保安湖—湖湾大型水生植物群落格局的研究

用地质统计学中的半方差和双对数半方差图对保安湖-湖湾(黄风口)的大型水生植物群落格局进行了研究,在不同的尺度上对群落及其主要组成种类的空间异质性进行了定量的描述。结果表明:保安湖黄风口大型水生植物群落的双对数半方差图存在线性区域,群落具有分形特征(自相似性).在不同的尺度下,群落和各组成种类空间格局具有不同的分形维数值,异质性程度存在差异。但其异质性程度不高,建议进行群落调查时,样方尺度应取520m;单一种群调查时的样方尺度取380m.       

科尔沁沙质草地植物群落高度空间异质性对不同放牧方式的响应

放牧是影响草地植被空间异质性的重要生物驱动因素。大型草食动物会通过采食、践踏和排泄粪便等方式影响草地植被空间异质性。同时, 植物群落高度是重要的草地结构参数, 但目前关于不同放牧方式对草地植物群落高度空间异质性的研究较少。该研究基于传统及地统计学方法, 设置未放牧(NG)、牛单牧(CG)、羊单牧(SG)、牛羊混牧(MG) 4种处理, 探究科尔沁沙质草地植物群落高度空间异质性对不同放牧方式的响应。结果表明: 研究样地内植物群落平均高度为SG (38.86 cm) > NG (21.01 cm) > MG (17.29 cm) > CG (13.36 cm)。各处理下变异系数的结果均为中等变异, 且变异范围在37.82%-66.97%之间, 依次为NG > MG > CG > SG。通过对半方差函数参数进行最适模型拟合, NG、MG、CG、SG 4种处理分别对应球状模型、指数模型、线性模型、线性模型, 且结构比大小为MG (82.7%) > NG (80.3%) > SG (40.2%) > CG (39.1%)。此外, 采用Kriging插值法和分形维数对研究样地内植物群落高度空间格局分析表明, NG样地中植被高度呈现斑块化空间分布特征, MG维持了植被群落高度斑块化的空间格局, CG、SG则均质化植被群落高度空间格局。各放牧处理中分形维数(D₀)均较接近2, 即各放牧样地内植被高度格局简单, 空间结构较好。综上所述, 牛羊混牧能够维持草地植物群落高度的空间异质性, 而牛单牧和羊单牧则降低了其空间异质性, 由此建议科尔沁沙质草地可采取牛羊混合放牧的管理制度来维持草地植被空间异质性, 进而可能间接促进草地动物多样性。     

五鹿山国家级自然保护区森林群落演替分析

植物群落演替分析对植被恢复,森林管理等有重要的意义。以空间代替时间的方法,搜集数据,运用TWINSPAN和DCA进行分析。结果表明:五鹿山植物群落的演替系列:酸枣灌丛→荆条灌丛→黄刺玫灌丛→白皮松+侧柏林→白皮松林→油松林→辽东栎林;虎榛子灌丛→茶条槭灌丛→华北落叶松林→白桦林。这可以作为五鹿山植物群落演替的模型。在演替进程中物种的结构、组成以及生活型变化显著。使用六个指数来分析演替过程中物种的异质性、均匀度和丰富度变化。随着演替的进行,物种异质性、丰富度均有所增加,均匀度逐渐降低。     

天山南麓山前平原植物群落物种多样性及空间分异研究

荒漠灌丛是天山南麓山前平原主要植被类型.本研究定量分析了山前平原植物群落物种多样性及生境尺度异质性的影响.结果表明:(1)天山南麓山前平原的植物群落多样性指数Simpson、均匀度指数McIntosh及丰富度指数Margalef都较低,在地貌带的过渡上,植物分布呈现均匀化.(2)海拔和地下水埋深是影响天山南麓山前平原植物群落物种多样性的重要环境指标.海拔梯度与物种多样性指数Simpson、Margalef及McIntosh均呈显著的线性正相关关系,物种多样性均随海拔高度的增加而增加;地下水埋深与物种多样性指数呈极显著的线性负相关关系,物种多样性随地下水埋深的增加而减小.(3)土壤含盐量与物种多样性指标无显著关系,但土壤含盐量与地下水埋深相关性显著,这是天山南麓山前平原土壤盐分空间异质性的一个重要特点.土壤盐分含量变化影响着植物群落物种组成,随土壤盐分含量增加,群落中盐生植物种类逐渐占据优势.(4)海拔的变化是决定天山南麓山前平原灌丛群落生境差异的主导因子.海拔差异表征了山前平原地貌、水文地质条件及土壤的变化,而随海拔变化的水热、水盐等干扰体系的差异则进一步导致了异质性的生境,进而影响不同植被类型中群落组成结构和多样性的差异.     

