河北阳原小长梁遗址1998年发掘报告

１９９８年小长梁遗址发掘采用了全球定位系统进行地理定位。埋藏学分析显示石制品与动物骨骼分布为水动力短距离搬运沉积的特点。动物骨骼有食肉类啃咬, 植物根系腐蚀, 水流冲刷以及可能的石制品切割痕迹。石料打制实验与电脑分析表明, 石料质地裂隙发育和易碎的性质对小长梁石工业废片率高以及石制品尺寸较小的特点有明显的制约作用     

关于小长梁石制品的进步性

小长梁遗址发现于１９７８年。尤玉醉等研究后认为其时代属于早更新世。石品被一些学者认为相当进行,甚至已经达到黄土时期的式样。于是出现了年代古老和石制品进步的矛盾。笔者检查和分析了小长梁发现的石制品,认为细小的不规范的石制品并不说明技术的进步;小长梁石制品的原料利用率并不高;几件不规则的石叶状的石片也不足以说明打片技术的进步;所谓修理台面的石片亦难于肯定;至于所谓极精细的加工迹似乎用使用痕迹来解释更为     

水洞沟地区白云岩细石叶的微痕实验研究

水洞沟遗址是中国北方旧石器时代晚期的著名遗址,石制品原料以就地取材的白云岩为主。本文利用水洞沟地区的白云岩生产细石叶和石片,进行了29组复制使用实验。对使用痕迹的观察表明：不同加工对象和使用方式导致细石叶上出现不同的微痕特征,细石叶适于装柄使用,以刮、切、削等利用侧刃缘的运动方式效率为高,尖部用于加工硬度较低的动植物效果较好。对比燧石、黑曜岩等不同石料的微痕实验数据可知,不同石料的产品,其使用痕迹存在一定差异。本文对白云岩细石叶的微痕实验,探讨了其适宜的使用方式和加工对象的范围,为分析水洞沟地区出土的白云岩细石叶功能提供了可资参考、对比的实验数据。     

泥河湾盆地旧石器中晚期石制品原料初步分析

本文通过对泥河湾盆地旧石器时代中晚期诸遗址中石料产地的调查和石制品颜色、质地及表面状况的分析后认为：泥河湾盆地旧石器中晚期人类选择石料方式变化主要发生在旧石器晚期的早段和晚段之间,在此之前的旧石器时代中期,人类选择石料主要在遗址附近,各遗址的石料表现出强烈的地方色彩,但遗址中的一些优质石料可能来源于10多公里之外的地区;而在旧石器晚期早段,在基本继承这一特点的前提下,仅有很少量的石料输送距离达数10km;石料被带到遗址之前一般并不进行粗选,多是直接进行打片。在此之后,人类对石料的选择则表现出刻意的追求,优质石料大量被输送到数10公里之外,而且石料在输入到遗址之前一般要经过精心选择,与前一阶段形成鲜明对照。     

射击类带尖石制品使用微痕动态形成过程的实验研究

石镞主要是旧石器时代晚期出现的一种投射类复合武器的尖端,其使用方式一直为学术界所关注。本文以山西吉县柿子滩遗址环境背景和石器原料为参照,通过微痕实验,探讨射击类带尖石制品重复使用过程中微痕的动态形成过程。作者对21件实验标本分阶段累计射击337次,微痕观察121次。分析结果显示,射击类带尖石制品的重复使用情况可以通过微痕进行佐证。形态变化过程表明,尖端变化较为显著,指示应以动态思维考量出土石镞形态及其暗示的人类行为;测量数据显示,尖端及侧刃较为锋利、长度适中的标本,射击效果更好,存在多次使用的可能;微痕分析指示,若尖端产生层叠大中型折断式、阶梯式疤痕,装柄部位产生连续小型折断式或羽翼式疤痕,部分出现磨圆与光泽时可以考虑重复使用的可能。本项研究为揭示石镞背后所蕴含的狩猎策略、生计方式等人类行为信息提供了数据参考。     

