中国巨松鼠Ratufa bicolor(Sciuridae:Ratufinae)头骨形态的地理学变异

巨松鼠(Ratufa bicolor)是东洋界的特有类群.中国仅有一种,分布于海南、广西西南部、云南南部、西南部、西部和西北部,关于其亚种的分化结论过去主要依据其皮毛的颜色特征.本研究共测取75个巨松鼠头骨,每号头骨标本测取23个变量,运用统计分析软件SPSS 11.0对巨松鼠的可测量变量进行主成分分析、判别分析及聚类分析,以探讨巨松鼠各亚种地位的有效性及其头骨形态的地理学变异.研究结果显示阿萨姆亚种R.b.gigantea和海南亚种R.b.hainana均为有效亚种,前者分布自广西西南部向西经云南南部、西南部、西部达西北部,后者分布于海南.同时,本研究结果不支持滇南亚种R.b.stigmosa作为一个有效的亚种.     

中国蝮蛇头骨形态比较及分类学讨论

目前,我国蝮蛇某些种类的分类仍存在不同见解,对蝮蛇类群的分类主要集中在外部形态的比较,而较少涉及内部结构的研究.因此,本文对我国13个地区的8种(亚种)共26号蝮蛇的头骨进行了比较解剖.以头骨特征为依据,对岩栖蝮Agkistrodon saxatilis、乌苏里蝮A.ussurensis、蛇岛蝮A.shedaoensis、短尾蝮A brevicaudus、秦岭蝮A.qinlingensis等的有效性及分类地位进行了讨论;同时对尖吻蝮Deinagkistrodon acutus的骨骼形态与其他种类也进行了比较,认为它们在谱系上应代表两个不同的类型,将它们分隶于蝮属Agkistrodon和尖吻蝮属Deinagkistrodon是合理的.还以头骨形态特征为依据对8种蝮蛇编制了检索表.     

江汉水牛与摩拉水牛顶间骨形态比较研究

对摩拉水牛头骨形态特征进行研究,并对2例(1,4号)摩拉水牛头骨的顶间骨进行研究,与2例(2,3号)江汉水牛头骨的顶间骨进行形态特征比较,结果表明摩拉水牛顶间骨发达,是由完整的对骨组成.该研究进一步论证了摩拉水牛头骨的顶间骨形态结构与江汉水牛头骨的顶间骨之间存在很明显差异,摩拉水牛顶间骨比江汉水牛的顶间骨发达.     

原羚属分类地位研究兼论中国羚羊的分类

中国羚羊类动物在世界羚羊类动物中有着特殊的地位,其中普氏原羚、藏原羚和藏羚是中国特有的珍稀物种,普氏原羚是极度濒危动物.开展中国羚羊类动物的分类和进化研究是当务之急.本研究利用形态特征、头骨测量及线粒体DNA的12S rRNA(440 bp)和16S rRNA(590 bp)对原羚属的分类地位及中国其他几种羚羊分类地位进行了探讨,发现对质量性状和数量性状数据的聚类分析的结果差异大,而且质量性状的聚类结果比较符合传统的分类系统.分子分类也得到相似结果,但在属下的分析存在较大差异.7种牛科动物的12S rRNA和16S rRNA序列差异分别为0.2%～7.1%和0.3%～8.4%.系统进化分析表明原羚属3种羚羊形成单系群,且蒙古瞪羚与普氏原羚的关系较藏原羚与普氏原羚的关系近.赛加羚应归宿于羚羊亚科,而不是与羊亚科的藏羚形成独立的赛加羚亚科.原羚属的进化可能与青藏高原的隆起有关.     

