熊蜂气管内寄生螨布赫纳蝗螨的生物学特性观察

对新疆与河北地区野生明亮熊蜂及小峰熊蜂蜂王内寄生螨布赫纳蝗螨Locustacarus buchneri的生物学特性进行了初步观察。结果表明： 该螨对两种熊蜂的寄生率分别为10.43%和8.3%,寄生部位为气管与气囊。室内饲养至30天的蜂王体内寄生螨量明显高于饲养至60天的蜂王。未被螨寄生的蜂王与被寄生者比较,前者体重显著高于后者,但二者间产卵始期、产卵率、食卵率和存活率差异不显著。     

梅氏热厉螨寄生对西方蜜蜂生存率和取食量的影响

【目的】梅氏热厉螨Tropilaelapsmercedesae是亚洲地区西方蜜蜂Apismellifera的重要害螨,给我国蜂产业造成巨大损失。该研究主要探究了梅氏热厉螨寄生对西方蜜蜂生存、糖水和花粉取食量及体内病毒变化的影响。【方法】从蜂群中收集被梅氏热厉螨寄生的和未被寄生的新出房蜂,并在室内饲养15 d,统计蜜蜂的存活率。统计蜜蜂每天对糖水和花粉取食量及对总的糖水和花粉取食量。检测7日龄幼虫、新出房蜜蜂和人工饲养15 d的蜜蜂体内BQCV、DWV、VDV-1、ABPV、CBPV、IAPV、SBV和CSBV8种病毒的感染情况。【结果】梅氏热厉螨寄生使蜜蜂对糖水和花粉取食量显著增加,并且寄生显著降低蜜蜂寿命。7日龄蜜蜂幼虫体内均检出DWV;新出房蜂体内均检测到DWV和IAPV;人工饲养15 d的蜜蜂,对照组蜜蜂体内检测到DWV,梅氏热厉螨寄生的蜜蜂体内检测到BQCV、DWV、IAPV和VDV-1病毒。【结论】研究发现,梅氏热厉螨寄生的蜜蜂随着存活时间的增加病毒种类增多。即使梅氏热厉螨寄生未引起某些蜜蜂形态变化,但寄生可能导致体内病毒增加,病毒的复制和免疫反应使蜜蜂能量消耗增多,从而致使蜜蜂寿命缩短。     

寄生性天敌对火蚁的控制研究进展

本文对火蚁类群及其生物防治中的寄生性天敌研究进展进行了综述.寄生性蚤蝇作为主要的寄生性天敌被引进到入侵火蚁的非原产地-美国进行了室内饲养和田间释放,并已在美国南部的部分州定殖和扩散.寄生蚁,寄生蜂,捻翅虫和螨类亦被发现寄生于火蚁,笔者对它们的寄生行为、寄生特征和寄生率进行概述,并试述了各种天敌在防治中存在的问题及注意事项,为今后我国开展红火蚁的生物防治研究提供重要参考.     

一种蟋蟀寄生螨的生物学观察

Leplothrombiumsp．是属绒螨科的一种寄生螨,可寄生于北京油葫芦、银川油葫芦、大扁头蟋、斗蟋、长颚蟋等多种农田蟋蟀。其寄生率一般在10％～30％,个别达80％以上。单头寄生螨数通常1～5头,多者达20头以上。该寄生螨1年1代,7至9月幼螨寄生于蟋蟀虫体,8月下旬离开蟋绊进入土壤中,变为若螨。若螨在20cm以下的土壤中越冬,第2年5月变为成螨。6～7月成螨出土活动,卵产于蟋蟀体上。7月中旬,田间开始出现被寄生蟋蟀,8月为奇生盛期,主要寄生姐蟀的中、老龄着虫和成虫,以螫胶吸附在蟋蟀虫体背面、后胸及腹部第亚、2腹节的节间、足基部…     

山东部分地区小兽类寄生恙螨的群落结构

用鼠笼捕捉活鼠,收集体外恙螨,分类计数,定量分析小兽类体外寄生恙螨的群落结构。探讨山东小兽类体外寄生恙螨群落结构及其与疾病的关系。结果表明,当地5种小兽类体外共有6种寄生恙螨。黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠体外寄生螨种较丰富,各有5种寄生螨。小盾纤恙螨宿主范围广,在4种小兽的体外均有发现。大仓鼠体外太平洋无前恙螨的带螨率和带螨指数最高(72．73％、52．00),临淮岗纤恙螨、泰山纤恙螨、须纤恙螨普遍寄生于黑线姬鼠、大仓鼠体外。黑线姬鼠与大仓鼠寄生螨群落多样性指数相对较高。黑线姬鼠寄生螨群落与大仓鼠的相似系数最大(39．2)。黑线姬鼠体外恙螨群落结构随季节变化而发生变化,恙螨群落的丰富度和多样性指数以冬季(12～2月)最低,春、秋季较高。     