中国黑戈壁植物多样性分布格局及其影响因素

我国西北地区内陆分布着近20万km~2的黑戈壁,由于其环境的特殊性,使其具有独特的生态系统,境内分布着多样的植被,蕴藏着大量特有的自然资源。但由于自然环境苛刻与交通条件不便,目前我国关于黑戈壁区系统的植被与物种多样性的研究还很缺乏。针对黑戈壁区植物多样性组成与分布特点,基于遥感及实地调查,采用DCCA排序和半变异函数模型等分析方法,对黑戈壁区植物群落组成,植物多样性特点及影响因素进行分析。研究结果表明:研究区植物以藜科和蒺藜科灌木或半灌木为主,群落物种生活型具有逐渐趋于简单甚至单一的特性,重要值0.1的植物主要有梭梭、红砂、白刺等13种;群落物种多样性呈现区域性的斑块化分布,结构性因子引起的物种多样性空间异质性占主导地位;作为极端干旱区,该区植物群落类型具有贫乏化及单一化的趋势,群落结构简单,植被覆盖度低,植物生长随环境的变化具有明显的可塑性,群落空间分异明显,群落空间演变具有明显的水分及土壤结构梯度;DCCA结果显示气候、土壤、地形是群落物种及类型变化的主要原因,海拔、坡位、土壤机械组成、降水、温度等环境因子对群落有着显著的影响,水土条件的空间异质性是戈壁植物多样性维持的关键因素。     

北方典型沼泽湿地高低土壤水分下植物群落特征

北方沼泽湿地在水源供给、缓解水土流失、遏制草地沙化等方面具有重要作用,明确其植物群落物种组成和多样性特征对提升其生态系统服务功能具有重要意义。目前,在北方地区开展大尺度湿地植被调查的研究仍相对较少。土壤水分是驱动植物群落发展的主导环境因素之一,为了解高低土壤水分背景下湿地植物群落特征差异及关键驱动要素,对我国7个北方典型沼泽湿地的植物群落物种组成及多样性特征进行了调查,分析了植物群落物种组成及多样性特征与环境因子的关系,以及沼泽湿地植物群落内克隆植物的分布特征。研究结果发现不同沼泽湿地的植物群落物种组成和多样性差异显著,但无明显的地带性分布规律,物种分布呈现区域性。群落物种多样性受降水、温度、土壤养分等多种环境因素的共同影响。沼泽湿地高低土壤水分背景下植物群落的物种组成和多样性差异显著,低土壤水分下植物群落物种多样性指数显著高于高土壤水分下植物群落。低土壤水分下物种多样性主要受降水和总氮影响,而高土壤水分下物种多样性主要受温度和总磷的影响。高土壤水分下克隆植物物种数和盖度在沼泽湿地植物中占有较高的比例,表明克隆植物比非克隆植物更适应高土壤水分环境。研究结果表明了7个沼泽湿地植被的区域性...     