熊类头骨的三维几何形态学初步研究

三维激光扫描技术在骨骼形态学研究中得到越来越广泛的应用。运用激光扫描可得到骨骼三维几何形态学的全部信息,用于骨骼形态的定量分析,对于建立客观的分类指标以及形态生态学研究有重要意义。本研究以大熊猫、亚洲黑熊、棕熊和北极熊为研究对象,为亚洲黑熊、棕熊和北极熊的共计28件头骨和对应下颌建立三维模型,提取熊类下颌的9个形态测量的比例指标和头骨的15个形态测量的比例指标,对下颌和头骨进行数学建模。使用Weka的J48算法,构建决策树,成功实现了模式分类。又在上述三维模型的基础上,确定了23个下颌形态标志点和29个头骨形态标志点;以标志点的三维坐标为初始变量,进行主成分分析,比较4种熊类的下颌和头骨形态差异。结果显示大熊猫的下颌和头骨形态与其他3类熊差别显著;棕熊的头骨和下颌形态介于黑熊和北极熊之间。在此基础上,以同样方法将一例大熊猫小种化石头骨与4种现生熊类头骨形态进行比较,结果显示大熊猫小种头骨形态与现生大熊猫相似,而又不在其种内差异的形态区间内。除去大小因素,大熊猫小种在头骨形态上与现生大熊猫仍有一定差异,略倾向于杂食熊类。     

中国西南部明纹花鼠三个亚种的分化

明纹花鼠是东南亚地区的特有种,在中国有3亚种（阿萨姆亚种、滇西亚种、滇南亚种）,分布于藏东南、云南西南部和南部。以往主要根据外部形态特征进行分类。为探讨3亚种头骨性状的差异,在测量15个陛状的基础上,运用统计分析软件SPSS 11．0对其可测量性状进行多变量分析。结果及推测如下：①明纹花鼠3个亚种的地位是确定的。②在头骨15个性状中,两两亚种之间具有显著差异的性状：阿萨姆亚种与滇西亚种有8个（枕鼻长、吻宽、颤宽、眶间宽、后头宽、鼻骨宽、下齿列、下颌骨高）;阿萨姆亚种与滇西亚种有7个（颅全长、枕鼻长、颧宽、眶间宽、后头宽、下颌高、下颌骨高）;滇西亚种与滇南亚种有4个（吻宽、后头宽、鼻骨宽、下颌高）。③滇南亚种与滇西亚种之间的亲缘关系近：于两者各自与阿萨姆亚种之间的亲缘关系。     

南京1号直立人头骨与肯尼亚KNM-ER 3733人类头骨化石的形态比较

KNM-ER 3733人类头骨化石的年代为距今1.78百万年,1975年发现于肯尼亚。Walker和Leakey注意到这具头骨与周口店直立人的在脑颅形态上很相近,但二者在年代上相差大约1百万年,故认为直立人形态在这1百万年期间是稳定的。长期来此观点缺乏更多的人类化石证据来支持。1993年在中国发现了南京1号人类头骨化石。该头骨与KNM-ER 3733头骨一样兼具脑颅和面颅,且都属于成年女性个体,但南京1号人类头骨化石的年代比KNM-ER 3733人类头骨化石的要晚大约1百万年。因此,南京1号人类头骨是目前所知的可用来验证直立人头骨形态是否在1百万年期间保持稳定的唯一合适的人类头骨化石材料。形态比较表明,这两个人类头骨化石的脑颅虽然在眶上圆枕上沟的发育程度、眶后收缩的程度、额骨横向隆起的程度、角圆枕和乳后突的发育与否、顶骨形状以及骨壁厚度的表现上有所差异,但有更多的形态性状显示出相近。这些相近表现在脑颅的长、宽、高值上;颅容量上;脑颅的低矮性上;脑颅最大宽之位置上;额骨、顶骨、枕骨之矢弧值的比例上;眶上圆枕的纤细上;顶骨的大小和矢向扁平性上;颞线位置和颞鳞顶缘的形状上;枕鳞的低宽形状上;上枕鳞与下枕鳞之间的转折形状和比例上;枕骨圆枕和枕骨圆枕上沟的发育程度上等。这两具头骨的面颅虽然有同属突颌型的面角、皆发育有鼻骨间嵴、两鼻骨组成的上部宽度与下部宽度皆差别很大,但有更多的形态性状显示出差别。这些差别表现在面型上、颜面上部扁平度上、眶形和眶型上、上颌额突外侧面的朝向上、鼻骨横向隆起程度上、鼻梁外突程度上、鼻型上、颧骨下缘外展程度上、颊高上、颧上颌下缘的形状上、上颌颧突基部的位置上以及颧结节的位置上等。因此,南京1号头骨与KNM-ER 3733头骨之间在脑颅上显示出较多的相近性状,在面颅上则显示出较多的相异性状。脑颅方面的相近性状大多具有分类上的鉴别价值。这两个头骨脑颅形态的相近支持把KNM-ER 3733头骨鉴定为"直立人"的观点;也提示了南京1号头骨的脑颅似乎保持着1百多万年前的"祖先"形态。如果直立人的某些成员在至少1百万年期间保持着形态稳定的话,则这种形态上的稳定主要是表现在脑颅形态上。这两具头骨的面颅形态上较大差异的意义,目前尚不清楚。     