介绍一种从兔皮上采集寄生性螨类的方法

<正> 螨类采集的方法有多种,一般根据螨类栖息场所的不同,其采集方法也不同。我们开始采集寄生在兔子体外绒毛深处的寄生螨类时,是直接从宰杀后剥下来的新鲜兔皮上采集,往往一天仅采集到一、二只,也很费时,效果很差,据国外介绍采集此类寄生螨可用密篦梳背部兔毛,把寄生在兔皮上的螨类连同兔毛梳下,然后用5％氢氧化钾溶液处理梳下的毛分离出来,但该法手续较繁,不易掌握。我们根据寄生性螨类多生活在有体温动物身上,一旦该宿主死后,就有自动向温暖处移动的习性特点,设计出一种简便易行、效果好的采集架,今将该采集架的设计、装置和采集方法等介绍如下。     

中国云南洱海周边大足鼠的体表寄生螨

用U检验和相关分析的统计方法对2003～2004年云南洱海(中国滇西北著名的淡水湖泊)周边251只大足鼠体表寄生螨进行了调查.调查点是我国11大鼠疫自然疫源地之一,也是我国恙虫病和出血热的流行地区.大足鼠已经被鉴定为鼠疫、汉坦病毒、恙虫病和流行性出血热的储存宿主.我们的研究发现大足鼠携带好几种与人兽共患病有关的螨类.为了丰富大足鼠体表寄生螨的研究,在此,对大足鼠的体表寄生螨群落和体表寄生螨医学和兽医学的重要性进行了描述.有191只大足鼠寄生有体表寄生螨,侵染率为76%.采集到的体表寄生螨有35种,包括15种恙螨和20种革螨.其中6种以前已经被证明是人类疾病的主要媒介.因此大足鼠很显然成为流行性出血热和恙虫病等病原体的贮存宿主.     

宽埃螨各胚后发育期形态的研究(中气门目:蝠螨科)

宽埃螨Eyndhovenia euryalis(Canestrini,1884)隶属寄螨总目(parasitiformes);中气门目(Mesostigmata)蝠螨科(Spinturnicidae);埃螨属(Genus Eyndhovenia Rudnick,1960),该螨专性寄生于蝙蝠体上。Rudnick(1960)仅以宽埃螨单一种成立该属,并对雌雄成虫进行了描述。潘錝文等(1973)报道在福建省崇安县鲁氏菊头蝠(Rhinolophus rouxisinicus)体上采到该螨,并对雌螨进行了描述,这是宽埃螨在我国的首次记录。但是,到目     

刺足根螨的人工饲养技术

介绍一种人工饲养刺足根螨Rhizoglyphus echinopus(FumouzeetRobin)的技术。用马铃薯薄片法在室内已连续饲养3代,卵孵化率、幼螨、若螨存活率均超过90%,该方法可用于室内大量饲养刺足根螨。     

贮存温度对麦蒲螨寄生能力的影响初探

【目的】麦蒲螨Pyemotes tritici(Newport)是油蒿主要钻蛀性害虫沙蒿大粒象Adosopius sp.和沙蒿尖翅吉丁Sphenoptera sp.的重要寄生性天敌,本文探讨了麦蒲螨的最佳贮存条件。【方法】对麦蒲螨在不同贮存温度和不同降温方式处理后的寄生效果进行了分析。【结果】0℃下贮存的麦蒲螨后代有着更强的寄生能力。在0℃条件下,麦蒲螨的贮存时间超过10 d后,随时间增长,麦蒲螨产出的后代数量随之减少,寄生能力随之下降。贮存温度超过0℃时,麦蒲螨的可贮存时间随温度升高而下降。采用不同低温贮存方式的麦蒲螨,回到常温条件后的恢复时间不同,所产出后代的寄生率以及个体大小也不同;梯度降温方式下贮存的麦蒲螨回到常温条件下后,恢复产出时间略高于直接降温方式,但是差异并不显著。【结论】麦蒲螨的最佳贮存条件为0℃,贮存时间在10 d以内,该结果为麦蒲螨的低温贮存提供了理论支持。     

An infestation of the mite Sancassania berlesei (Acari: Acaridae) in the external auditory canal of a Korean man

We here report the case of a storage mite, Sancassania berlesei, infestation in the external auditory canal of a 46-yr-old male. He complained of feeling a foreign body and itching in the left external auditory canal for 1 mo, with accompanying otalgia for 3 days. Considering the duration of the patient's complaint and the 8-9-day life cycle of the mite, the mites are believed to have lived in the patient's ear for more than 3 generations.     

