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1.
陈国跃  李立会 《西北植物学报》2006,26(12):2439-2444
运用酸性聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳(A-PAGE)技术,对96份人工合成六倍体小麦的醇溶蛋白多样性进行了分析。结果显示,96份人工合成小麦中,共分离出65条不同的醇溶蛋白谱带,其中ω区22条,β和γ区各17条,α区9条,但各醇溶蛋白在电泳图谱中出现的频率差异较大,其变化范围为1.04%~91.67%。醇溶蛋白遗传多样性指数(H′)及多态性信息含量(PIC)分析结果显示,β、ω两个谱带区醇溶蛋白组成最为丰富,而α区最低;聚类分析结果显示,材料间的平均遗传距离为0.86,在遗传距离为0.83水平上,96份材料被划分为4个主要类群,类群间的关系基本反映了合成双二倍体的亲缘关系。研究结果表明,人工合成六倍体小麦醇溶蛋白基因位点表现出广泛的遗传变异,具有丰富的遗传多样性。  相似文献   

2.
采用已筛选出的多态性较好的分布于六倍体小黑麦21对染色体上的100对SSR引物对从国际玉米小麦改良中心(CIMMYT)引进的339份六倍体小黑麦进行了遗传多样性分析。结果显示,100对引物共检测出323个等位变异,变幅是1~6个,平均等位变异丰富度为3.23;多态信息含量(PIC)的变幅为0~0.748,平均多态信息含量为0.465;平均遗传多样性指数(H')为0.1439,说明供试的339份六倍体小黑麦品种的SSR遗传多样性较为丰富。同时基于Nei's遗传距离对339份材料进行聚类分析,可以将供试材料分为6个类群。其中,第Ⅵ类群与其他类群的遗传距离较大、遗传差异较明显。研究结果为将六倍体小黑麦的优良基因应用于普通小麦的遗传改良提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

3.
构建人工合成六倍体小麦是利用小麦近缘材料优异基因的很有效的方法。但是目前在人工合成异源六倍小麦的过程中对微卫星位点的影响研究尚不完善。本研究直接比较了亲本四倍体小麦PS5与4个不同粗山羊草进行远缘杂交并经染色体自然加倍后获得4个人工合成六倍体小麦前后,位于普通小麦A/B染色体组不同染色体臂上的104对引物的变化。结果表明,104对微卫星引物的扩增产物在4个合成六倍体小麦中具有与普通小麦相同的带型;但在22对引物的扩增产物上存在差异,其中Am4与其它3个六倍体小麦Am1,Am2,Am3在15对引物扩增的条带存在差异;另外发现有45对特异与AB染色体的引物能够在粗山羊草中扩增出产物,其中特异于B染色体组的引物47.54%的可以在粗山羊草中扩增出产物,而A染色体组的引物占38.24%。因此,基于普通小麦开发的微卫星引物可以用于合成六倍体小麦的研究,而Am4材料与其它3个合成二倍体小麦的差异尚需进一步研究,另外我们推测普通小麦的B染色体组与A染色体组相比与粗山羊草存在较近的亲缘关系。  相似文献   

4.
利用SSR标记分析云南、西藏和新疆小麦的遗传多样性   总被引:14,自引:0,他引:14  
用185对SSR引物对52份中国西部特有小麦的遗传多样性进行了研究分析。在31份云南小麦材料中,共检测到488个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测到1至9个等位变异,平均为2.64个;平均PIC值为0.2764。在15份西藏小麦材料中,共检测到472个等位变异,每个引物可扩增出1到8个等位变异,平均为2.55个;平均PIC值为0.3082。在6份新疆小麦材料中,共检测到308个等位变异,每一个SSR引物可检测1到5个等位变异,平均为1.66个;平均PIC值为0.1944。185对SSR引物在云南、西藏和新疆小麦的21条染色体、7个部分同源群和3个染色体组上检测到的等位位点的多态性存在明显差异。云南、西藏和新疆小麦均以3B染色体较高,而1D染色体最低;在7个部分同源群中,均以第三部分同源群最高,第六部分同源群最低;在A、B和D染色体组上,均以B染色体组最高,D染色体组最低,A染色体组居中。利用185对SSR引物计算了云南、西藏和新疆小麦群体内及其群体间的遗传距离(GD)和平均遗传距离,结果显示,西藏小麦和云南小麦群体内的平均遗传距离要高于新疆小麦,而云南小麦和西藏小麦间的平均遗传距离低于两者与新疆小麦的平均遗传距离。聚类分析结果也表明,云南小麦和西藏小麦的亲缘关系较近,但两者与新疆小麦的亲缘关系相对较远。  相似文献   