南京人头骨化石研究新进展

1 993年在南京汤山葫芦洞发现了2具人类头骨化石-南京1号头骨和南京2号头骨.这2具头骨化石先后经过两次研究都被认为是属于直立人.近几年来,对南京人类头骨化石作了更深入的研究,研究涉及的内容可归纳为:1)对南京2号头骨作了复位和复原、进行了重新鉴定.对南京1号头骨作了颅容量计算;2)对南京1号头骨作了更广泛的比较,对比标本包括周口店直立人头骨、印尼Sangiran 17直立人头骨、肯尼亚KNM-ER3733头骨和东非Bodo头骨;3)对南京1号头骨的适应性特征-鼻梁高耸进行了论证.这些研究的结果表明:1)南京2号头骨应属于早期智人而不是直立人.南京1号头骨的颅容量,经计算,为871 ml.该颅容量与周口店3号头骨的相当,二者年代也应相近(周口店3号头骨的年代为57.8万年);2)南京1号头骨显示出地区性的形态特征.提示了中国人群南北两大类型的形态差别早在南京直立人生活时期已显出端倪.南京1号头骨及和县头骨可能代表一类中国南方的直立人群,其形态与以周口店直立人为代表的中国北方直立人群有些不同.南京1号头骨在脑颅上显示出较多的与KNM-ER 3733头骨相近的特征,但在面颅上二者相差较大,提示了直立人某些成员在至少1Ma期间脑颅形态保持稳定.南京1号头骨与Bodo头骨的比较结果与"中心和边缘"假说的推测相符合,在东亚这个"边缘地区",现代人群的面颅测量性特征可追溯到直立人群那里;3)南京直立人的高耸鼻梁是适应性特征,是对寒冷或(和)干燥气候适应的结果,并不意味着"西方血统".     

中菊头蝠中国三亚种的形态特征比较

比较了四川、广东和海南3地的中菊头蝠(Rhinolophus affinis)种群的外部和头骨形态差异。在测量23个外部可量性状以及22个头骨可量性状的基础上,运用统计分析软件SPSS12.0对其中12个外部可量性状以及22个头骨可量性状进行数理统计。主成分分析的结果表明四川、广东和海南3地的中菊头蝠在外部形态和头骨形态上均有明显差异,用判别分析对主成分分析结果的正确性进行验证,证明了中国的中菊头蝠划为喜马拉雅、华南、海南3个亚种是合理的。     

中国中西部五大山系间社鼠头骨形态的地理分化

种群分化是物种形成过程中的关键一步,通过形态特征进行种内变异的探讨对揭示微进化过程具有积极
意义。本文以社鼠头骨为材料,通过SPSS 统计分析软件对采集自我国中西部5 大山系的250 号标本头骨形态变
量进行了判别函数分析,结果表明秦岭与四川各山系之间社鼠头骨已发生完全分化,而在四川各山系之间,除
邛崃和相岭山系外,其余各山系社鼠头骨形态已分化明显。腭长、上颌齿隙长等变量是各山系社鼠头骨样本发
生分化的主要变量,暗示上述山系之间社鼠头骨形态的分化可能主要来自于局部种群在食物资源及觅食习性等
方面的差异。除此之外,本文研究结果尚揭示了在对具有广泛分布的小型兽类进行种下阶元(如亚种) 的划分
时,需充分考虑形态特征可能存在的地理差异。     

