温度对拟小食螨瓢虫发育和繁殖的影响

拟小食螨瓢虫是热带地区香蕉、番木瓜、橡胶和木薯等作物上有害叶螨的重要天敌。在室内条件下,以皮氏叶螨Tetranychus piercei为食物,观察了不同温度(16℃,20℃,24℃,28℃,32℃)对拟小食螨瓢虫生长发育及繁殖的影响。结果表明:拟小食螨瓢虫卵、幼虫和蛹的历期在32℃下最短,分别为2.38,4.26和3.04 d;16℃时最长,分别为12.48,25.10和16.12 d,雌成虫寿命在16℃时长达142.53 d,而在32℃时为95.46 d。世代发育起点温度和有效积温分别为13.29℃和227.63日度。成虫产卵量在28℃最高,达595.49粒/雌,在16℃最低,为125.05粒/雌。内禀增长率(rm)在32℃达到最大(0.2063),而在16℃时最小(0.0342)。结果表明拟小食螨瓢虫有较好的高温耐受性,研究结果可为该瓢虫人工繁育的温度条件提供依据。     

不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

为明确饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫 Stethorus (Allosstethorus) parapauperculus 控害潜能的影响,本研究通过比较不同饥饿程度下拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨 Tetranychus cinnabarinus 的功能反应和自身密度干扰效应,探讨不同饥饿程度拟小食螨瓢虫对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用。结果表明,饥饿程度对拟小食螨瓢虫朱砂叶螨的捕食量有明显的影响,瓢虫的取食量与朱砂叶螨的密度呈正相关,表现为饥饿48 h＞饥饿24 h＞未饥饿;拟小食螨瓢虫对各虫态朱砂叶螨的捕食作用均符合Holling Ⅱ模型。在一定空间范围内,拟小食螨瓢虫个体间存在竞争和相互干扰,Hassell Varley模型能较好地反映拟小食螨瓢虫在捕食各虫态朱砂叶螨时受自身密度的干扰情况。在同样饥饿状态下,随着瓢虫自身密度增加,捕食效率降低,干扰效应增大。     

拟小食螨瓢虫捕食六点始叶螨的初步观察

在室内以六点始叶螨Eotetranychus sexmaculatus(Riley)为猎物观察了拟小食螨瓢虫Stethorusparapauperculus Pang的发育历期、捕食量、捕食作用及干扰效应。研究结果表明:拟小食螨瓢虫取食六点始叶螨时完成一个世代需23.2 d,幼虫1～4龄的捕食量分别为9.5、14.5、19.5、64.2头六点始叶螨成螨;成虫期对六点始叶螨成螨的捕食量高达880.4头,拟小食螨瓢虫对六点始叶螨的捕食作用符合HollingⅡ方程,拟合的模型方程为Na=1.3843 N/(1+0.0231N),日均最大捕食量为43.29头;拟小食螨瓢虫的捕食率与个体间的干扰效应用Hassell-Varley(1959)模型拟合为E=0.4690P-0.5470。     

拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨的觅食行为

为明确拟小食螨瓢虫的觅食特性,揭示其觅食行为机制,本研究针对拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨不同虫态的取食选择、日取食节律以及觅食行为活动特点等进行了观察和阐述。结果表明,拟小食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨卵、幼螨、若螨和成螨的取食嗜好性有显著差异,取食量分别为23.2、15.8、10.5和8.0头;瓢虫对成螨的平均日取食量为14.7头,其中在白天其觅食行为较频繁,9∶00-12∶00为捕食高峰期,此时段的平均取食量为4.0头成螨,夜间基本不取食;其觅食行为过程主要分为7个部分:搜索、捕捉、嚼食、梳理、展翅、排泄和静止。     

芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨的捕食功能研究

本文研究了芬兰真绥螨Euseius finlandicus Oudemans对截形叶螨Tetranychus truncatus Ehara的捕食作用.结果表明,芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨雌成螨非嗜食,对卵和若螨嗜食.在RH 80％±5％,温度分别为16、20、24、28和32℃的试验条件下,芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨各螨态的捕食功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型.在16 ～28℃温度范围内,芬兰真绥螨对截形叶螨各螨态的攻击系数、捕食能力、最大日捕食量均随温度升高而增加,处理时间则缩短,温度高于28℃时捕食量开始减小.截形叶螨密度固定时,芬兰真绥螨的平均捕食量随其自身密度的增加而逐渐降低.     