5.
普通小麦是由四倍体小麦栽培类型与野生二倍体节节麦远缘杂交形成的异源六倍体。普通小麦保持了四倍体小麦的高产潜力,D基因组的加入丰富了食品加工产品类型、增强了环境适应能力。与二倍体作物不同,普通小麦有3个亚基因组,存在大量重复基因,基因组缓冲性、可塑性强,单个基因拷贝可能对育种改良的效果有限。小麦3个亚基因组的遗传多样性是不对称的,其中D基因组遗传多样性最低。通过模拟普通小麦起源过程人工创制的六倍体小麦为桥梁,可以将节节麦和四倍体小麦的遗传变异同时导入普通小麦。与普通小麦相比,人工合成小麦存在大量的优良等位变异、在转录组水平具有新的表达特征,为育种提供了有利遗传基础,在小麦育种中被寄予厚望,但是目前的应用效果还很有限。细胞学不稳定性、综合农艺性状差影响其育种利用效率。优化杂交方法和选择方法将推动人工合成小麦在普通小麦育种中的应用。  相似文献   

6.
小麦A/B染色体组SSR标记在新小麦合成前后的比较研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
微卫星分子标记已广泛用于普通小麦遗传和进化研究。由于人工合成小麦与小麦品种之间存在高的遗传多样性,人工合成小麦已被大量应用于小麦分子标记工作中。但是,目前还缺乏人工合成小麦的异源六倍化过程对微卫星影响的研究。本研究直接比较了四倍体小麦与节节麦远缘杂交并经染色体加倍获得人工合成小麦前后,位于普通小麦A/B染色体组不同染色体臂上的66个特异引物揭示的微卫星位点的保守性和可转移性。结果表明,除了一个引物在新合成小麦中扩增出供体亲本没有的新带,一个引物在节节麦扩增出的产物在新合成小麦中消失,其他的所有微卫星引物的扩增产物在小麦合成前后是保守的,没有变异发生。所有的引物能够在四倍体小麦中扩增出微卫星产物,四倍体小麦中的扩增产物也出现在新的人工合成小麦中;有70%的引物能够在节节麦扩增出产物,其中的绝大多数产物也出现在新的人工合成小麦中。因此,普通小麦A/B染色体组的这些微卫星引物除了在人工合成小麦的A/B染色体组中扩增出产物,还能在其D染色体组中扩增出产物,也就是说,这些引物对人工合成小麦而言,并非是A/B染色体组特异的。根据该研究结果,讨论了小麦微卫星的可转移性和特异性问题,重点讨论了在应用人工合成小麦构建的遗传群体进行微卫星分子标记中的应用价值及其应该注意的问题。  相似文献   

7.
鉴定了170份小麦近缘物种材料苗期对北京地区流行的小麦白粉菌小种的抗性表现,包括引自美国和欧洲的斯卑尔脱小麦81份,密穗小麦27份,中国的西藏半野生小麦4份,和引自CIMMYT的人工合成六倍体小麦58份。结果表明,3份斯卑尔脱小麦表现抗病,它们是瑞士品种Hubel和Lueg以及德国的原始品种69Z6.245(编写PI348085)。人工合成六倍体小麦中有19份材料表现高抗至免疫。密穗小麦材料中有2份(即美国材料DN-2263和Coda)表现抗病。4份西藏半小麦苗期都不抗小麦白粉病。  相似文献   

8.
六倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交的细胞遗传学研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
利用六倍体小黑麦与普通小麦杂交,F1具有两个单倍体染色体组(D、R),在减数分裂时,单倍的染色体组(D、R)可产生较多的单价体断裂与再融合。可诱发染色体易位,同时在杂种自交的情况下探讨单倍的D、R染色体组的遗传规律性与染色体组的再形成。1材料与方法1...  相似文献   