Phylogeny and biogeography of the Petaurista philippensis complex (Rodentia: Sciuridae), inter- and intraspecific relationships inferred from molecular and morphometric analysis

With modified DNA extraction and purification protocols, the complete cytochrome b gene sequences (1140 bp) were determined from degraded museum specimens. Molecular analysis and morphological examination of cranial characteristics of the giant flying squirrels of Petaurista philippensis complex (P. grandis, P. hainana, and P. yunanensis) and other Petaurista species yielded new insights into long-standing controversies in the Petaurista systematics. Patterns of genetic variations and morphological differences observed in this study indicate that P. hainana, P. albiventer, and P. yunanensis can be recognized as distinct species, and P. grandis and P. petaurista are conspecific populations. Phylogenetic relationships reconstructed by using parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian methods reveal that, with P. leucogenys as the basal branch, all Petaurista groups formed two distinct clades. Petaurista philippensis, P. hainana, P. yunanensis, and P. albiventer are clustered in the same clade, while P. grandis shows a close relationship to P. petaurista. Deduced divergence times based on Bayesian analysis and the transversional substitution at the third codon suggest that the retreating of glaciers and upheavals or movements of tectonic plates in the Pliocene-Pleistocene were the major factors responsible for the present geographical distributions of Petaurista groups.     

Phylogenetic Relationships among Asian species of Petaurista (Rodentia, Sciuridae), Inferred from Mitochondrial Cytochrome b Gene Sequences

To elucidate the phylogenetic relationships among four species belonging to the genus Petaurista (P. alborufus castaneus, P. alborufus lena, P. leucogenys leucogenys, P. leucogenys nikkonis, P. petaurista melanotus, and P. philippensis grandis), we investigated the partial sequences (1,068 bp) of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene for these giant flying squirrels. Phylogenetic trees (NJ, MP, and ML trees) constructed from cytochrome b sequences indicated that P. leucogenys was grouped independently with other species, and that P. philippensis was most closely related to P. petaurista with 99-100% bootstrap values. In addition, two subspecies of P. alborufus did not form a single clade: P. alborufus castaneus from China was most distantly related to the other species, whereas P. alborufus lena from Taiwan was closely related to P. petaurista and P. philippensis with 82-90% bootstrap values. This result suggests that it is reasonable to regard P. alborufus lena as a distinct species from P. alborufus castaneus.     

A new species of Breinlia (Breinlia) (nematoda: Filarioidea) from the South Indian flying squirrel Petaurista philippensis (Elliot).

Breinlia (Breinlia) petauristi sp. n. from the abdominal cavity of the flying squirrel, Petaurista philippensis (Elliot), from Kerala, India, is described. Of the 15 recognized species of the subgenus, B. petauristi most closely resembles B. trichosuri in the body size, length of spicules, and number of caudal papillae. The detailed structure of the spicules is, however, markedly different in the 2 worms. This is the third species of Breinlia to be reported from a host other than an Australian marsupial.     

Phylogeography of two sympatric giant flying squirrel subspecies,Petaurista alborufus lena and P. philippensis grandis (Rodentia: Sciuridae), in Taiwan

To test the association between Pleistocene forest dynamics relative to elevation and the population dynamics of arboreal small mammals, we examined the phylogeographical predictions for the genetic structure of the red and white giant flying squirrel (Petaurista alborufus lena) and the Indian giant flying squirrel (P. philippensis grandis) using complete mitochondrial control region sequences. Both giant flying squirrels are endemic subspecies to Taiwan and are sympatric in much of their range. In the phylogenetic analyses, we included 35 specimens of P. alborufus lena collected from 20 localities and five specimens with unknown sampling localities. Also, we phylogenetically examined 32 specimens of P. philippensis grandis from 18 localities and three specimens with unknown sampling localities. We identified 36 haplotypes of P. alborufus lena and 33 haplotypes of P. philippensis grandis. Although we did not recognize major phylogroups, we found several minor phylogroups in both subspecies, suggesting similar evolutionary histories. Phylogeographical and demographic tests showed distributions of these two subspecies expanded into coniferous and mixed forests that developed during glaciation in Taiwan's lowlands and middle lands. This suggests that these two Petaurista subspecies shifted elevation from mountainous areas to lowlands during glaciation. © 2011 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2011, 102 , 404–419.     

