红凤菜和白子菜总黄酮含量的动态变化

红凤菜[Gynura bicolor (Willd. ) DC. ]和白子菜[G. divaricata (L. ) DC. ]均为菊三七属(Gynura Cass. )植物~([1]).红凤菜的嫩茎叶中含有丰富的营养成分,可作蔬菜食用~([2]);白子菜叶片在民间用于治疗糖尿病,动物实验证明其有显著的降血糖作用~([3]).     

红凤菜新鲜茎叶中总黄酮提取物的LC-MS分析

红凤菜（Gynura bicolor DC.）为菊科（Compositae）菊三七属（Gynura Cass.）植物,别名血皮菜、观音菜、观音苋、紫背天葵等,主要分布于中国南方各地,全草均可入药[1];也可作为蔬菜食用,在国内多个地区均有栽培和销售。目前已知红凤菜含有黄酮类、酚性酸类、萜类、甾醇类、脂肪酸类、生物碱类及花青素类等[2-7]成分。由于黄酮类成分多具有保护心血管、抗肿瘤、抗糖尿病、抗氧化、抗炎和抗病毒等作用[8],因此对红凤菜中黄酮类成分的研究具有深度开发价值。     

HPLC测定红凤菜总黄酮含量

用70%甲醇浸提红凤菜样品的干燥粉末,将所得浸膏进行酸解,以槲皮素、山柰酚为对照品,用HPLC对酸解液进行测定,经计算得到红凤菜样品的总黄酮含量,为红凤菜的资源利用提供依据。结果表明,红凤菜样品的总黄酮含量为:嫩芽0.0326 mg·g~(-1)DW,嫩叶0.1171 mg·g~(-1)DW,成熟叶片0.1081 mg·g~(-1)DW,整株样品0.1227 mg·g~(-1)DW;所有样品酸解液中的山柰酚含量均高于槲皮素。红凤菜嫩芽的总黄酮含量最低,整株样品的总黄酮含量不低于其他样品;山柰酚是红凤菜总黄酮的主要苷元。     

六种野菜不同部位硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐及维生素C的含量

报道了6种野菜不同部位的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐和维生素C的含量。参考蔬菜中硝酸盐含量分级评价标准和无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量限量标准,结合各种野菜及不同部位的维生素C的含量,对这6种野菜评价如下:鼠麴草的叶、龙葵的叶、苋的嫩茎和叶,属于一级野菜,可以安全食用;鼠麴草的嫩茎属二级蔬菜范围,不宜生食,煮熟或盐渍可安全食用;龙葵的嫩茎、树仔菜的嫩茎,属于三级蔬菜,不可生食和盐渍,可熟食。白子菜的嫩茎和狗肝菜的嫩茎,属于四级蔬菜,不宜食用或限量食用;树仔菜的叶、白子菜的叶亚硝酸盐含量高于我国制定的无公害蔬菜亚硝酸盐含量的限量标准,所以不宜食用或限量食用。     

4种野生蔬菜的氨基酸含量及其营养价值评价

野生蔬菜具有独特的口味,丰富的营养,有些还具有防病治病的功能,对人体有良好的保健作用.白子菜[Gynura divaricata (L.) DC.]茎叶有消热、舒筋及止血祛瘀的作用,用于镇咳、风湿性关节痛、骨折、创伤止血,痈肿疮疥等症,在民间还作抗癌草使用[1].红凤菜(Gynura bicolor DC.)茎叶有活血止血,解毒消肿的功效,治痛经,血崩,咳血,创伤出血,溃疡久不收口[2].诸葛菜[Orychophragmus violaceus (L.) Schulz]作为野生蔬菜在江苏、安徽民间有很长的食用历史,测定结果表明,该种含有黄酮类化合物[3].马齿苋(Portulaca oleracea L.)具有清热解毒、消炎、利尿、消肿的功效,民间还用于白发症、糖尿病、心血管疾病的治疗[4],中国卫生部将它列为药食同用的植物.     