不同环境温度下大草蛉对黄精主要害虫二斑叶螨的控害潜能评估

以重要中草药黄精Polygonattum sibiricium的主要害虫二斑叶螨Tetranychus urticae为研究对象,在5个温度(15℃、20℃、25℃、30℃及35℃)条件下,测定了大草蛉Chrysopa pallens雌成虫对二斑叶螨的捕食功能反应及搜索效应。试验结果表明,在温度处理设置范围内,各温度下大草蛉对二斑叶螨的捕食功能反应均拟合HollingII功能反应模型。大草蛉对二斑叶螨的捕食,受温度及猎物密度影响显著。而在各温度处理间,以25℃下的瞬间攻击率最大为0.664,而猎物处理时间最短为0.025d。瞬间攻击率在高温及低温条件下均低于25℃。但猎物处理时间则呈显出相反的趋势。基于捕食功能反应结果计算的搜索效应表明,大草蛉对二斑叶螨的搜索效应在各温度处理内随猎物密度增加而线性上升,其中以25℃下的捕食效应最高,而在15℃下的最低。本研究结果表明,大草蛉雌成虫作为一种捕食性天敌,对黄精上的二斑叶螨具有一定的控害潜能,并且其取食能力受环境温度影响显著。     

红点唇瓢虫对矢尖蚧的捕食作用(英文)

红点唇瓢虫（Chilocoruskuwanae）的产卵雌虫对矢尖蚧（Unaspisyanonensis）的捕食量显著大于雄性成虫。在25℃下,雌成虫日平均捕食矢尖蚧雌成蚧42．7头,而雄成虫的日捕食量仅为22．3头。但48h饥饿处理可消除此差异。要使雌成虫产卵,每天必须至少捕食15头矢尖蚧的雌成蚧。红点唇瓢虫成虫对矢尖蚧各虫态的功能反应均为HollingⅡ型。根据对雌成蚧的功能反应,在16－35℃范围内最大捕食量随温度的升高而升高,在37℃下则急剧下降。温度并不改变功能反应的类型。由红点唇＊虫成虫对雌成钛的捕食作用,估算得最低临界攻击温度、最佳攻击温度和最高临界攻击温度分别为10．58℃、31．53℃和3820℃。捕食空间增大或捕食者数量的增加都会使攻击率下降;但是捕食者密度变大时,捕食空间的影响将大大变小。红点唇瓢虫成虫对矢尖蚧的雄蛹表现出最大的猎物选择性。它们对矢尖蚧各虫态的捕食选择性依次为：雄蛹、2龄雄蚧、2龄雌蚧和1龄若虫。     

七星瓢虫对麦长管蚜捕食作用及其模拟模型的研究

实验室内16—21℃的温度下,七星瓢虫雌成虫捕食行为集中在8:00—22:00。瓢虫各龄幼虫及雌成虫对麦长管蚜的功能反应均属Holling Ⅱ型。28℃时,瓢虫雌成虫的攻击率最大,处理时间最短。随温度增加,攻击率减小,处理时间增加。假设:猎物种群在无捕食者存在时,呈Logistic曲线增长;捕食者随机搜寻猎物。对猎物的功能反应为Holling Ⅱ型,捕食者个体间存在相互干扰;捕食者种群存在一个最低死亡率K_0,随种群增大,死亡率增加,增加速率与密度成反比;捕食者取食的猎物转化为自身部分的比例为β。 七星瓢虫-麦长管蚜捕食作用系统模拟模型:较好地描述了当麦长管蚜种群增长到某一数量时,放置一头瓢虫雌成虫后蚜虫种群增长过程。本文对模型平衡点作了局部稳定性分析。     

深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马对朱砂叶螨的捕食作用

本文通过室内对深点食螨瓢虫Stethorus punctillum Weise和塔六点蓟马Scolothrips takahashii Priesener成虫捕食朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)成螨的功能反应及种内干扰作用的研究,比较了2种天敌对朱砂叶螨的捕食能力。结果表明,深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食功能反应均属HollingⅡ型,其模型分别为Na=0.7181N0/(1+0.0175N0)和Na=0.5168N0/(1+0.0136N0),日最大捕食量分别为41.11头和38.14头,处置时间分别为0.0243和0.0262d。深点食螨瓢虫和塔六点蓟马种内干扰模型分别为E=0.1916P-0.1805和E=0.1535P-0.4684。深点食螨瓢虫成虫对朱砂叶螨成螨的捕食能力强于塔六点蓟马。     

普通肉食螨对椭圆食粉螨的捕食功能

在6个恒温下研究普通肉食螨Cheyletus eruditus(Schrank)不同螨态对椭圆食粉螨Aleuroglyphus ovatus(Troupeau)的功能反应。结果表明,普通肉食螨不同螨态对椭圆食粉螨的功能反应均属于HollingⅡ型,其中雌成螨的捕食能力最强,其次是雄螨、若螨、幼螨;在各温度处理中,雌成螨在28℃时具有较高的捕食功能;普通肉食螨在16℃的低温状态下捕食功能很低,仅有雌螨对猎物有捕食行为;在猎物密度不变的情况下,普通肉食螨捕食猎物的数量随自身密度的增加而下降。     

六种藓类植物茎的比较解剖学研究

通过对6种藓类植物,即褶叶青藓(Brachythecium salebrosum(Web.et Mohr.)B.S.G.)、湿地匐灯藓(Plagiomnium acutum(Lindb.)Kop.)、侧枝匐灯藓(Plagiomnium maximoviczii(Lindb.)Kop.)、大凤尾藓(Fissidensnobilis Griff.)、大羽藓(Thuidium cymbifolium(Doz.et Molk.)B.S.G.)和大灰藓(Hypnum plumaeforme Wils.)嫩茎和老茎的石蜡切片和显微观察发现,同一藓类植株的嫩茎和老茎,茎结构稳定,不同种藓类植物茎横切面具有不同特征.植物体茎横切面形状、表层细胞的层数、细胞大小和细胞壁厚薄、皮层细胞大小和形状、中轴的有无以及比例等特征可以作为藓类植物的分科分类依据之一.     