Biology and Conservation Status of Flying Squirrels (Pteromyini,Sciuridae, Rodentia) in India: An Update and Review

Flying squirrels are capable of gliding and one of the least known mammals of the world. Work on these animals is less and sporadic due to their crepuscular and cryptic habits. At the present scenario, a complete pilot study is in an urgent need to formulate conservation strategies and policies to conserve them in India. Therefore, a thorough review on biology and conservation status of flying squirrels in India is provided here. A total of 13 species of flying squirrels present in India i.e., Belomys pearsonii, Biswamoyopterus biswasi, Eupetaurus cinereus, Eoglaucomys fimbriatus, Hylopetes alboniger, Petaurista elegans, P. mishmiensis, P. magnificus, P. mechukaensis, P. nobilis, P. petaurista, P. philippensis and Petinomys fuscocapillus, wherein three are endemic to the country. P. philippensis has broader distribution and is found to be more studied than others. Eastern part of the country contains the highest species number (n = 10) follows three in northern part, two in southern part and one in western part subsequently. All species are facing threat to their population due to native habitat loss, degradation and hunting. Harmonization, alliances and partnership between various stakeholders along with better application of standard techniques would be strengthen to develop conservation strategies and implementing their coordinated actions could preserve flying squirrels’ future in the country landscape.     

我国南方捕鸟蛛一新种的生物化学鉴定(蜘蛛目,捕鸟蛛科)

采用高效液相色谱（ＨＰＬＣ）、激光解析基质辅助电离飞行时间质谱（ＭＡＩＤＩ－ＴＯＦＭＳ）和蛋白质序列分析方法,对从我国海南通什地区发现的一种捕鸟蛛与广西虎纹捕鸟蛛（Ｓｅｌｅｎｏｃｏｓｍ ｉａｈｕｗ ｅｎａ）的毒液进行了比较分析． 虽然两种蜘蛛形态十分相似,但其毒液的化学组成和主要毒素的氨基酸序列存在明显的差异,说明两种蜘蛛在进化上有同源性但分化很早．应列为不同种,特将海南发现的蜘蛛新种定名为海南捕鸟蛛,新种Ｓｅｌｅｎｏｃｏｓｍ ｉａ ｈａｉｎａｎａ ｓｐ．ｎｏｖ．     

海南紫斑环蝶形态特征及生物学特性观察

【目的】明确海南紫斑环蝶Thaumantis hainana各龄期的形态特征和生物学特性以及寄主植物。【方法】野外采集海南紫斑环蝶雌成虫,通过三角袋内套卵的方式获得受精卵。采用恒温饲养箱,在26℃、相对湿度40%、光周期16L∶8D下利用获得的卵供以美丽针葵Phoenix loureirii,饲养幼虫,并进行形态特征的观察,记录其各龄幼虫的体长与头壳宽,以及其他各龄期的部分形态学数据。【结果】海南紫斑环蝶共经历卵、幼虫、蛹、成虫4个龄期。卵圆球状,光滑,直径2.5~2.8 mm;幼虫5龄, 随着幼虫龄期的增长,体长与头壳宽度逐渐增加;悬蛹;成虫雌雄同型。【结论】本研究基本明确了海南紫斑环蝶各龄期的形态特征,并观察了部分生物学特性,确定了海南紫斑环蝶的一种寄主植物为美丽针葵,完善了该物种的基本资料。     

Flightlessness and phylogeny amongst endemic rails (Aves:Rallidae) of the New Zealand region.