角页岩雕刻器的微痕实验研究

本文以丁村遗址角页岩为原料打制实验标本,设计展开雕刻器微痕实验,并对其中部分标本按照序贯试验原理进行分阶段实验。实验结果表明,角页岩雕刻器雕刻刃的使用微痕基本特征为:轻度到重度磨圆,片疤数量较少,多小中型片疤,终端形态多为羽状和阶梯状,以分散分布为主,大片疤常单独出现。分阶段实验结果表明,磨圆是以从快到慢速度生成的,片疤在不同阶段发生改变。本文旨在通过对角页岩雕刻器使用微痕的研究,为探讨考古标本功能提供可参照的数据与图像。     

泥河湾盆地大长梁旧石器地点

大长梁旧石器地点位于泥河湾盆地东端,埋藏在泥河湾层里。它东距小长梁遗址170米,野外观测和地层对比显示,二者的地层层位及文化层一致,应为同时期遗址。该地点试掘近7平方米,共获得33件石制品和一些动物化石。出土石制品以小型为主,原料剥片利用率高,成器率低,动物化石多为哺乳类肢骨。其年代大于107万年,属旧石器时代早期。     

甘肃徐家城旧石器遗址石制品拼合研究

徐家城遗址是甘肃省新发现的含丰富旧石器文化遗物的遗址,主要埋藏于水洛河二级阶地上覆的马兰黄土中,年代在距今4.3～2.3万年间.徐家城遗址的拼合分析显示,4B、4C层剥片与石器加工行为是石制品空间分布形成的主要原因,但可能存在遗址使用时古人类对石制品位置改变的行为;4A层石制品零散分布可能反映了此时遗址处于古人类活动的边缘地带.遗址剥片方法以硬锤锤击法为主,石核剥片序列主要以转向为主,古人类对石料进行单层或多层开发;同时部分石器破碎后古人类可能对其进行再利用.平面分布显示发掘区内可能存在两个相对集中的剥片区域,并且古人类在同-区域剥片和加工石器.然因遗址石制品原料性质、发掘面积等局限性,拼合分析的优势并未在此项研究中尽现.今后此类研究应结合其他研究方法,综合多方面信息解释遗址形成过程、石器技术及遗址空间利用方式.     

许昌灵井遗址2005年出土石制品的初步研究

本文是灵井遗址2005年出土石制品的初步研究成果。文化遗物埋藏于上、下两套湖相沉积层内。在90m2范围内,共出土石制品2 452件,动物化石(包括人工骨器)约3 000件。石制品采用大石英岩和小脉石英砾石为原料,类型包括石器、石核、石片、断块和石器等。打片和加工采用锤击法,少量采用砸击法。石器毛坯多为断片和断块,多数器型不规则,但也有一些精致加工的小石器。脉石英石器以刮削器为主,还有尖状器、雕刻器、钻器等。石英岩石器以砍砸器为主,兼有手镐和石球。两种石料石器类型形成互补。由于脉石英质石料占主导,石器总体以小型为主。灵井石器工业具有中国北方旧石器时代主工业的特点,部分砾石制作的砍砸器等反映了南方主工业的因素。从地层、遗物和古环境判断,2005年出土的石制品属于旧石器时代晚期,根据上下地层关系分析,本地区不存在中石器文化遗存。     