植物群落动态的模型分析

植物群落的动态是植物群落学的中心问题之一,包括更新、波动、演替、进化等主要内容。空间格局对种群和群落的动态起着至关重要的作用,种群空间格局和群落空间结构是群落中各种过程相互作用的产物。模型是描述群落动态、认识植物群落组建和维持机理的有效工具。本文阐述和比较了描述群落动态的四种具有代表性的经验模型,即镶嵌循环模型、随意游走模型、同资源种团比例模型、空间抢先占有模型及其机理。四种经验模型的空间性及缺陷分别是:(1)“镶嵌循环模型”考虑到了相邻斑块之间的植被空间结合在群落动态中的作用,而另外三种模型没有考虑到这一点;(2)在一定程度上,四种植物群落动态模型对各自针对的植物群落可能是适合的,但要作为描述群落动态发展的一般性模型还需要不断完善和发展;因为四种模型均没有考虑到自然干扰和人类干扰对植物群落动态的影响。作者对将来植物群落动态的研究及实践意义做出以下展望:(1)在不同空间尺度上,更加有效地评价控制群落动态变化的各种过程的相对重要性,并进一步将它们之间的复杂相互作用整合到群落动态模型中;(2)充分认识植物群落中存在的各种自然环境条件和生物群体的结构配置对植物群落动态发展的重要性;(3)重视植物群落动态发展中自然干扰过程和人类干扰过程的整合以     

新疆开都河流域水生植物多样性及其影响因素

河流是一个连续的、流动的、独特而完整的系统,研究河流生态系统中水生植物的多样性分布格局及其影响因素对河流生态学研究具有重要意义。本文通过野外调查,研究了新疆开都河流域水生植物多样性、主要水生植物群落特征及与环境因子之间的关系,并利用水分-能量动态假说和栖息地异质性假说对该流域水生植物物种多样性的地理格局进行解释。结果表明: 开都河流域共有水生植物71种,隶属于24科39属;聚类分析可将开都河流域水生植物群落划分为10个主要群落类型,其中芦苇群落物种丰富度最高,狭叶香蒲群落和金鱼藻群落物种丰富度最低;流域水生植物群落Shannon指数与pH呈显著负相关,Simpson指数与pH、经度呈显著负相关,与海拔呈显著正相关;流域水生植物群落类型主要受海拔、水深及水温的影响;流域水生植物物种多样性随经纬度无明显变化规律。水分-能量动态假说和栖息地异质性假说共解释开都河流域水生植物多样性格局变量的31.4%,表明这两个假说对于该流域水生植物多样性格局的解释力并不高。     

大九湖湿地游步道两侧草本植物群落对旅游干扰的响应

旅游干扰越来越多地对原生植物群落产生了影响, 为了揭示游步道两侧湿地植物群落对旅游干扰响应过程, 进而制定科学的应对策略, 以游步道两侧湿地植物群落为研究对象, 开展植物群落的野外样方调查, 并使用重要值、生物多样性指数等, 分析了大九湖湿地游步道两侧的主要植物群落及其优势种、旅游干扰对游步道两侧典型植物群落生物多样性及结构等影响。结果表明, 游步道两侧植物群落主要有四大类23个植物群落类型, 并包括58个优势植物种。旅游活动干扰导致了游步道两侧局部湿地植物群落结构的改变, 出现了中生植物群落。旅游活动干扰也已经导致游步道边缘植物群落的物种丰富度和多样性升高、Simpson优势度指数和物种相似度下降、生产力显著降低, 但其影响范围集中在游步道两侧10 m以内。同时, 距游步道越近, 相邻梯度植物群落内物种相似度显著降低, 游步道边缘的植物种类组成更趋向于干化。旅游活动干扰也制约了阿齐苔草(Carex argyi)、庐山藨草(Scirpus lushanensis)等成为游步道两侧植物群落的优势物种。此外, 游步道两侧不同类型的植物群落对旅游活动干扰的耐受性不同, 其响应强度由高到低依次为苔草群落、拂子茅—地榆群落、羊茅群落。     

不同生境中杉阔混交林物种多样性特征初步研究

根据生境因子应用主分量分析和动态聚类方法进行生境的划分,在此基础上分析不同生境中杉阔混交林群落数量特征。结果表明：不同生境中植物群落的主要优势种组成不一,其重要值也不同。不同生境中植物群落乔木层的物种数目、物种多样性、群落均匀度均有较大差异。海拔对不同生境中植物群落乔木层的物种数目、物种多样性和群落均匀度有很大影响,坡向则对个体总数和种类的影响较大。海拔和坡向对不同生境中植物群落乔木层生态优势度则无明显影响,应该重视不同生境中杉阔混交林多样性的保护。     

