with the coupling of SS analogs with the radioactive isotopes or non-radioactive cytotoxic agents to destruct the neoplastic cells highly expressing the specific subtypes of SS receptors. The pre- or postoperative in vivo imaging of SS receptors by means of the receptor scintigraphy, as well as the post-operative identification of SS receptor subtypes in the excised tumor tissues using immunohistochemistry, should play an important role in the prediction of the effects of SS analog treatment. Beside oncology, new therapeutic applications of SS analogs could be presumed among others in ophthalmology; it concerns the treatment of progressive Graves-Basedow ophtalmopathy, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma and corneal diseases connected with corneal vascularization.     

Roles of Probiotic Lactobacilli Inclusion in Helping Piglets Establish Healthy Intestinal Inter-environment for Pathogen Defense

The gastrointestinal tract of pigs is densely populated with microorganisms that closely interact with the host and with ingested feed. Gut microbiota benefits the host by providing nutrients from dietary substrates and modulating the development and function of the digestive and immune systems. An optimized gastrointestinal microbiome is crucial for pigs’ health, and establishment of the microbiome in piglets is especially important for growth and disease resistance. However, the microbiome in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets is immature and easily influenced by the environment. Supplementing the microbiome of piglets with probiotic bacteria such as Lactobacillus could help create an optimized microbiome by improving the abundance and number of lactobacilli and other indigenous probiotic bacteria. Dominant indigenous probiotic bacteria could improve piglets’ growth and immunity through certain cascade signal transduction pathways. The piglet body provides a permissive habitat and nutrients for bacterial colonization and growth. In return, probiotic bacteria produce prebiotics such as short-chain fatty acids and bacteriocins that benefit piglets by enhancing their growth and reducing their risk of enteric infection by pathogens. A comprehensive understanding of the interactions between piglets and members of their gut microbiota will help develop new dietary interventions that can enhance piglets’ growth, protect piglets from enteric diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, and maximize host feed utilization.     

Molecular medicine of TFF-peptides: from gut to brain

TFF-peptides (i.e. TFF1, TFF2, TFF3; formerly P-domain peptides, trefoil factors) have been established as secretory products typical of the gastrointestinal tract. Their synthesis has recently been recognized in a number of mucin-producing epithelial cells, for example, of the respiratory tract, the salivary glands, the uterus and of the conjunctiva. They have a pivotal role in maintaining the surface integrity of these delicate epithelia as constituents of mucus gels as well as by their anti-apoptotic properties and their motogenic activity modulating cell migratory processes. The latter is important for rapid healing in particular of gastrointestinal and respiratory epithelia by a process termed "restitution". On the other hand, one of these peptides--namely TFF3--has been detected as a new neuropeptide of the human hypothalamo-pituitary axis where it is synthesized in oxytocinergic neurons of the paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei. From there it is transported to the posterior pituitary where it is released into the blood stream. Synthesis of TFF-peptides also occurs pathologically as result to chronic inflammatory diseases, for example of the gastrointestinal tract. Aberrant synthesis of TFF-peptides is observed in many tumors.     

Emerging molecular insights into the interaction between probiotics and the host intestinal mucosa

Probiotic bacteria can modulate immune responses in the host gastrointestinal tract to promote health. The genomics era has provided novel opportunities for the discovery and characterization of bacterial probiotic effector molecules that elicit specific responses in the intestinal system. Furthermore, nutrigenomic analyses of the response to probiotics have unravelled the signalling and immune response pathways which are modulated by probiotic bacteria. Together, these genomic approaches and nutrigenomic analyses have identified several bacterial factors that are involved in modulation of the immune system and the mucosal barrier, and have revealed that a molecular 'bandwidth of human health' could represent a key determinant in an individual's physiological responsiveness to probiotics. These approaches may lead to improved stratification of consumers and to subpopulation-level probiotic supplementation to maintain or improve health, or to reduce the risk of disease.     

Human Gut Microbiota and Gastrointestinal Cancer

Human gut microbiota play an essential role in both healthy and diseased states of humans. In the past decade, the interactions between microorganisms and tumors have attracted much attention in the efforts to understand various features of the complex microbial communities, as well as the possible mechanisms through which the microbiota are involved in cancer prevention, carcinogenesis, and anti-cancer therapy. A large number of studies have indicated that microbial dysbiosis contributes to cancer susceptibility via multiple pathways. Further studies have suggested that the microbiota and their associated metabolites are not only closely related to carcinogenesis by inducing inflammation and immune dysregulation, which lead to genetic instability, but also interfere with the pharmacodynamics of anticancer agents. In this article, we mainly reviewed the influence of gut microbiota on cancers in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract (including esophageal, gastric, colorectal, liver, and pancreatic cancers) and the regulation of microbiota by diet, prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, antibiotics, or the Traditional Chinese Medicine. We also proposed some new strategies in the prevention and treatment of GI cancers that could be explored in the future. We hope that this review could provide a comprehensive overview of the studies on the interactions between the gut microbiota and GI cancers, which are likely to yield translational opportunities to reduce cancer morbidity and mortality by improving prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.     

海藻酸钙微囊对乳酸乳球菌在胃肠道环境中的保护作用

乳酸菌是机体内一类重要的益生菌,因其益生功能和安全性,在食品行业和医疗保健领域有着广泛的应用,此外将乳酸菌作为口服疫苗载体或药物传递载体也是目前的研究热点之一。乳酸菌到达肠道的活菌数是影响其功能有效性的一个重要因素,需考虑为其提供一定的防护来抵御胃酸等恶劣环境。通过化学法制备能稳定表达Gfp的乳酸乳球菌海藻酸钙微囊,以Gfp作为活菌标记,检测了海藻酸钙微囊对乳酸乳球菌的保护作用。体外实验结果显示,酸处理30、60、90、120 min后,海藻酸钙微囊包裹使乳酸乳球菌的存活率分别提高了1 370、525、235和105倍。动物体内实验也表明,在灌胃2 h后,海藻酸钙微囊包裹使乳酸乳球菌在肠道内的活菌数增加90多倍。上述结果说明海藻酸钙微囊对乳酸乳球菌在胃肠道环境中具有明显的保护作用,为今后乳酸乳球菌口服制剂的研究及开发提供重要的参考依据。