软锤石片辨识的实验史及争议

在打制石器中,软锤法能够更有效地控制石片形态,是古人类认知与技术水平提升的一个重要标志。传统认为,使用软锤法打下的石片具有打击泡散漫、台面处有唇等特征。随着针对性实验的开展,上述石片特征已经不再被认为仅是软锤剥片所致,而是打制过程中如打击角度、背缘角等诸多因素共同作用的结果,通过石片特征区分软、硬锤存在很大争议。本文旨在梳理学术界对软锤法的认知过程和系统实验历史。根据国际上大量的实验可知,目前的实验以燧石、黑曜石为主要石料,根据石片特征区分软、硬锤尚存在很大争议,石片特征的产生可能受锤的质地、石料、打制者、打击角度等多种因素的影响,因此,不宜仅凭个别石片特征判断遗址中存在软锤剥片。在对具体考古材料的技术分析中,需综合考量整个石器打制过程中涉及到的多种因素,有必要建立一个汇集实验数据与遗址出土石片相关特征的数据库,为打制技术与技法分析提供更为丰富的对比材料。     

Numerical approaches towards life cycle interpretation five examples

The ISO-standard for LCA distinguishes four phases, of which the last one, the interpretation, is the least elaborated. It can be regarded as containing procedural steps (like a completeness check) as well as numerical steps (like a sensitivity check). This paper provides five examples of techniques that can be used for the numerical steps. These are the contribution analysis, the perturbation analysis, the uncertainty analysis, the comparative analysis, and the discernibility analysis. All five techniques are described at a non-technical level with respect to basic concept, possibilities, tabular and graphical representation, restriction and warnings, and all are illustrated with a simple example.     

影响水稻光合日变化的酶和相关因素的分析

水稻叶片的最大光合速率出现在上午１０：００时,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力也在此时达到最大,然后逐渐降低,下午１４：００时略上升后又下降．Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力与光合速率之间极显著相关,相关系数为 ０．９４７４．运用相关性分析、回归分析、通径分析,对晴（有时有云）天气水稻叶片的光合速度、光合关键酶及有关因素的日变化进行综合评估,结果发现中午光合下降主要来自气孔限制,同时Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性也下降;Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性是影响光合日变化的又一重要生化因子．体内Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性受Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶的调节．     

Discrimination of higher plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification by pyrolysis mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical method based on thermal degradation of complex material in a vacuum, and has been widely applied to the discrimination of closely related microbial strains. Minimally prepared samples of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calluses derived from various higher plants (sweet potato, morning glory, Korean ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and balloon flower) were subjected to PyMS for spectral fingerprinting. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method, with arithmetic mean of pyrolysis mass spectra, divided the calluses into Siberian ginseng embryogenic callus and the others, which were subsequently divided into embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus groups, regardless of plant species from which the calluses were derived. In the non-embryogenic callus group, the dendrogram was in agreement with the known taxonomy of the plants. These results indicate that PyMS analysis could be applied for discriminating plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification.     

Intraspecific variation in Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia– a morphometric analysis

We studied vegetative and reproductive characters of 74 herbarium specimens of Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) collected from 22 localities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. To test the null hypothesis that there are no distinct groups within the species, cluster analysis (nearest neighbour), principal coordinates and principal components analyses were performed on the set of 43 qualitative and quantitative characters. The results obtained suggested that: (1) there are three infraspeciflc groups within the species, viz., the two published varieties glabra and selangorensis as well as a possible third novel taxon; (2) there is clustering of individuals corresponding to their geographic localities; (3) clusters generated using only reproductive characters indicate a biogeographic distribution of populations correlated with the mountain ranges in the peninsula.     

Fish ecoregions of Kansas: stream fish assemblage patterns and associated environmental correlates

Synopsis Principal components analysis was performed on fish presence/absence data for 39 common fish species from 410 stream sites in Kansas. The analysis confirmed ten ecologically meaningful fish assemblages, based on species associations. Factor scores based on these assemblages were then clustered into six geographic areas or fish ecoregions. Canonical discriminant analysis identified environmental variables that distinguished the derived fish ecoregions. Mean annual runoff, mean annual growing season, and discharge appear most important. Mean width, mean depth, chloride concentration, water temperature, substrate type, gradient, and percent of pool habitat were less important. Correspondence exists between these fish ecoregions and the patterns of physiographic regions, river basins, geology, soil, and potential natural vegetation in Kansas. The multivariate statistical approach used to classify fish ecoregions should have considerable potential value for fish assessment and management purposes in areas other than the state of Kansas.     