臭菜营养成分分析及作为特色蔬菜的评价

臭菜是分布于我国热带、南亚热带及东南亚和非洲地区的一种大型木质藤本植物 ,其嫩茎叶是当地许多民族常用的野生蔬菜。本文报道臭菜嫩茎叶营养成分矿物质、微量元素、蛋白质、氨基酸和维生素的含量。臭菜嫩茎叶蛋白质含量高 ,占干物质的 5 1 .4%。测定了臭菜年产量 ,进行了为期一年的臭菜市场价格调查 ,分析了产量与市场价格的关系。作者认为臭菜可作为一种蛋白质含量高 ,有独特风味的芳香型特色蔬菜进行开发。     

红凤菜扦插繁殖技术研究

为了探讨红凤菜扦插繁殖的适宜条件,采用不同基质、不同成熟度插条及不同萘乙酸(NAA)浓度进行三个因素随机区组试验,萘乙酸、插条成熟度和基质组成对红凤菜插条生根数量均有显著影响,其中萘乙酸处理对红凤菜插条生根数量的影响最大,枝条成熟度其次,扦插基质影响较小,结果表明扦插生根的最佳组合为:1 000 mg/kgNAA×幼嫩枝条×泥炭土∶珍珠岩=1∶1,NAA极显著地促进插条生根,数量增多,同时又极显著地抑制根的伸长。     

粤西四种野菜营养成分分析

以常规方法对黄鹌菜、鸡屎藤、打碗花、一点红的营养成分进行了测定和分析.结果表明,4种野菜都含有较高的膳食纤维.打碗花、鸡屎滕的抗坏血酸含量及打碗花中的胡萝卜素含量比传统蔬菜白菜、波菜要高.四种野菜所测的矿质元素含量差异较大,其中一点红的含铁量最高.在硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量的分析中,黄鹌菜、一点红属一级无公害蔬菜,可放心食用.鸡屎藤、打碗花属二级蔬菜范围,不宜生食,煮熟和盐渍后可放心食用.     

几种野生蔬菜硝酸盐及维生素C含量的研究

野生蔬菜不仅具有较高的营养价值,还有相当高的医疗价值。近代研究表明,过量的食入硝酸盐,会诱发消化系统癌变,而维生素 C 有防癌作用,因此硝酸盐和维生素 C含量为评价蔬菜品质的重要指标之一。一般栽培的叶菜类蔬菜如白菜、菠菜、苔菜等硝酸盐含量很高,平均存4000mg/kg 鲜重左右。野生蔬菜中的硝酸盐及维生素 C 含量如何呢?我们仅对几种分布广泛,食用历史较长,营养价值较高的野生蔬菜进行了研究,以期为科学地有选择性地开发野生蔬菜资源提供有价值的依据。     

基于转移方程的蔬菜镉累积预测和土壤风险阈值推导

重金属镉(Cd)在土壤-蔬菜系统中转移方程的建立是农田Cd污染控制和风险评估的关键.本研究通过调查湖南省攸县745个土壤-蔬菜样品Cd含量,应用转移方程、敏感性分布曲线(SSD)和多元回归方法分析不同类别蔬菜Cd累积特征和影响因素,预测不同土壤条件下蔬菜Cd含量并推导相应土壤Cd风险阈值.结果表明: 叶菜对Cd胁迫较根菜敏感;土壤pH、土壤总Cd和土壤有机质(SOM)是影响蔬菜Cd富集的3个主要因子;转移方程对叶菜和根菜的解释程度分别为54.2%和69.1%.土壤Cd风险阈值随土壤pH和SOM的增加而增加,根菜在严重酸化土壤区Cd累积风险较高.当前国家土壤环境质量标准对于严重酸化、有机质含量较低的土壤过于宽泛.     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

Cause of Senescence of Nine Sorts of Flowers

The levels of endogenous phytohormones and respiratory rate in nine sorts of flowers such as Cymbidium faberi Rolfe, Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth and others were investigated both at full bloom and senescence and meanwhile the effect of exogenous phytohormones on prolonging the blossoms and promoting ethylene production were tested. There is a high content of endogenous ethylene in all the long-lived flowere, about 3–16 folds higer than the short-lived ones. There is a high level of ABA at full blooming flowers of short-lived flowers, in which there is no or only some cytokinins in it, but the ratio of CTK (6BA+zeatin)/ABA is smaller(l.7). The endogenous ABA reached a much higher level at senescence in all nine sorts of flowers, so it is reasonable to consider that it is ABA which plays an important role of regulation in controlling flower's senescence. There is a much higher level of GA3 and zeatin in the long-lived flowers which is not demonstrated in the shortlived ones. The respiratory rate is one of the factors controtling the longevity of flowers, but it does not play a decided role. Application of 6BA and zeatin prolongs distinctly orchid’s longevity, however exogenous IAA through the promotive action on ethylene production, evidently extends the longevity of the flowers of the Nopalxochia ackermannii Kunth.     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