9.
小麦进化过程中叶片气孔和光合特征演变趋势   总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5  
根据小麦属内种间的进化关系选取21种小麦品种为实验材料,研究了小麦进化过程中气孔特征和光合特征的演变趋势。结果表明,无论是A,B,D染色体组还是A,G染色体组,气孔长度、宽度、周长、面积均随倍性水平的升高而呈增大趋势,而气孔指数无显著变化;A,B,D染色体组气孔密度随倍性升高呈减少趋势。二倍体小麦的Pn值最高,六倍体小麦的Fv/Fm值较高,二倍体小麦叶片叶绿素含量显著高于四倍体和六倍体小麦。不同倍性小麦的净光合速率与气孔导度间均存在极显著相关关系,表明气孔传导力是小麦光合能力的主要限制因素之一。气孔导度与单一气孔特征之间无显著相关关系。A,B,D染色体组不同倍性小麦叶片气孔密度差异显著,其大小顺序为二倍体〉四倍体〉六倍体;A,B,D染色体组不同倍体小麦叶片的气孔长度、宽度、周长、面积差异显著,顺序均为六倍体〉四倍体〉二倍体,气孔密度降低可能是A,B,D染色体组六倍体小麦光合能力降低的原因。随着倍性的升高,小麦的抵抗光抑制能力越强,因此光化学能转换效率可能不是小麦进化过程中光合能力变化的原因。A,B,D染色体组中二倍体的叶绿素含量显著大于四倍体和六倍体,而A,G染色体组中倍体间叶绿素含量差异不显著,说明叶绿素的降低可能是A,B,D染色体组六倍体光合能力降低的原因之一。  相似文献   

10.
利用24个微卫星标记,分析了山东省内原有地方绵羊品种的遗传多样性.结果表明,在来自4个品种共71个种群的164只绵羊中,共检测到等位基因467个,有效等位基因占49.59%,不同微卫星基因座之间的等位基因数差异大于品种之间的差异;发现特有等位基因123个,优势等位基因43个.在所有微卫星基因座中,89%处于Hardy-Weinberg不平衡状态,有50%属于中性基因座.不同品种的微卫星基因座多态信息含量呈高度多态(PIC>0.5),Shannon指数较高(I>1.5),平均观察杂合度(范围0.454~0.560)明显低于期望杂合度(范围0.831~0.849),证明4个地方绵羊种群具有丰富的遗传多样性和广泛的遗传基础,但品种内存在着一定程度的近交.聚类分析表明,山东地方绵羊品种遗传进化关系明确,可划分为鲁西地区的小尾寒羊和大尾寒羊、鲁东地区的山地绵羊和洼地绵羊两大类群,其遗传距离与地理分布距离相一致.  相似文献   

11.
The origin of spelt and free-threshing hexaploid wheat   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
It is widely believed that hexaploid wheat originated via hybridization of hulled tetraploid emmer with Aegilops tauschii (genomes DD) and that the nascent hexaploid was spelt, from which free-threshing wheat evolved by mutations. To reassess the role of spelt in the evolution of Triticum aestivum, 4 disomic substitution lines of Ae. tauschii chromosome 2D in Chinese Spring wheat were developed and one of them was used to map the Tg locus, which controls glume tenacity in Ae. tauschii, relative to simple sequence repeat (SSR) and expressed sequence tag loci on wheat chromosome 2D. The segregation of SSR markers was used to assess the presence of Tg alleles in 11 accessions of spelt, both from Europe and from Asia. Ten of them had an inactive tg allele in the D genome and most had an active Tg allele in the B genome. This is consistent with spelt being derived from free-threshing hexaploid wheat by hybridization of free-threshing wheat with hulled emmer. It is proposed that the tetraploid parent of hexaploid wheat was not hulled emmer but a free-threshing form of tetraploid wheat.  相似文献   

12.
Galaev AV  Babaiants LT  Sivolap IuM 《Genetika》2004,40(12):1654-1661
To reveal sites of the donor genome in wheat crossed with Aegilops cylindrica, which acquired conferred resistance to fungal diseases, a comparative analysis of introgressive and parental forms was conducted. Two systems of PCR analysis, ISSR and SSR-PCR, were employed. Upon use of 7 ISSR primers in genotypes of 30 individual plants BC1 F9 belonging to lines 5/55-91 and 5/20-91, 19 ISSR loci were revealed and assigned to introgressive fragments of Aegilops cylindrica genome in Triticum aestivum. The 40 pairs of SSR primers allowed the detection of seven introgressive alleles; three of these alleles were located on common wheat chromosomes in the B genome, while four alleles, in the D genome. Based on data of microsatellite analysis, it was assumed that the telomeric region of the long arm of common wheat chromosome 6A also changed. ISSR and SSR methods were shown to be effective for detecting variability caused by introgression of foreign genetic material into the genome of common wheat.  相似文献   