The phylogenetic relationships of a number of flightless and volant rails have been investigated using mtDNA sequence data. The third domain of the small ribosomal subunit (12S) has been sequenced for 22 taxa, and part of the 5'' end of the cytochrome-b gene has been sequenced for 12 taxa. Additional sequences were obtained from outgroup taxa, two species of jacana, sarus crane, spur-winged plover and kagu. Extinct rails were investigated using DNA extracted from subfossil bones, and in cases where fresh material could not be obtained from other extant taxa, feathers and museum skins were used as sources of DNA. Phylogenetic trees produced from these data have topologies that are, in general, consistent with data from DNA-DNA hybridization studies and recent interpretations based on morphology. Gallinula chloropus moorhen) groups basally with Fulica (coots), Amaurornis (= Megacrex) ineptus falls within the Gallirallus/Rallus group, and Gallinula (= Porphyrula) martinica is basal to Porphyrio (swamphens) and should probably be placed in that genus. Subspecies of Porphyrio porphyrio are paraphyletic with respect to Porphyrio mantelli (takahe). The Northern Hemisphere Rallus aquaticus is basal to the south-western Pacific Rallus (or Gallirallus) group. The flightless Rallus philippensis dieffenbachii is close to Rallus modestus and distinct from the volant Rallus philippensis, and is evidently a separate species. Porzana (crakes) appears to be more closely associated with Porphyrio than Rallus. Deep relationships among the rails remain poorly resolved. Rhynochetus jubatus (kagu) is closer to the cranes than the rails in this analysis. Genetic distances between flightless rails and their volant counterparts varied considerably with observed 12S sequence distances, ranging from 0.3% (Porphyrio porphyrio melanotus and P. mantelli mantelli) to 7.6% (Rallus modestus and Rallus philippensis). This may be taken as an indication of the rapidity with which flightlessness can evolve, and of the persistence of flightless taxa. Genetic data supported the notion that flightless taxa were independently derived, sometimes from similar colonizing ancestors. The morphology of flightless rails is apparently frequently dominated by evolutionary parallelism although similarity of external appearance is not an indication of the extent of genetic divergence. In some cases taxa that are genetically close are morphologically distinct from one another (e.g. Rallus (philippensis) dieffenbachii and R. modestus), whilst some morphologically similar taxa are evidently independently derived (e.g. Porphyio mantelli hochstetteri and P.m. mantelli).     

The first fossil Petaurista (Mammalia: Sciuridae) from the Russian Far East and its paleogeographic significance

For the first time in the south of the Russian Far East in the Late Pleistocene cave deposits, fragments of the giant flying squirrel of the genus Petaurista were discovered. Petaurista tetyukhensis n. sp. is described based on a fragment of the upper jaw with two teeth and five isolated teeth from two cave locations. The main differences between the new species and living forms as well as other fossil species of the genus Petaurista are the absence of vertical groove on the lingual wall between the protocone and hypocone on M2, the absence of the anterior cross loph on the upper P4-M3, and the absence of mesoconids on lower, as a result of which the hypoflexid is not w-shaped. It is suggested that the Sikhote-Alin refugium allowed individual species to survive there during long unfavourable period of time and was the centre of speciation.     

中国颚毛(虫兆)属二新种(弹尾目,疣(虫兆)科)

记述了采白海南和浙江省的弹尾目疣[虫兆]科颚毛[虫兆]属Crossodonthina Yosii,2新种,海南颚毛yao C．hainana sp．nov．和天童颚毛yao C．tiantongshana sp．nov．。海南颚毛[虫兆]头部每侧有眼2个,弹器痕上有6根刚毛,非常容易与本属其它已知种类分开。天童颚毛[虫兆]与上海产的Crossodonthina tridentiens Yue＆Yin,1999相似,两者的主要区别是：新种的上颚有两条长的、羽毛状分支和具5齿的片状突起,且基部齿长而细;下颚的内颚叶端部及近基部各有1齿;新种腹部第5节有3＋3个疣状突起,而C．tridentiens有2＋2个疣状突起;新种的爪部内侧有2个小齿,1个大齿,C．tridentiens只有1大齿。模式标本保存于上海生命科学研究院,植物生理生态所昆虫标本馆。