Photoregulation of seed germination of wild-type and of an aurea-mutant of tomato

Seed germination of an aurea mutant of tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is promoted by continuous irradiation with red, far-red or long-wavelength far-red (758 nm) light as well as by cyclic irradiations (5 min red or 5 min far-red/25 min darkness). Far-red light applied immediately after each red does not change the germination behaviour. Seed germination of the isogenic wild-type, cv. UC-105, is promoted by continuous and cyclic red light while it is inhibited by continuous and cyclic far-red light and by continious 758 nm irradiation. Far-red irradiation reverses almost completely the promoting effect of red light. The promoting effect (in the aurea mutant) and the inhibitory effect (in the wild-type) of continuous far-red light do not show photon fluence rate dependency above 20 nmol m⁻² s⁻¹. It is concluded that phytochrome controls tomato seed germination throgh low energy responses in both the wild type and the au mutant. The promoting effect of continuous and cyclic far-red light in the au mutant can be attributed to a greater sensitivity to P_fr.     

龙胆科药用植物化学成分的研究现状

龙胆科植物在我国的分布范围很广,且多数为药用植物,其多数种属的药用植物,至今其化学成分尚未被系统研究。综述了目前龙胆科药用植物的化学成分的研究现状及一般提取方法,对近年来发现的环烯醚萜及裂环烯醚萜类化合物进行了总结,为本科药用植物的更深入研究提供了参考。     

真菌类遗传学分析的知识结构教学

本文以认知结构理论为指导,讨论了真菌类遗传分析与高等动植物遗传分析的内在联系,认为利用这种内在联系进行教学可收到好的效果并说明了作者的具体教学过程。 Abstract:In the paper, the relationship between genetic analysis of Fungi and genetic analysis of high animal and plant was discussed.A good results were obtained when we adopted this method in the teaching.     

The effects of glutamine of the maintenance of embryogenic cultures of Cryptomeria japonica

Summary Embryogenic tissues of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) were induced on a modified Campbell and Durzan (CD) medium containing 1 μM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 600 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, and subcultured in the medium of the same composition for over 1 yr. This resulted in a mixed culture of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells. When embryogenic cells were isolated and cultured independently, their capacity to form embryogenic aggregates was lost. Thus, the non-embryogenic cells present within a mixed culture system were essential to the formation of embryogenic aggregates. When embryogenic tissues were isolated and cultured independently on a high glutamine-containing (2400 mg l⁻¹) medium, dry weights and endogenous levels of glutamine increased, and the tissue could generate a large number of embryogenic aggregates. Amino acid analysis of embryogenic and non-embryogenic cells from the maintenance culture indicated a higher level of glutamine was present in the latter. The high endogenous level of glutamine in the non-embryogenic portion of mixed cell masses may be the supplier of glutamine for maintaining the embryogenic property of the tissues.     

Specificity of action of piperidylcholine derivatives as substrates of cholinesterases of various origin

The review deals with study of enzymologic properties of a novel highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate, N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium iodomethylate (“piperidylcholine”), and its 30 derivatives that were tested as effectors of cholinesterases of mammals and various species of Pacific squids. It was proven for the first time that responsible for specificity of action was structure of cyclic ammonium grouping of the alcohol part of molecule of the ester substrate. Analysis of specificity is performed based on enzymatic hydrolysis parameters—activity of catalytic center of cholinesterases and bimolecular constant of the reaction rate that are determined at optimal and low substrate concentrations. Among the specially synthesized group of thioester compounds there is revealed one more highly specific acetylcholinesterase substrate—N-(β-acetoxyethyl) piperidinium.     

Interconnection of parameters of regulation system of lipid peroxidation and of morphophysiological parameters of mouse liver

A complex analysis of seasonal fluctuations of the mean group parameters of the system of regulation of lipid peroxidation has been performed in liver of Balb/c mice. Association of lipid characteristics and morphophysiological parameters is studied in the Balb/c mouse liver. An inter-connection is revealed between the liver index and the amount of lysoforms of phospholipids, the scale and character of the interconnection differing essentially depending on proportion of phos-phatidylcholine in mouse liver phospholipids.     

医疗机构合理用药评价模型的构建研究

目的 针对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行评价研究。方法 根据医疗机构合理用药的具体要求,构建医疗机构合理用药评价指标体系,采用基于模糊群决策的方法和多指标评价分析法构建医疗机构合理用药评价模型。结果 构建了基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型,并通过实例分析证明了评价模型的可行性。结论 建立的基于模糊群决策的医疗机构合理用药评价模型能够对医疗机构的合理用药水平进行科学评价,为提高医疗机构合理用药水平奠定基础。