Some remarks about the analysis of active control studies

In an active-controlled trial, the experimental treatment can be declared to be non-inferior to the control if the confidence interval for the difference excludes a fixed pre-specified margin. Recently, some articles have discussed an alternative method where the data from the current study and placebo-controlled studies for the active control are combined together into a single test statistic to test whether a fixed fraction of the effect of the active control is preserved. It has been shown that, conditional on nuisance parameters from the active-controlled study, a fixed margin can be defined that will be operationally equivalent to this latter method. In this article, we will discuss statistical properties associated with these approaches. Specifically, the interim monitoring boundaries and level of evidence will be considered.     

Phenotypic evaluation of genetic variability and selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea recombinant inbred line population under high temperature stress

Heat is a major abiotic stress that drastically reduces chickpea yield. This study aimed to identify heat-responsive traits to sustain crop productivity by screening a recombinant inbred line (RILs) population at two locations in India (Ludhiana and Faridkot). The RIL population was derived from an inter-specific cross between heat-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (C. arietinum L.) and heat sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum). The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the traits in RILs and most of the traits were significantly affected by heat stress at both locations. High values of genotypic coefficient of variation (19.52–38.53%), phenotypic coefficient of variation (20.29–39.85%), heritability (92.50–93.90%), and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (38.68–76.74%) have been observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, yield, and hundred seed weight across the heat stress environments. Association studies and principal component analysis showed a significant positive correlation of plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, hundred seed weight, harvest index, relative leaf water content, and pollen viability with yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Path analysis revealed that biomass followed by harvest index was the major contributor to yield among the environments. Both step-wise and multiple regression analyses concluded that number of pods per plant, biomass and harvest index consistently showed high level of contribution to the total variation in yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Thus, the holistic approach of these analyses illustrated that the promising traits provide a framework for developing heat-tolerant cultivars in chickpea.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00977-5.     

Normal Approximations of Exact Tests in Configural Frequency Analysis

The most common tests for types and antitypes in configural frequency analysis are normal approximations of exact tests. In the paper such statistics under the complete independence model and under the fixed margins model are discussed. It turns out that these test statistics are not acceptable when the number of simultaneously performed tests is large or when the expected frequencies are small. In these cases, the use of exact tests is advocated and some existing computer programs for such tests are indicated. A normal approximation based on the strong version of the De Moivre-Laplace limit theorem is also discussed. Empirical examples are given from longitudinal data describing psychological development of boys.     

分子水平的遗传多样性及其测量方法

遗传多样性水平是一项很重要的数据。目前从分子水平量化遗传多样性的方法以等位酶分析、ＲＦＬＰ分析和ＲＡＰＤ分析为代表。遗传变异在基因组中并非随机分布,所以取样方式对分析结果的影响不容忽视。本文叙述了遗传变异的产生和分布,并以此为基础比较了上述３种分析方法的理论与实践。     

甲醇对酵母过氧化氢酶活性的影响机理研究

将酵母过氧化氢酶加入一定比例的甲醇,测定其活性变化。结果表明:在含2%甲醇时酶活比对照提高4026%。将粗酶液用70%饱和度的硫酸铵盐析后离心所得的上清液再加入硫酸铵至80%饱和度,离心的沉淀溶解在缓冲液中,上SephadexG75柱,分离出的有酶活性的蛋白峰经电泳得一条蛋白带,说明过氧化氢酶已经被提纯到电泳纯。光谱分析发现,甲醇处理后过氧化氢酶纯酶的吸收光谱和荧光发射光谱与未经处理的比较基本不变,而差示光谱出现明显的正峰和负峰。由动力学分析可知,在甲醇中,过氧化氢酶的Vmax和Km值均有不同程度提高 。