Experimental Protocol for Manipulating Plant-induced Soil Heterogeneity

Coexistence theory has often treated environmental heterogeneity as being independent of the community composition; however biotic feedbacks such as plant-soil feedbacks (PSF) have large effects on plant performance, and create environmental heterogeneity that depends on the community composition. Understanding the importance of PSF for plant community assembly necessitates understanding of the role of heterogeneity in PSF, in addition to mean PSF effects. Here, we describe a protocol for manipulating plant-induced soil heterogeneity. Two example experiments are presented: (1) a field experiment with a 6-patch grid of soils to measure plant population responses and (2) a greenhouse experiment with 2-patch soils to measure individual plant responses. Soils can be collected from the zone of root influence (soils from the rhizosphere and directly adjacent to the rhizosphere) of plants in the field from conspecific and heterospecific plant species. Replicate collections are used to avoid pseudoreplicating soil samples. These soils are then placed into separate patches for heterogeneous treatments or mixed for a homogenized treatment. Care should be taken to ensure that heterogeneous and homogenized treatments experience the same degree of soil disturbance. Plants can then be placed in these soil treatments to determine the effect of plant-induced soil heterogeneity on plant performance. We demonstrate that plant-induced heterogeneity results in different outcomes than predicted by traditional coexistence models, perhaps because of the dynamic nature of these feedbacks. Theory that incorporates environmental heterogeneity influenced by the assembling community and additional empirical work is needed to determine when heterogeneity intrinsic to the assembling community will result in different assembly outcomes compared with heterogeneity extrinsic to the community composition.     

Influence of grazing and fire frequency on small-scale plant community structure and resource variability in native tallgrass prairie

In grasslands worldwide, grazing by ungulates and periodic fires are important forces affecting resource availability and plant community structure. It is not clear, however, whether changes in community structure are the direct effects of the disturbance (i.e. fire and grazing) or are mediated indirectly through changes in resource abundance and availability. In North American tallgrass prairies, fire and grazing often have disparate effects on plant resources and plant diversity, yet, little is known about the individual and interactive effects of fire and grazing on resource variability and how that variability relates to heterogeneity in plant community structure, particularly at small scales. We conducted a field study to determine the interactive effects of different long-term fire regimes (annual vs four-year fire frequency) and grazing by native ungulates ( Bos bison ) on small-scale plant community structure and resource variability (N and light) in native tallgrass prairie. Grazing enhanced light and nitrogen availability, but did not affect small-scale resource variability. In addition, grazing reduced the dominance of C₄ grasses which enhanced species richness, diversity and community heterogeneity. In contrast, annual fire increased community dominance and reduced species richness and diversity, particularly in the absence of grazing, but had no effect on community heterogeneity, resource availability and resource variability. Variability in the abundance of resources showed no relationship with community heterogeneity at the scale measured in this study, however we found a relationship between community dominance and heterogeneity. Therefore, we conclude that grazing generated small-scale community heterogeneity in this mesic grassland by directly affecting plant community dominance, rather than indirectly through changes in resource variability.     

A measure for spatial heterogeneity of a grassland vegetation based on the beta‐binomial distribution

Abstract. A method is proposed to estimate the frequency and the spatial heterogeneity of occurrence of individual plant species composing the community of a grassland or a plant community with a short height. The measure is based on the beta‐binomial distribution. The weighted average heterogeneity of all the species composing a community provides a measure of community‐level heterogeneity determining the spatial intricateness of community composition of existing species. As an example to illustrate the method, a sown grassland with grazing cows was analysed, on 102 quadrats of 50 cm × 50 cm, each of which divided into four small quadrats of 25 cm × 25 cm. The frequency of occurrence for all the species was recorded in each small quadrat. Good fits to the beta‐binomial series for most species of the community were obtained. These results indicate that (1) each species is distributed heterogeneously with respective spatial patterns, (2) the degree of heterogeneity is different from species to species, and (3) the beta‐binomial distribution can be applied for grassland communities. In most of the observed species spatial heterogeneity is often characterized by species‐specific propagating traits: seed‐propagating plant species exhibited a low heterogeneity/random pattern while clonal species exhibited a high heterogeneity/aggregated pattern. This measure can be applied to field surveys and to the estimation of community parameters for grassland diagnosis.     