Physiological characteristics of various species of strains of carboxydobacteria

Seven strains of aerobic carbon monoxide-oxidizing bacteria (carboxydebacteria) when growing on CO as sole source of carbon and energy had doubling times which ranged from 12–42 h. The activity profiles obtained after discontinuous sucrose density gradient centrifugation indicated that the CO-oxidizing enzymes are soluble and the hydrogenases are membrane-bound in all strains examined. The CO-oxidizing enzymes of Pseudomonas carboxydohydrogena, Pseudomonas carboxydoflava, Comamonas compransoris, and the so far unidentified strains OM2, OM3, and OM4 had a molecular weight of 230,000; that of Achromobacter carboxydus amounted to 170,000. The molecular weights of the CO-oxidizing and H₂-oxidizing enzymes turned out to be identical. The cell sonicates were shown to catalyze the oxidation of both CO and H₂ with methylene blue, thionine, phenazine methosulfate, toluylene blue, dichlorophenolindophenol, cytochrome c or ferricyanide as electron acceptors. Methyl viologen, benzyl viologen, FAD⁺, FMN⁺, and NAD(P)⁺ were not reduced. The spectrum of electron acceptors was identical for all strains tested. Neither free formate, hydrogen nor oxygen gas were involved in the CO-oxidation reaction. Methylene blue was reduced by CO at a 1:1 molar ratio. The results indicate that CO-oxidation by carboxydobacteria is catalyzed by identical or similar enzymes and that the reaction obeys the equation CO+H₂OCO₂+2H⁺+2e^- as previously shown for Pseudomonas carboxydovorans.Dedicated to Otto Kandler remembering almost three decades of enjoyable cooperation     

Modulation of allostery of pyruvate kinase by shifting of an ensemble of microstates

Since the introduction of the concepts of allostery about four decades ago, much advancement has been made in elucidating the structure-function correlation in allostery. However, there are still a number of issues that remain unresolved. In this review we used mammalian pyruvate kinase (PK) as a model system to understand the role of protein dynamics in modulating cooperativity. PK has a triosephosphate isomerase (TIM)(α/β)₈ barrel structural motif. PK is an ideal system to address basic questions regarding regulatory mechanisms about this common (α/β)₈ structural motif. The simplest model accounting for all of the solution thermodynamic and kinetic data on ligand-enzyme interactions involves two conformational states, inactive E^T and active E^R. These conformational states are represented by domain movements. Further studies provide the first evidence for a differential effect of ligand binding on the dynamics of the structural elements, not major secondary structural changes. These data are consistent with our model that allosteric regulation of PK is the consequence of perturbation of the distribution of an ensemble of states in which the inactive E^T and active E^R represent the two extreme end states. Sequence differences and ligands can modulate the distribution of states leading to alterations of functions. The future work includes: defining the network of functionally connected residues; elucidating the chemical principles governing the sequence differences which affect functions; and probing the nature of mutations on the stability of the secondary structural elements, which in turn modulate allostery.     

（鱼句）亚科花（鱼骨）型鱼类骨骼系统的比较

对我国花型Hemibarbuspattern鱼类作了骨骼系统比较,结果表明,此类型鱼类脑颅较长,副蝶骨平直或稍弯曲,眶蝶骨腹纵嵴发达(铜鱼Coreius septentrionalis例外),下颞窝和咽突中等大,基枕骨后突发达;脑颅中的上筛骨的后突、侧筛骨的外筛突,蝶耳骨的外突、上耳骨的后突、围眶骨和后颞窝等均有明显的差异;咽颅中的舌颌骨、尾舌骨、鳃盖骨和下咽齿的列数等又有显著的区别;附肢骨骼中的腰带骨、脊椎骨中的复合神经骨和第4椎骨腹侧的悬器等也有不同之处。据此,这些差异和区别可作为属间或种间的分类依据。