13.
Isolation and characterisation of microsatellites from hexaploid bread wheat   总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16  
 The development of large panels of simple-to-analyse genetic markers for tagging agronomically important genes and diversity studies in hexaploid bread wheat is an important goal in applied cereal genetic research. We have isolated and sequenced over 200 clones containing microsatellites from the wheat genome and have tested 153 primer pairs for genetic polymorphism using a panel of ten wheat varieties, including the parents of our main mapping cross. A subset comprising 49 primer pairs detects 76 loci, of which 74 can be unequivocably allocated to one of the wheat chromosomes. A relatively low frequency of the loci detected are from the D genome, and these loci show less polymorphism than those from the A and B genomes. Generally, the microsatellites show high levels of genetic polymorphism and an average of 3.5 alleles per locus with an average polymorphism information content (PIC), value of 0.51. The observed levels of polymorphism are positively correlated with the length of the microsatellite repeats. A high proportion, approximately two-thirds, of primer pairs designed to detect simple sequence repeat (SSR) variation in wheat do not generate the expected amplification products and, more significantly, often generate unresolvable PCR products. In general, our results agree closely with those obtained from other recent studies using microsatellites in plants. Received: 19 March 1996 / Accepted: 28 June 1996  相似文献   

14.
A set of 20 wheat microsatellite markers was used with 55 elite wheat genotypes to examine their utility (1) in detecting DNA polymorphism, (2)in the identifying genotypes and (3) in estimating genetic diversity among wheat genotypes. The 55 elite genotypes of wheat used in this study originated in 29 countries representing six continents. A total of 155 alleles were detected at 21 loci using the above microsatellite primer pairs (only 1 primer amplified 2 loci; all other primers amplified 1 locus each). Of the 20 primers amplifying 21 loci, 17 primers and their corresponding 18 loci were assigned to 13 different chromosomes (6 chromosomes of the A genome, 5 chromosomes of the B genome and 2 chromosomes of the D genome). The number of alleles per locus ranged from 1 to 13, with an average of 7.4 alleles per locus. The values of average polymorphic information content (PIC) and the marker index (MI) for these markers were estimated to be 0.71 and 0.70, respectively. The (GT)n microsatellites were found to be the most polymorphic. The genetic similarity (GS) coefficient for all possible 1485 pairs of genotypes ranged from 0.05 to 0.88 with an average of 0.23. The dendrogram, prepared on the basis of similarity matrix using the UPGMA algorithm, delineated the above genotypes into two major clusters (I and II), each with two subclusters (Ia, Ib and IIa, IIb). One of these subclusters (Ib) consisted of a solitary genotype (E3111) from Portugal, so that it was unique and diverse with respect to all other genotypes belonging to cluster I and placed in subcluster Ia. Using a set of only 12 primer pairs, we were able to distinguish a maximum of 48 of the above 55 wheat genotypes. The results demonstrate the utility of microsatellite markers for detecting polymorphism leading to genotype identification and for estimating genetic diversity. Received: 15 May 1999 / Accepted: 27 July 1999  相似文献   

15.
A set of 24 wheat microsatellite markers, representing at least one marker from each chromosome, was used for the assessment of genetic diversity in 998 accessions of hexaploid bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) which originated from 68 countries of five continents. A total of 470 alleles were detected with an average allele number of 18.1 per locus. The highest number of alleles per locus was detected in the B genome with 19.9, compared to 17.4 and 16.5 for genomes A and D, respectively. The lowest allele number per locus among the seven homoeologous groups was observed in group 4. Greater genetic variation exists in the non-centromeric regions than in the centromeric regions of chromosomes. Allele numbers increased with the repeat number of the microsatellites used and their relative distance from the centromere, and was not dependent on the motif of microsatellites. Gene diversity was correlated with the number of alleles. Gene diversity according to Nei for the 26 microsatellite loci varied from 0.43 to 0.94 with an average of 0.77, and was 0.78, 0.81 and 0.73 for three genomes A, B and D, respectively. Alleles for each locus were present in regular two or three base-pair steps, indicating that the genetic variation during the wheat evolution occurred step by step in a continuous manner. In most cases, allele frequencies showed a normal distribution. Comparative analysis of microsatellite diversity among the eight geographical regions revealed that the accessions from the Near East and the Middle East exhibited more genetic diversity than those from the other regions. Greater diversity was found in Southeast Europe than in North and Southwest Europe. The present study also indicates that microsatellite markers permit the fast and high throughput fingerprinting of large numbers of accessions from a germplasm collection in order to assess genetic diversity.  相似文献   