伯氏嗜木螨各发育阶段的外部形态扫描电镜观察

【目的】 观察伯氏嗜木螨Caloglyphus berlesei生活史各发育阶段外部形态和超微形态特征。【方法】 采集中华地鳖Eupolyphaga sinensis培养床上的培养料, 分离伯氏嗜木螨。将分离获得的伯氏嗜木螨双蒸水洗涤后, 一部分用于制备常规玻片标本, 光镜下直接观察; 另一部分用2.5%戊二醛溶液固定, 70%酒精再次洗涤, 临界点干燥, 置于扫描电镜下观察不同发育阶段（包括卵、 幼螨、 若螨及成螨）的超微形态特征。【结果】 电镜下伯氏嗜木螨各发育阶段的足、 刚毛和外生殖器及其附属结构的形态均清晰可辨。幼螨足3对, 足上无叶状刚毛, 基节干发达; 若螨足4对, 出现第4背毛, 生殖区发育不全; 休眠体足爪和前跗节发达, 出现叶状毛、 胫节毛及膝节毛等结构, 生殖板骨化明显, 其两侧有吸盘和刚毛各1对。吸盘板上共有4对成对的吸盘、 1个单吸盘和2对类圆形微凸。成螨生殖感觉器骨化且呈心形, 雄雌成螨生殖感觉器的刚毛数量上有明显差异。【结论】 对伯氏嗜木螨形态和超微形态特征的观察有助于对其进一步科学分类和进行生活史研究, 并可为控制伯氏嗜木螨及其引起的过敏性疾病提供参考。     

青海省冬虫夏草资源特征分析

冬虫夏草作为青藏高原特有的生物资源,对生长环境有着极其特殊的要求.通过调查青海省冬虫夏草资源分布状况,选取玉树、果洛、黄南、海南等地区的冬虫夏草进行氨基酸、微量元素含量检测,以反映冬虫夏草资源特征.研究结果表明,青海省冬虫夏草含有丰富的氨基酸和微量元素,且冬虫夏草不同部位的氨基酸、微量元素含量有明显差别.将青海省冬虫夏草与其他产区的冬虫夏草氨基酸含量进行对比分析,青海省冬虫夏草氨基酸含量低于四川、云南产区的冬虫夏草,和西藏产区的冬虫夏草氨基酸含量基本一致.     

Hygrobates salamandrarum sp. nov. (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) from China: the First Record of a Freshwater Mite Parasitizing Newts (Amphibia, Urodela)

Females of a new water mite species of the genus Hygrobates (Acari, Hydrachnidia, Hygrobatidae) were found to parasitize Pachytriton labiatus (Unterstein, 1930) (Amphibia, Salamandridae), a newt species from S China. Obviously, their particularly modified mouthparts are an adaptation for penetrating the amphibian skin. These data provide the first record of an adult water mite parasitizing a vertebrate host.     

Effect of Mating Frequency on Female Fitness in Caloglyphus Berlesei (Astigmata: Acaridae)

We studied the effect of mating frequency on female longevity and fecundity in the mite Caloglyphus berlesei. We tested the hypothesis that high promiscuity is selected for in this species because females receive nutrients during copulation. Females were constantly exposed to either one or four males and fed either a standard or poor diet. The prediction that frequent mating benefits females was not confirmed. On the contrary, females kept with four males had significantly lower longevity on both diets and on the standard diet they also had decreased fecundity compared to females exposed to one male. On the poor diet the number of males had no significant effect on fecundity. Thus, increased mating frequency had a detrimental effect on female fitness.     

二斑叶螨对六种植物的选择性及生长发育

采用“Y”形嗅觉仪研究二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae Koch对接骨木(Sambucus williamsii Hance)、苹果(Malus pumila Mill.)、木瓜(Chaenomeles sinensis Koehne)、苦楝(Melia azedarach L.)、火炬树(Rhus typhina Torner)、大叶黄杨(Euonymus japonica Thunb)6种植物的嗅觉选择性差异。结果表明,该螨对苹果叶片的气味表现明显的趋向性,对木瓜叶片的气味表现明显的忌避性,而对其余4种叶片无趋向性或者表现中性。采用海绵水盘法研究在6种植物上的生长发育差异,该螨在接骨木、苹果、苦楝、火炬树上均能正常生长发育至成螨,且具有一定的繁殖力。但在木瓜和大叶黄杨上发育状况较差,繁殖力较差。     