Spatial heterogeneity in a grassland community: Use of power law

A new regression analysis was proposed to evaluate the degree of spatial heterogeneity for individual species comprising a plant grassland community. The weighted average of the heterogeneity value of all the species comprising the community provides a measure of community-level heterogeneity. A field survey was carried out, as an example, in order to analyze the spatial heterogeneity of a pasture with grazing cows, using 100 quadrats 50 cm × 50 cm, each of which was divided into four smaller quadrats 25 cm × 25 cm, on a 50 m long line-transect. The frequency of occurrence for all the species in each small quadrat was recorded. The regression associated with the ratio of the theoretical and observed variances of occurence counts was used to analyse the frequency distribution of species in a pasture community. A good fit to the regression for the whole community was obtained. These results indicate that (i) each species in the example was distributed more heterogeneously than a random pattern; and (ii) the regression could well describe the spatial heterogeneity of the grassland plant community. In most of the observed species, spatial heterogeneity is often characterized by species-specific propagation traits and the architecture of plant bodies. Thus, the spatial patterns of a grassland community can be evaluated in detail by this power-law approach. This measure is suitable for field surveys and comparative studies of grassland communities, and for other plant communities that are generally short in height.     

鄂尔多斯草地退化过程中个体分布格局与土壤元素异质性

应用复合个体-距离法分析了鄂尔多斯草地退化过程中多种群和优势种个体分布格局,应用统计方法分析了土壤有机碳和氮元素的异质化过程。结果表明：在鄂尔多斯草地退化过程中,多种群和优势种个体分布格局大多表现出不同尺度下的随机分布和聚集分布,但多种群的个体分布格局在本氏针茅(Stipa bungeana) 油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落中出现均匀分布;优势种油蒿和牛心朴子(Cymanchum komarovii)在油蒿 牛心朴子群落中均出现了均匀分布。土壤元素在单一优势种群落中存在不同程度的异质性,油蒿群落中异质化程度最强;在共优势种本氏针茅 油蒿群落中,出现了土壤元素相对均质化,油蒿 牛心朴子群落中,异质化程度相对减弱。由于对土壤水分和养分的竞争,使共优势种群落出现植物的均匀分布,土壤元素相对均质化。土壤元素先后异质化过程首先表现为土壤有机质的异质化过程,然后才表现为土壤氮的异质化过程。土壤元素先后异质化过程表明异质化过程首先表现为植被异质化,植被的异质化导致土壤某些元素的异质化。     

Fire frequency and tree canopy structure influence plant species diversity in a forest-grassland ecotone

Disturbances and environmental heterogeneity are two factors thought to influence plant species diversity, but their effects are still poorly understood in many ecosystems. We surveyed understory vegetation and measured tree canopy cover on permanent plots spanning an experimental fire frequency gradient to test fire frequency and tree canopy effects on plant species richness and community heterogeneity within a mosaic of grassland, oak savanna, oak woodland, and forest communities. Species richness was assessed for all vascular plant species and for three plant functional groups: grasses, forbs, and woody plants. Understory species richness and community heterogeneity were maximized at biennial fire frequencies, consistent with predictions of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. However, overstory tree species richness was highest in unburned units and declined with increasing fire frequency. Maximum species richness was observed in unburned units for woody species, with biennial fires for forbs, and with near-annual fires for grasses. Savannas and woodlands with intermediate and spatially variable tree canopy cover had greater species richness and community heterogeneity than old-field grasslands or closed-canopy forests. Functional group species richness was positively correlated with functional group cover. Our results suggest that annual to biennial fire frequencies prevent shrubs and trees from competitively excluding grasses and prairie forbs, while spatially variable shading from overstory trees reduces grass dominance and provides a wider range of habitat conditions. Hence, high species richness in savannas is due to both high sample point species richness and high community heterogeneity among sample points, which are maintained by intermediate fire frequencies and variable tree canopy cover.     