16.
从251个SSR标记中筛选出均匀分布在玉米基因组上的88个SSR标记,用以分析评价贵州省2000年以来47个审定品种的70份亲本材料的遗传多样性。SSR标记检测的结果:88个标记共检测出466个等位基因,每个标记可检测等位基因2~18个,平均为5.31个;每个标记位点的多态性信息量(PIC)变化为0.213~0.965,平均为0.586,这表明贵州玉米自交系具有较为丰富的遗传多样性。POPTREE聚类分析结果:70份自交系分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ类群。Ⅰ类群含8个自交系,以瑞德和兰卡斯特等温带种质为主。Ⅱ类群有11个自交系,以PN78599、瑞德和兰卡斯特等温带种质为主。Ⅲ类群拥有51个自交系,可分为A和B 2个亚群,B亚群还可再分为B1和B2 2个次亚群,A亚群中的10个系以我国地方温带种质为主,B1次亚群中的19个系以贵州地方亚热带种质为主,B2次亚群中的22个系以泰国苏湾热带种质为主。杂种优势利用分析的结果表明,贵州近些年在玉米育种中,主要是利用贵州地方亚热带种质和泰国苏湾热带种质2个杂种优势群,这与其多态位点百分率较高有关,与其群内SSR位点的平均等位数较多有关。贵州玉米育种利用的种质类型较少,有必要加强玉米种...  相似文献   

17.
部分耐盐小麦品种(系)SSR位点遗传多样性研究   总被引:8,自引:3,他引:5  
选择有多态性的32对SSR引物对80个小麦耐盐品种(系)进行遗传差异研究,共检测出155个等位变异,平均每个位点上有4.75个等位变异;供试80份耐盐小麦品种(系)来源广泛,遗传基础丰富,表现出较高的遗传多样性,遗传相似系数范围在0.26~0.81;聚类分析结果显示,冬性小麦品种(系)聚为一大类;春性小麦品种(系)也聚为一大类;一些系谱相同或相近的品种(系)遗传相似系数较大;A、B、D基因组中SSR位点平均等位变异差异不大,以B基因组较高.  相似文献   

18.
Genetic diversity among 49 wheat varieties (37 durum and 12 bread wheat) was assayed using 32 microsatellites representing 34 loci covering almost the whole wheat genome. The polymorphic information content (PIC) across the tested loci ranged from 0 to 0.88 with average values of 0.57 and 0.65 for durum and bread wheat respectively. B-genome had the highest mean number of alleles (10.91) followed by A genome (8.3) whereas D genome had the lowest number (4.73). The correlation between PIC and allele number was significant in all genome groups accounting for 0.87, 074 and 0.84 for A, B and D genomes respectively, and over all genomes, the correlation was higher in tetraploid (0.8) than in hexaploid wheat varieties (0.5). The cluster analysis discriminated all varieties and clearly divided the two ploidy levels into two separate clusters that reflect the differences in genetic diversity within each cluster. This study demonstrates that microsatellites markers have unique advantages compared to other molecular and biochemical fingerprinting techniques in revealing the genetic diversity in Syrian wheat varieties that is crucial for wheat improvement.  相似文献   

19.
This study investigated allele size constraints and clustering, and genetic effects on microsatellite (simple sequence repeat, SSR) diversity at 28 loci comprising seven types of tandem repeated dinucleotide motifs in a natural population of wild emmer wheat, Triticum dicoccoides, from a shade vs sun microsite in Yehudiyya, northeast of the Sea of Galilee, Israel. It was found that allele distribution at SSR loci is clustered and constrained with lower or higher boundary. This may imply that SSR have functional significance and natural constraints. Genetic factors, involving genome, chromosome, motif, and locus significantly affected SSR diversity. Genome B appeared to have a larger average repeat number (ARN), but lower variance in repeat number (sigma(ARN)(2)), and smaller number of alleles per locus than genome A. SSRs with compound motifs showed larger ARN than those with perfect motifs. The effects of replication slippage and recombinational effects (eg, unequal crossing over) on SSR diversity varied with SSR motifs. Ecological stresses (sun vs shade) may affect mutational mechanisms, influencing the level of SSR diversity by both processes.  相似文献   

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