Testing the status-dependent ESS model: population variation in fighter expression in the mite Sancassania berlesei

The conditional evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) with status-dependent tactics is the most commonly invoked ESS for alternative reproductive tactics within the sexes. Support for this model has recently been criticized as apparent rather than real. We address key predictions of the status-dependent ESS in three populations of the male dimorphic mite Sancassania berlesei. In S. berlesei'fighter' males are characterized by a thickened pair of legs used for killing rivals; 'scramblers' are benign. Most males in each population could be manipulated to become fighters by decreasing density, fulfilling the prediction that males make a 'decision'. There was evidence of genetic covariance between sire status and offspring morph, but also a strong effect of sire morph on offspring morph ratio. This was consistent with considerable genetic variation for the status-dependent switch point as a breeding experiment found no support for single-locus inheritance. We also found evidence that switch points evolve independently of distributions of status. This study supports the current status-dependent ESS model.     

Mite species inhabiting commercial bumblebee (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Bombus terrestris</Emphasis>) nests in Polish greenhouses

Nests of social insects are usually inhabited by various mite species that feed on pollen, other micro-arthropods or are parasitic. Well-known negative effects of worldwide economic importance are caused by mites parasitizing honeybee colonies. Lately, attention has focused on the endoparasitic mite Locustacarus buchneri that has been found in commercial bumblebees. However, little is known of other mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests. Transportation of commercial bumblebee colonies with unwanted residents may introduce foreign mite species to new localities. In this study, we assessed the prevalence and species composition of mites associated with commercial bumblebee nests and determined if the mites are foreign species for Poland and for Europe. The study was conducted on 37 commercial bumblebee nests from two companies (Dutch and Israeli), originating from two greenhouses in southern Poland, and on 20 commercial bumblebee colonies obtained directly from suppliers. The species composition and abundance of mites inhabiting commercial bumblebee nests were determined. Seven mite species from three families were found in nests after greenhouse exploitation. The predominant mite species was Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Acaridae) that was a 100-fold more numerous than representatives of the family Laelapidae (Hypoaspis marginepilosa, H. hyatti, H. bombicolens). Representatives of Parasitidae (Parasitellus fucorum, P. crinitus, P. ignotus) were least numerous. All identified mite species are common throughout Europe, foreign species were not found. Mites were not detected in nests obtained directly from suppliers. We conclude that probably bumblebee nests are invaded by local mite species during greenhouse exploitation.     

Coexistence of two effective parasitoids of the white peach scale Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Hemiptera: Diaspididae): the role of host stage and temperature

ENCARSIA BERLESEI: (Howard) and Pteroptrix orientalis (Silvestri) are endoparasitoids of Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targioni Tozzetti), that are sympatric in Campania (Italy). The influence of host stages on several components of E. berlesei fitness and the effect of mating status on the production of Pteroptrix orientalis progeny were evaluated at 25 degrees C. Parasitization of earlier host stages resulted in an increase in the development time and a decrease in progeny number of E. berlesei. Adult parasitoids were largest when young female stages were parasitized. Pupal mortality did not differ among host stages. Mated female P. orientalis produced a greater number of progeny and proportionally fewer sons (13.6% of the total progeny) than did virgin females (21.7%). The reproductive potential of both parasitoids was also evaluated at four regimes of constant temperature (20, 24, 26 and 30 degrees C). Encarsia berlesei attained rm values nearly double those of P. orientalis at 20, 24 and 26 degrees C, whilst at 30 degrees C the two parasitoids achieved the same rm value, since at this temperature E. berlesei suffered a high pupal mortality. Sex ratio of P. orientalis, expressed as proportion of males, varied significantly between 20 and 24 degrees C only.     

Better Hosts Dive: Detachment of Ectoparasitic Water Mites (Hydrachnellae: Arrenuridae) from Damselflies (Odonata: Coenagrionidae)

Water mite larvae parasitizing damselflies must detach while the host is in a suitable reproduction habitat for both parasites and itself. They should do so during the host's oviposition. In this paper I present experimental data for the detachment rate of water mite larvae (Arrenurus cuspidator) from different host species, Coenagrion hastulatum and C. puella, in relation to the host's oviposition behavior. C. hastulatum oviposits submerged, whereas C. puella oviposits at the water surface and aggregates with conspecifics. It was found that mite larvae detach at a significantly higher ratio from hosts with submerged oviposition. Experimental tests showed that this is not a species-specific effect. It is caused mainly by the oviposition behavior. The results are discussed in the light of different oviposition systems in damselflies.