围栏封育和自由放牧对克氏针茅草原植被空间异质性的影响

群落组成结构的异质性是群落动态的主要属性。本研究采用样线、样方调查方法,基于物种频度与幂函数法则,分析了内蒙古克氏针茅草原围栏封育和自由放牧条件下群落物种结构与空间异质性的变化。结果表明:在围栏外和围栏内不同利用方式下,物种均呈现集中分布;从水分生态型、生活型、生育型、种子传播型和植物科属等不同功能群类别来看,旱生植物和中旱生植物广泛分布,生活型以多年生草本植物为主,依靠重力传播种子的植物占有相对较大的比例,达到60%以上,禾本科、百合科、菊科和豆科等适牧植物具有相对优势;在围栏保护状态下,物种多样性增加,群落异质性降低,放牧退化草原开始向群落状况良好的草原类型演替。     

不同放牧强度草原休牧后土壤养分和植物群落变化特征

在内蒙古典型草原,对不同放牧率草地休牧3a后的土壤养分空间异质性和植物群落的数量变化特征进行了研究,结果表明：不同放牧率草地休牧3a后,由于维持土壤养分或植被空间格局的匀质化条件消失,土壤养分的空间异质性呈不同程度的增大趋势,随机性因素所占比例增加,其中土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、有效磷和有效硫的空间异质性均以0．00羊/hm^2区最大,4．00羊／hm^2区（中牧区）最小,其它样地不同土壤养分指标表现不同的变化特征;群落生物量和群落盖度均表现增加趋势,但群落盖度增加不显著（P〉0．05）,与1998年相比,群落生物量除对照区外均达到了显著性差异（P〈0．05）,与1．33羊／hm^2、4．00羊／hm^2和6．67羊／hm^2相比,O．00羊／hm^2优势植物出现多样化特征;群落的灌丛化与牧压和恢复演替的时间序列高度相关,牧压越小,恢复演替的时间序列越大,群落灌丛化的趋势越明显;1年生植物、羊草、克氏针茅、木地肤、冷蒿（除6．67羊／hm^2）和扁蓿豆（除O．00羊／hm^2）均表现增加趋势,星毛委陵菜则均表现降低趋势;植物群落的生物量、群落高度、群落盖度和群落物种多样性与土壤养分分布均表现一致的正相关关系,但只有植物群落生物量和群落高度与土壤有机碳、全氮、无机氮、土壤有效磷和有效硫相关显著（P〈0．05）。     

Plant community responses to resource availability and heterogeneity during restoration

Availability and heterogeneity of resources have a strong influence on plant community structure in undisturbed systems, as well as those recovering from disturbance. Less is known about the role of resource availability and heterogeneity in restored communities, although restoration provides a valuable opportunity to test our understanding of factors that influence plant community assembly. We altered soil nitrogen (N) availability and soil depth during a prairie restoration to determine if the availability and/or heterogeneity of soil resources influenced plant community composition in restored grassland communities. Plant community responses to three levels of N availability (ambient, enriched by fertilization, and reduced by carbon amendment) and two levels of soil depth (deep and shallow) were evaluated. In addition, we evaluated plant community responses to four whole plot heterogeneity treatments created from the six possible combinations of soil N availability and soil depth. The soil depth treatment had little influence on community structure during the first 3 years of restoration. Total diversity and richness declined over time under annual N enrichment, whereas diversity was maintained and richness increased over time in soil with reduced N availability. Non-native species establishment was lowest in reduced-N soil in the initial year, but their presence was negligible in all of the soil N treatments by the second year of restoration. Panicum virgatum, a native perennial C₄ grass, was the dominant species in all soil N treatments by year three, but the magnitude of its dominance was lowest in the reduced-N soil and highest in enriched-N soil. Consequently, the relative cover of P. virgatum was strongly correlated with community dominance and inversely related to diversity. The differential growth response of P. virgatum to soil N availability led to a higher degree of community similarity to native prairie in the reduced-N treatment than in the enriched-N treatment. There were no differences in plant community structure among the four whole plot-level heterogeneity treatments, which all exhibited the same degree of similarity to native prairie. Diversity and community heterogeneity in the whole-plot treatments appeared to be regulated by the dominant species effect on light availability, rather than soil N heterogeneity per se. Our results indicate that a strong differential response of a dominant species to resource availability in a restored community can regulate community structure, diversity, and similarity to the native (or target) community, but the importance of resource heterogeneity in restoring diversity may be dampened in systems where a dominant species can successfully establish across a range of resource availability.